Goethe Settings By Johann Friedrich Reichardt and Carl Friedrich Zelter: Text, Music and Performance Possibilities Page: 43
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Non-singing sources also began to recommend this type of articulation. It is unclear as to
who was imitating who- singers or instrumentalists. String treatises encouraged more slurring
in the various bow techniques, perhaps in order to mimic the sound and articulation of the human
voice. As previously mentioned, the Tourte bow was able to sustain a heavier, longer, more lyric
line. In his 1801 treatise on keyboard playing, Clementi, an advocate of the capabilities of the
English action pianos stated, "When the composer leaves the legato and staccato to the
performer's taste; the best rule is, to adhere chiefly to the legato." 65
Though Pier Francesco Tosi wrote on the singing practices of the Baroque, namely that
of the castrato, Johann Agricola recognized Tosi's importance for the development of the current
singing art among north Germans. Agricola translated and "updated" Tosi's treatise to suit the
"enlightened" tastes of the court of Frederick the Great. His commentary illustrated how
musical tastes had changed by the mid eighteenth-century, particularly in the move from
detached to more legato articulation. He stated, "One seeks hereby to express, in singing, an
imitation of a certain slippery smoothness. Experts in music call this type of division "slurring".
The effect of this is very pleasant indeed, if the singer does not avail himself of it too often." 66
Interestingly, he attempted to find a compromise between the two different articulatory
gestures in quicker triplet passages where a slur is added above the note groupings and dots are
added under the slurs. According to Julianne Baird who updated and translated Agricola's work
into English, the effect was "a kind of pulsation of vocal intensity." 67 Agricola instructs, "that
one must neither separate nor detach the notes, but rather execute each one with a slight impulse
65 Muzio Clementi. Introduction to the Art of playing on the Pianoforte, quoted in Sandra Rosenblum,
Performance Practices in Classical Piano Music: Their Principles and Applications, (Bloomington: Indiana
University Press: 1988), 154.
66 Johann Friedrich Agricola, Anleitung zur Singkunst (Berlin, 1757), transl. Julianne Baird as
Introduction to the Art of Singing, (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 34.
67 Agricola/Baird, 22.43
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Moore, Wes C. Goethe Settings By Johann Friedrich Reichardt and Carl Friedrich Zelter: Text, Music and Performance Possibilities, dissertation, August 2012; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc149641/m1/50/?q=music: accessed July 18, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .