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- Comparative Tests of Run-of-Mine and Briquetted Coal on Locomotives
- From Introduction: "For purpose of procuring data that could be using in estimating the value of the briquetting process as applied to American fuels, the United States Geological Survey, in cooperation with other interests, began in 1904, at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition, certain experiments involving the production and use of bituminous-coal briquets."
- Features of Producer-Gas Power-Plant Development in Europe
- From Introduction: "Because the limited time available would not permit a careful inspection, much less a detailed study of all the plants visited, the writer has not aimed in this bulletin to present a comprehensive review of producer-gas power-plant development in Europe, or even to give such conclusions as might be drawn from what he saw, but has simply described some interesting features of European practice that attract the attention of even a casual observer."
- International Conference of Mine-Experiment Stations: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., September 14-21, 1912.
- Report discussing an international conference on mine-experiment stations assembling in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. The United States sent invitations to countries that had mine-experiment stations, Great Britain and Canada were the only countries, that did not accept invitation.
- Notes on the Use of Low-Grade Fuel in Europe
- Technical paper issued by the Bureau of Mines over studies of low-grade fuel use in Europe. The results of the studies are presented and discussed. This paper includes tables, and illustrations.
- The 300 H.P. Benz Aircraft Engine
- This report provides a description of the Benz 300 H.P. aircraft engine containing 12 cylinders placed at a 60° angle. It includes a detailed description of the development of the constructional points, particularly the cylinders, pistons, and connecting rods, as well as the engine fitting, lubrication, oil pumps, bearings, oil tank, fuel pump, carburetors, and cooling system. There are seven pages of illustrative figures at the end of the report.
- Stone Dusting or Rock Dusting to Prevent Coal-Dust Explosions, as Practiced in Great Britain and France
- From Introduction: "Coal dust as an agent of widespread explosions had been under suspicion, and watering to allay the dust was recommended by some mining engineers but the watering of coal-mine dust was adopted in comparatively few mines of the United States and Great Britain, and had not been introduced widely in any country except Germany. Rock dusting, another method of preventing explosions of coal dust, was early tested with success by the Bureau of Mines in its first gallery at Pittsburgh and, beginning in 1911, at the experimental mine, Bruceton, Pa."
- Low-Temperature Carbonization of Coal
- Technical paper issued by the Bureau of Mines over studies on low-temperature carbonization of coal. Methods and equipment used during the studies are discussed. This paper includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.
- Potash Mining in Germany and France
- From Scope of Bulletin: "This paper is confined largely to a discussion of methods of mining potash salts in France and Germany, in view of the possible application of similar methods when mining of the deposits in the southwestern part if the United States is undertaken, but it also includes a brief history of the German and French potash industry, a discussion of the geology of the deposits, a short description of the refining of crude salts for export, and an estimate of the cost of production."
- The 1926 German Seaplane Contest
- The report discusses the problem of rating the various seaplane designs from the 1926 seaplane contest. The whole process of rating consists in measuring the climbing speed, flying weight and carrying capacity of a seaplane and then using these data as the basis of a construction problem.
- Mining Petroleum by Underground Methods: A study of Methods used in France and Germany and Possible Application to Depleted Oil Fields under American Conditions
- From Introduction: "That the percentages of extraction of petroleum from the ground may and undoubtedly will be greatly increased in the future by underground mining methods where natural conditions will permit seems logical. The limitations imposed by depth, temperature, and flow of water under high pressure through the sands will be discussed later."
- Properties of Typical Crude Oils From Fields of the Eastern Hemisphere
- From Introduction: "The analyses in this bulletin offer a means for judging the relative values of the foreign crude oils compared with familiar crude oils of the United States that have been analyzed by the Bureau of Mines method."
- The Design of Airplane-Engine Superchargers
- Report studying the "underlying principles for the computation and design of airplane engine superchargers" (p. 1). With the forms of superchargers and underlying principles of computation, delivery heads per stage of 7,000 to 8,500 meters (air column) at an effective efficiency, based on the adiabatic process, of 0.7 may be attained, the space and weight requirements being kept within reasonable limits.
- Coal Mining in Europe: A Study of Practices in Different Coal Formations and Under Various Economic and Regulatory Conditions Compared with Those in the United States
- From Introduction: "The major purpose of this bulletin, as indicated in the preface by Dr. John W. Finch, Director of the Bureau of Mines, is to give a critical review of the coal-mining methods used in the principal producing countries of Europe, to describe the reasons underlying the adoption of these methods, and to contrast them with coal-mining methods employed in the United States."
- World Survey of Tantalum Ore
- Report issued by the U.S. Bureau of Mines discussing the occurrences of tantalum in different areas of the world. The tantalum deposits are described in reference to each individual country that it is found in. This report includes maps, tables, and illustrations.
- Report on the Investigation by Fuels and Lubricants Teams at the I.G. Farbenindustrie A.G. Leuna Works, Merseburg, Germany
- Report issued by the U.S. Bureau of Mines discussing investigations of the Leuna Factory, a heavy chemical plant in Merseburg, Germany. Production details of the many substances produced at the plant are presented. This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.
- An Index of Shale-Oil Patents
- From Introduction: "Work on this project was begun early in 1944; and the results with respect to shale oil are reported in this Bulletin. Since this bulletin is only an index to this large repository of ideas relating to the the treatment of shale oil, the material is presented in the form of short notices describing the subject material of each patent, which consist of an abridgment of the patent (if British or Australian) or a typical claim in the case of the United States or foreign patents."
- German Low-Temperature Coal-Tar Industry
- Report issued by the U.S. Bureau of Mines discussing a low-temperature coal-tar industry in Germany. As stated in the Purpose and Scope of the Investigation, "the primary purpose of the investigation covered by this report was to determine to what extent the production and use of low-temperature tar in Germany had advanced during the 10-year period prior to the close of the last war" (p. 7). This report includes tables, illustrations, and a photograph.
- Aerodynamic investigation of a parabolic body of revolution at Mach number of 1.92 and some effects of an annular supersonic jet exhausting from the base
- Report discussing an aerodynamic investigation of a slender pointed parabolic body of revolution was conducted at Mach number of 1.92 with and without the effects of an annular supersonic jet exhausting from the base.
- Development of the Fischer-Tropsch Oil-Recycle Process
- From Introduction: "This report on the development of the oil-recycle process covers: 1. Review of the work in Germany on the first oil-circulation process. 2. Work by the Bureau of Mines, United States Department of the Interior. (a) Preliminary experiments on a laboratory scale, consisting of orientation tests and bench-scale operation, employing a 1-foot bed of catalyst in a 3-inch diameter vessel. (b) Operation of 2 pilot plants with a 4- or - 8 foot bed of catalyst in 3-inch-diameter reactors. Up to 3 gallons of C2+ hydrocarbons was produced per day in each of these plants. (c) Operation of a barrel-per-day pilot plant with an 8-foot bed of catalyst in an 8-inch-diameter reactor."
- Index of Oil-Shale and Shale-Oil Patents, 1946-56: A Supplement to Bulletins 467 and 468: (In Three Parts) [Part 3]. European Patents and Classification
- From Introduction: "This part of Bulletin contains 250 European patents that relate to retorting (and distilling underground), refining, and utilization of oil shale and its products. The largest single group, of which the majority was assigned to a single company, relates to fluidized handling shale. The patents are arranged numerically, and alphabetical list of investors and assignees follow them. A classified list of all the patents follows the author index of Part III. Parts I and II were published in 1958."
- Survey of Fallout Operations
- From Abstract: "The Laboratory has made a survey of fallout operations in the various countries of the world. The source of information has largely been the reports submitted to UNSCEAR forwarding data for their consideration. The abstracts are given in order of type of operation as shown in the table of contents."
- Geology, Soil, and Climate at Specific Points Throughout the World, Volume 2: Europe, U.S.S.R., and Southwest Asia
- This is part of a series of reports that cover the study of 202 sites throughout the world providing data on rock and soil to a depth of 100 feet and on climatic conditions. This volume discusses locations in Europe, the U.S.S.R. and Southwest Asia.
- Hydrogenation of Coal and Tar
- From Abstract: "This bulletin traces the development of high-pressure, coal and tar hydrogenation technology, based on intensive review of the pertinent literature. The bulletin was written as a part of the Bureau of Mines research program on synthetic liquid fuels. It covers the history and economics of the process; the chemical aspect of hydrogenation of coal, tar, and middle oil; the engineer aspect of converting coal and tar to liquid fuels, principally gasoline; and the equipment of the process."
- The National Democratic Party (NPD) in Western Germany: Its Background and Present Status
- This report discusses the history of radical nationalistic movements in Germany and the creation and influence of the National Democratic Party (NDP) in West Germany, a right-wing nationalistic political party.
- Foreign Health Care Systems: A Bibliography of Selected References
- This report provides a bibliography of resources related to health care systems around the world organized by location.
- Status of LMFBR Reheat in Western Europe--1972: Report of the United States of America LMFBR Sodium Reheat Team Visit to France , Germany (FRG), Netherlands, and United Kingdom, May 22-June 6, 1972
- From summary: This report describes the trips to Western European countries designing and constructing LMFBR demonstration plants for the purpose of determining the directions being taken by these countries to provide acceptable quality steam to commercially available steam turbines.
- Coal Mining Techniques in the Federal Republic of Germany - 1971
- Report issued by the U.S. Bureau of Mines discussing studies conducted on coal mining techniques used in Germany. The study of roof support evaluation techniques is emphasized. This report includes maps, tables, illustrations, and photographs.
- Progress in Environmental Specimen Banking
- In October, 1986, the 10th U.S.-German Seminar of State and Planning on Environmental Specimen Banking was held at the Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences in Gloucester Point, Virginia. At this meeting the current status of specimen banking activities in the U. S., FRG, Canada, and Japan was presented and discussed. This publication contains the proceedings of that meeting with contributions describing various activities related to banking and analysis of samples from aquatic, atmospheric, terrestrial, and human monitoring programs.
- German Unification
- This is a report on German Unification and the poliitical transformations in Germany.
- Turkey: Situation Update
- This report briefly discusses recent political, economic, and security issues in Turkey, especially relating to Turkey's relationship with Greece, the European Union, and the United States.
- Agriculture Support Mechanisms in the European Union: A Comparison with the United States
- The European Union (EU), comprised of 15 member states (countries), is one of the United States’ chief agricultural trading partners and also a major competitor in world markets. Both heavily support their agricultural sectors, with a large share of such support concentrated on wheat, feed grains, cotton, oilseeds, sugar, dairy, and tobacco. However, the EU provides more extensive support to a broader range of farm and food products. According to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the EU and United States in 2001 together accounted for nearly two-thirds of all government support to agriculture among the major developed economies. However, EU agricultural spending generally is much higher than in the United States. Information comparing how the U.S. and EU governments support their producers is expected to be of interest to policymakers while negotiations are underway among world trading partners to further reform agricultural trade.
- German Elections of 2002: Aftermath and Implications for the United States
- No Description Available.
- NATO and the European Union
- Report which discusses issues related to the North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) including the level of involvement of the entities in using political and military actions to defend against terrorism and proliferation, the types of military forces necessary, the role of the EU in crisis management, the appropriateness of decision-making procedures to respond to emerging threats, and the role of other international institutions.
- NATO and the European Union
- Report which discusses issues related to the North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) including the level of involvement of the entities in using political and military actions to defend against terrorism and proliferation, the types of military forces necessary, the role of the EU in crisis management, the appropriateness of decision-making procedures to respond to emerging threats, and the role of other international institutions.
- European Union's Arms Control Regime and Arms Exports to China: Background and Legal Analysis
- This report provides detailed background and legal analysis of the nature of the current European Union embargo on arms exports to China. It also provides detailed background on the European Union’s current Code of Conduct on Arms Exports. A strengthened version of the Code would be one of the control mechanisms that would remain should the EU lift the embargo on arms exports to China. This report also gives information on recent EU arms exports authorized for China. It further summarizes U.S. concerns regarding the lifting of the arms embargo, and notes the prospective timing of EU action on the embargo issue.
- EU-U.S. Economic Ties: Framework, Scope, and Magnitude
- This report provides background information and analysis of the U.S.-EU economic relationship.
- NATO and the European Union
- Report which discusses issues related to the North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) including the level of involvement of the entities in using political and military actions to defend against terrorism and proliferation, the types of military forces necessary, the role of the EU in crisis management, the appropriateness of decision-making procedures to respond to emerging threats, and the role of other international institutions.
- European Union’s Arms Embargo on China: Implications and Options for U.S. Policy
- Overall, there are two sets of questions for Congress in examining U.S. policy toward the fate of the EU’s arms embargo on China. What are the implications for U.S. interests in trans-Atlantic relations and China? If U.S. interests are adversely affected, what are some options for Congress to discourage the EU from lifting its arms embargo on China and, if it is lifted, to protect U.S. national security interests in both Asia and Europe? Issues raised by these questions are the subject of this CRS Report.
- Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide with Enhanced Gas Recovery-Case Study Altmark, North German Basin
- Geologic carbon dioxide storage is one strategy for reducingCO2 emissions into the atmosphere. Depleted natural gas reservoirs are anobvious target for CO2 storage due to their proven record of gascontainment. Germany has both large industrial sources of CO2 anddepleting gas reservoirs. The purpose of this report is to describe theanalysis and modeling performed to investigate the feasibility ofinjecting CO2 into nearly depleted gas reservoirs in the Altmark area inNorth Germany for geologic CO2 storage with enhanced gasrecovery.
- Agricultural Biotechnology: The U.S.-EU Dispute
- In May 2003, the United States, Canada, and Argentina initiated a formal challenge before the World Trade Organization (WTO) of the European Union’s (EU’s) de facto moratorium on approving new agricultural biotechnology products, in place since 1998. Although the EU effectively lifted the moratorium in May 2004 by approving a genetically engineered (GE) corn variety, the three countries are pursuing the case, in part because a number of EU member states continue to block approved biotech products. Because of delays, the WTO is expected to decide the case by December 2005. The moratorium reportedly cost U.S. corn growers some $300 million in exports to the EU annually. The EU moratorium, U.S. officials contend, threatened other agricultural exports not only to the EU, but also to other parts of the world where the EU approach to regulating agricultural biotechnology is taking hold.
- Green Payments in U.S. and European Union Agricultural Policy
- This report compares current United States and European Union (EU) efforts in the area of green payments. Green payments refer to "payments made to agricultural producers as compensation for environmental benefits that accrue at levels beyond what producers might otherwise achieve under existing market and regulatory conditions" (summary). The report gives an overview of policies, programs, financing, and various other aspects of comparison related to the topic.
- NATO and the European Union
- Report which discusses issues related to the North Atlantic Trade Organization (NATO) and the European Union (EU) including the level of involvement of the entities in using political and military actions to defend against terrorism and proliferation, the types of military forces necessary, the role of the EU in crisis management, the appropriateness of decision-making procedures to respond to emerging threats, and the role of other international institutions.
- Agricultural Biotechnology: The U.S.-EU Dispute
- In May 2003, the United States, Canada, and Argentina initiated a formal challenge before the World Trade Organization (WTO) of the European Union’s (EU’s) de facto moratorium on approving new agricultural biotechnology products, in place since 1998. Although the EU effectively lifted the moratorium in May 2004 by approving a genetically engineered (GE) corn variety, the three countries are pursuing the case, in part because a number of EU member states continue to block approved biotech products. Because of delays, the WTO is expected to decide the case by December 2005. The moratorium reportedly cost U.S. corn growers some $300 million in exports to the EU annually. The EU moratorium, U.S. officials contend, threatened other agricultural exports not only to the EU, but also to other parts of the world where the EU approach to regulating agricultural biotechnology is taking hold.
- U.S. Occupation Assistance: Iraq, Germany, and Japan Compared
- No Description Available.
- U.S. Occupation Assistance: Iraq, Germany, and Japan Compared
- No Description Available.
- Climate Change: The European Union's Emissions Trading System (EU-ETS)
- The European Union’s (EU’s) Emissions Trading System (ETS) is a cornerstone of the EU’s efforts to meet its obligation under the Kyoto Protocol. It covers more than 11,500 energy intensive facilities across the 25 EU member countries, including oil refineries, power plants over 20 megawatts (MW) in capacity, coke ovens, and iron and steel plants, along with cement, glass, lime, brick, ceramics, and pulp and paper installations. Covered entities emit about 45% of the EU’s carbon dioxide emissions. The trading program does not cover emissions of non-CO2 greenhouse gases, which account for about 20% of the EU’s total greenhouse gas emissions. A final consideration for the ETS is its suitability for directing long-term investment toward a low-carbon future — the ultimate goal of any climate change program.
- The European Union's Energy Security Challenges
- This report examines some of Europe's critical energy security challenges and EU efforts to coordinate a common European energy strategy. It also includes an overview of broader transatlantic energy security cooperation and will be updated as needed.
- Chemical Regulation in the European Union: Registration, Evaluation, and Authorization of Chemicals
- This report discusses a new law, Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH), that the European Union (EU) began to implement On June 1, 2007.
- German Foreign and Security Policy: Trends and Transatlantic Implications
- This report provides an introduction to German foreign and security policy. The report discusses the foundations of German foreign policy, Germany in the European Union (EU), evolving security and defense policy, and transatalantic implications.
- The European Parliament
- The 785-member, directly elected European Parliament (EP) is a key institution of the 27-member European Union (EU). Once limited to being a consultative assembly, the EP has accumulated more power over time. Currently, it plays a role in the EU's legislative and budgeting processes, and exercises general supervision over other EU bodies. Ties between the EP and the U.S. Congress are long-standing, and EPCongressional exchanges are expected to continue in the second session of the 110th Congress.