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The Budget Reconciliation Process: Timing of Legislative Action

Description: This report discusses the budget reconciliation process, which is an optional procedure under the Congressional Budget Act of 1974 that operates as an adjunct to the annual budget resolution process. Reconciliation is a two-stage process in which reconciliation instructions are included in the budget resolution, directing the appropriate committees to develop legislation achieving the desired budgetary outcomes, and the resultant legislation (usually incorporated into an omnibus bill) is consid… more
Date: October 24, 2013
Creator: Lynch, Megan S.
open access

The Bush Tax Cuts and the Economy

Description: The George W. Bush Administration enacted a series of tax cuts through the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001 and the Jobs and Growth Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2003. This report examines these tax cuts within the context of the current and long-term economic environment.
Date: October 27, 2010
Creator: Hungerford, Thomas L.
open access

Can Marriage Conquer "Consular Nonreviewability" for a Spouse's Visa Denial?

Description: This legal sidebar discusses the case of Kerry v. Din. The case asks the Court to recognize marriage as a constitutionally-protected interest of a U.S. citizen which can trigger limited judicial review of a spouse's visa denial and require the government to identify the specific laws and facts that are grounds for denying the visa.
Date: October 30, 2014
open access

Carbon Capture: A Technology Assessment

Description: This report assesses prospects for improved, lower-cost technologies for each of the three current approaches to CO2 capture: post-combustion capture; pre-combustion capture; and oxy-combustion capture.
Date: October 21, 2013
Creator: Folger, Peter
open access

Cargo Preferences for U.S.-Flag Shipping

Description: This report explains the motivation behind cargo preference law, discusses issues concerning the cost-effectiveness of the program, and reviews attempts to apply cargo preference to the nation's oil trade. The report also identifies several disparate bills reflecting wide disagreement on the future direction of cargo preference policy.
Date: October 29, 2015
Creator: Frittelli, John
open access

Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress

Description: The diminishment of Arctic sea ice has led to increased human activities in the Arctic, and has heightened concerns about the region's future. Issues such as Arctic sovereignty claims; commercial shipping through the Arctic; Arctic oil, gas, and mineral exploration; endangered Arctic species; and increased military operations in the Arctic could cause the region in coming years to become an arena of international cooperation, competition, or conflict. This report provides an overview of Arctic-… more
Date: October 8, 2010
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
open access

Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress

Description: This report provides background on issues affecting the Arctic region on a large number of topics including research, policy, and governance of the region. It also outlines specific issues for Congressional consideration such as transportation, pollution, affects on people and animals, and geopolitical concerns.
Date: October 25, 2018
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald; Comay, Laura B.; Folger, Peter; Frittelli, John; Humphries, Marc; Leggett, Jane A. et al.
open access

Changes in the Arctic: Background and Issues for Congress

Description: This report provides an overview of Arctic-related issues for Congress such as Arctic sovereignty claims, commercial shipping through the Arctic, Arctic oil, gas, and mineral exploration, endangered Arctic species, and increased military operations in the Arctic, and refers readers to more in-depth CRS reports on specific Arctic-related issues.
Date: October 22, 2015
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
open access

Child and Dependent Care Tax Benefits: How They Work and Who Receives Them

Description: This report provides a general overview of the child and dependent care tax benefits, focusing on eligibility requirements and benefit calculation. The report also includes some summary data on these benefits which highlight some of the characteristics of claimants.
Date: October 26, 2017
Creator: Crandall-Hollick, Margot L.
open access

Child Welfare and Child Support: The Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act (P.L. 113-183)

Description: This report begins with an overview and topical summary of the provisions of the Preventing Sex Trafficking and Strengthening Families Act (H.R. 4980), which seeks to ensure that child welfare agencies are responsive to particular issues for children and youth in foster care or those who otherwise have contact with the child welfare system. The report follows this with a review of the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) cost estimate for H.R. 4980 and the legislative origins of the enacted bill.
Date: October 16, 2014
Creator: Stoltzfus, Emilie; Fernandes-Alcantara, Adrienne L. & Solomon-Fears, Carmen
open access

China Naval Modernization: Implications for U.S. Navy Capabilities—Background and Issues for Congress

Description: This report focuses on the potential implications of China's naval modernization for future required U.S. Navy capabilities. The report particularly discusses how potential United States responses to China's military modernization effort -- including its naval modernization effort -- have emerged as a key issue in U.S. defense planning.
Date: October 17, 2012
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
open access

China-U.S. Trade Issues

Description: This report provides an overview of U.S.-China commercial relations, including major trade disputes.
Date: October 14, 2015
Creator: Morrison, Wayne M.
open access

China's Recent Stock Market Volatility: What Are the Implications?

Description: China's two main stock markets, the Shanghai Stock Exchange (SSE) and the Shenzhen Stock Exchange (SZSE), experienced rapid price increases from about mid-2014 to mid-2015. However, from June 12 to July 7, 2015, the Shanghai and Shenzhen Composite Indices fell by 32% and 40%, respectively. This report briefly examines this volatility and the Chinese government's response.
Date: October 21, 2015
Creator: Morrison, Wayne M. & Nelson, Gabriel M.
open access

Christian Holidays: Fact Sheet

Description: This report discusses major holidays in Christianity and their significance as well as how American Christians celebrate them. This fact sheet is designed to assist congressional offices with work related to Christian holidays. It contains sample speeches and remarks from the Congressional Record, presidential statements and remarks, and selected historical and cultural resources.
Date: October 31, 2017
Creator: Larson, Elizabeth C.
open access

Civilian Nuclear Waste Disposal

Description: This report discusses disposal of nuclear waste, primarily highly radioactive spent fuel from nuclear power plants. Presidential and Congressional actions regarding nuclear waste disposal sites and the Yucca Mountain Project, other alternatives previously proposed by the Obama Administration, and temporary solutions are discussed.
Date: October 23, 2017
Creator: Holt, Mark
open access

Clean Air Issues in the 113th Congress: An Overview

Description: This report discusses the air pollution regulations and the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) regulatory actions on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and also addresses some climate change issues.
Date: October 21, 2014
Creator: McCarthy, James E.
open access

Coast Guard Cutter Procurement: Background and Issues for Congress

Description: Report that provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Coast Guard's programs for procuring eight National Security Cutters (NSCs), 25 Offshore Patrol Cutters (OPCs), and 58 Fast Response Cutters (FRCs).
Date: October 31, 2012
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
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