Masculine Gender Role Conflict and Psychological Well- Being: A Comparative Study of Heterosexual and Gay Men Page: 2
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and gender role conflict. Gender roles are the behaviors and expectations that a given
culture defines as being masculine or feminine, and that are valued as being appropriate
for either men or women. Gender role socialization is a developmental process, and
involves the acquisition and internalization of attitudes, behaviors, and values that a given
culture associates with both masculinity and femininity. Gender role conflict is a state
that occurs when gender role expectations and behaviors imposed by the culture have a
negative impact on and consequences for on the individual, or for others with whom the
individual interacts. Such negative impacts and consequences may take the form of either
the individual feeling inhibited in his ability to achieve his full human potential, or of his
inhibiting the ability of others to achieve their full potential. The degree of the negative
impact and consequences will been seen to vary among different men based on a variety
of factors, such as age, socioeconomic class, race, ethnicity, and the nature of their early
gender role socialization (O'Neil, 1981; Stillson, O'Neil, & Owen, 1991).
In American culture, stereotypes about traditional male gender roles have
typically include expectations of leadership, assertiveness, dominance, strength of
personality, forcefulness, aggression, willingness both to take risks and to take a stand,
independence, and defense of one's beliefs. Stereotyped gender roles that have been
considered characteristically female (and distinctly unmasculine) include expectations of
gentleness, tenderness, compassion, warmth, sympathy, sensitivity, affection,
understanding, and love of children (Martin, 1987). Inherent in these stereotypes are a
considerable number of attitudes and assumptions about exactly what it means to be
masculine or feminine. O'Neil (1981), in summarizing a decade's worth of research on
men and masculinity published in the 1970s, culled from the literature the following
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Shepard, William D. Masculine Gender Role Conflict and Psychological Well- Being: A Comparative Study of Heterosexual and Gay Men, dissertation, August 2001; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2830/m1/7/: accessed April 27, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .