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open access

Automated Measurement of Frequency Response of Frequency-Modulated Generators Using the Bessel Null Method

Description: From abstract: This paper describes a Bessel null technique to measure the frequency response of a frequency-modulated rf carrier and a program to automate frequency response measurements of signal generators with output frequencies from 0.450 to 2000 MHz. The measurements obtained using this technique are more precise than those obtained by a highly trained technician using a manual system.
Date: March 1986
Creator: Major, J. R.; Livingston, E. M. & Adair, Robert T.
open access

Design, Evaluation, and Use of a Reverberation Chamber for Performing Electromagnetic Susceptibility/Vulnerability Measurements

Description: Abstract: This report presents the results of work at the National Bureau of Standards, Boulder, Colorado, to carefully evaluate, document, develop (when necessary), and describe the methodology for performing radiated susceptibility/vulnerability measurements using a reverberation chamber. The report describes the reverberation chamber theory of operation, construction, evaluation, functional operation, and use for performing immunity measurements. It includes an estimate of measurement uncert… more
Date: April 1986
Creator: Crawford, M. L. & Koepke, Galen H.
open access

Design of the National Bureau of Standards Isotropic Magnetic Field Meter (MFM-10) 300 kHz to 100 MHz

Description: From introduction: In this report the following will he discussed: (1) design consideration of the broadband magnetic field sensor, (2) overall design of the magnetic field meter, (3) performance of the meter, (4) calibration and operating procedures, (5) alignment and adjustment procedures, and (6) summary and conclusions.
Date: October 1985
Creator: Cruz, J. E.; Driver, L. D. & Kanda, Motohisa
open access

Electromagnetic-Acoustic-Transducer/Synthetic-Aperture System for Thick-Weld Inspection

Description: Abstract: This report describes a system based on electromagnetic-acoustic transducers (EMATs) as an approach to automated nondestructive evaluation of thick weldments (>25 mm). Good signal-to-noise ratios, often a problem with EMATs, were possibTe through careful design of the transducers and associated electronic circuits and the use of signal averaging. At 454 kHz, the transducers produce shear-horizontal waves of approximately 7-mm wavelength in steel. The long wavelength permits determinat… more
Date: 1984
Creator: Fortunko, C. M.; Schramm, R. E.; Moulder, J. C. & McColskey, J. D.
open access

Electromagnetic Compatibility and Interference Metrology

Description: From abstract: The material included in this report is intended for a short course on electromagnetic compatibility/interference (EMC/EMI) metrology to be offered jointly by the staff of the Fields Characterization Group (723.03) and the Interference Characterization Group (723.04) of the Electromagnetic Fields Division (723). The purpose of this short course is to present a review of some of the radiated EMC/EMI measurement methods, to which the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) at Boulder, C… more
Date: July 1986
Creator: Ma, Mark T. & Kanda, M.
open access

An Error Analysis for the Use of Presently Available Lunar Radio Flux Data in Broadbeam Antenna-System Measurements

Description: From introduction: Simple, precise expressions for lunar diameter, average brightness temperature, flux density, and shape factor are presented. An analysis of the relationship between these parameters and corresponding errors are included. For broadbeam (HPBW>d) antennas, results show that flux density and shape factor can be determined with errors less than 13 percent and 0.4 percent respectively at frequencies below 10 GHz. Extension of the analysis to higher frequencies is indicated.
Date: February 1984
Creator: Daywitt, William C.
open access

Finline Diode Six-Port: Fundamentals and Design Information

Description: Abstract: The preliminary design and testing of a planar circuit six-port with diode detectors is described. The planar circuit medium was chosen to be finline, and all preliminary work was done in WR-42 waveguide (18-26.5 GHz). The finline substrate was alumina, and initially commercial beam-lead diodes were bonded to the finline metalization. The goal is to design an integrated circuit which could be fabricated on one chip (with diode detectors) and used as part of a six port network analyzer… more
Date: December 1985
Creator: Weidman, Manly P.
open access

Interactive FORTRAN Programs for Micro Computers to Calculate the Thermophysical Properties of Twelve Fluids (MIPROPS)

Description: From abstract: The thermophysical and transport properties of selected fluids have been programmed in FORTRAN 77 which is available for micro computers. The input variables are any two of P, p, T (pressure, density, and temperature) in the single phase regions, and either P or T for the saturated liquid or vapor states. The output is pressure, density, temperature, internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, specific heat capacities (Cp and Cv), speed of sound and, in most cases, viscosity, thermal con… more
Date: May 1986
Creator: McCarty, Robert D.
open access

Introduction to STARPAC: the Standards Time Series and Regression Package

Description: From preface: STARPAC documentation is being published as a series of Technical Notes. This Note is the first in the series. It gives an overview of the STARPAC library, defines conventions used in the documentation, provides an example using STARPAC subroutines, and presents general background material. This Note includes information which is essential for using the STARPAC library, and users should be familiar with its contents before attempting to use any STARPAC subroutine.
Date: October 1983
Creator: Donaldson, Janet R. & Tryon, Peter V.
open access

Linear Gain: Standard Antennas Below 1000 MHz

Description: Abstract: Gain and antenna parameters related to input impedance are calculated using a computer program called HVD6. This program uses well documented equations to compute these parameters for gain-standard antennas used in relative-gain or gain-transfer measurements at frequencies below 1000 MHz. The utility of this program is that it calculates gain patterns and input impedances for linear dipoles above perfect or imperfectly conducting plane ground and in free space, and for monopoles on pe… more
Date: May 1986
Creator: FitzGerrell, R. G.
open access

A Near-Field Array of Yagi-Uda Antennas for Electromagnetic Susceptibility Testing

Description: Abstract: In electromagnetic susceptibility testing of electronic equipment, the ideal incident field is a plane wave. To approximate this condition, a seven-element array of Yagi-Uda antennas has been constructed and tested at a frequency of 500 MHz. The element weightings are determined by a near-field synthesis technique which optimizes the uniformity of the field throughout a rectangular test volume in the near field of the array. The amplitude and phase of the electric field have been meas… more
Date: June 1985
Creator: Hill, David A. & Koepke, Galen H.
open access

Nonlinear Least Squares Regression Using STARPAC: The Standards Time Series and Regression Package

Description: From preface: This Note documents 16 subroutines for nonlinear least squares regression. Twelve of these compute the least squares estimates, performing either weighted or unweighted analysis with either numerically approximated or user-supplied (analytic) derivatives. The other four are user-callable subroutines for two procedures used within the estimation code: the first selects optimum step sizes for approximating the partial derivatives of the model; and the second checks the validity of a… more
Date: October 1983
Creator: Donaldson, Janet R. & Tryon, Peter V.
open access

Possible Estimation Methodologies for Electromagnetic Field Distributions in Complex Environments

Description: Abstract: The problem of measuring and characterizing complicated multiple-source, multiple-frequency electromagnetic environments is becoming more important and more difficult as electrical devices proliferate. This paper outlines three general approaches to the problem which are currently under investigation at the National Bureau of Standards. The three approaches are: 1) a statistical treatment of the spatial distribution of electromagnetic field intensities, 2) a numerical computation usin… more
Date: March 1985
Creator: Kanda, Motohisa; Randa, J. & Nahman, N. S.
open access

A Radio-Frequency Power Delivery System: Procedures for Error Analysis and Self-Calibration

Description: Abstract: An expression is developed for net power delivered to a load in terms of the indicated forward and reflected power and the system S-parameters and reflection coefficients. The dual directional coupler is treated as nonideal with power reflections assumed between all ports. The system itself is used to evaluate the major S-parameter terms in net power computation, and uncertainty in the computed power is derived from origins in the power meter readings and incompletely known S-paramete… more
Date: August 1985
Creator: Kanda, Motohisa & Orr, R. David
open access

Reference Flat Pulse Generator

Description: Introduction: A reference step-like pulse generator is described which has been developed at NBS. This generator can be used for accurately characterizing the step response of various kinds of trap ient recording equipment (oscilloscopes, waveform recorders, transient digitizers, etc.). Basic design principles are given as well as complete circuit diagrams and descriptions. An analysis of the output stage of the generator is presented together with the circuit models for developing a time-domai… more
Date: October 1983
Creator: Andrews, J. R.; Bell, B. A. & Baldwin, E. E.
open access

A Review of Supercritical Fluid Extraction

Description: Forward: The purpose of this report is to summarize the results obtained from a brief investigation of supercritical fluid extraction principles and applications. This study was one portion of a project funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, contract nuriber DE-AI01076PR06010, in response to a preliminary proposal submitted by the authors. This report sometimes uses company trade naries to identify processes and patent holders. This usage implies no endorsement by HBS… more
Date: December 1983
Creator: Ely, James F. & Baker, Jolene K.
open access

Site Attenuation

Description: Abstract: Site attenuation is a measure of performance of an open test site used at frequencies below about 1 GHz for antenna calibration and equipment emission and susceptibility testing. These sites typically consist of a large, obstruction-free ground plane and the hemisphere above it. Site attenuation of an ideal site is calculated and compared to data measured using the 30 m by 60 m NBS ground screen.
Date: November 1985
Creator: FitzGerrell, R. G.
open access

Small Aperture Analysis of the Dual TEM Cell and an Investigation of Test Object Scattering in a Single TEM Cell

Description: Introduction: Small aperture theory is used to investigate the dual TEM cell. Analyzing coupling through an empty versus a loaded aperture leads to a model of dual TEM cell shielding effectiveness measurements. Small obstacle scattering yields results for both the field perturbation and the change in a cell's transmission line characteristics due to the presence of a test object in a TEM cell. In each case, theoretical values are compared to experimental data.
Date: 1984
Creator: Wilson, Perry F. & Ma, Mark T.
open access

A Statistical Characterization of Electroexplosive Devices Relevant to Electromagnetic Compatibility Assessment

Description: Abstract: Electroexplosive devices (EEDs) are electrically fired explosive initiators used in a wide variety of applications. The nature of most of these applications requires that the devices function with near certainty when required and remain inactive otherwise. Recent concern with pulsed electromagnetic interference (EMI) and nuclear electromagnetic pulse (EMP) made apparent the lack of methodology for assessing EED vulnerability. A new and rigorous approach for characterizing EED firing l… more
Date: May 1986
Creator: Friday, Dennis S. & Adams, John W.
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