Conductor Awareness of, Knowledge of, and Attitude Toward Sound Intensity Levels Generated During Ensemble-based Instructional Activities in College-level Schools of Music: Searching Inside

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... music."25 HPSM challenged schools of music and music administrators across the country... to implement their health promotion framework, and in 2006 PAMA published Health Promotion in Schools of Music... (HPSM): Initial Recommendations for Schools of Music.26 After the PAMA publication, other professional... organizations including the Music Educators National Conference: The National Association for Music Education... (MENC) and the Music Teachers National Association (MTNA) adopted similar viewpoints and revised

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... of protecting employees that American education institutions fall short. College-level schools of music... and schools of music intend to protect their employees from hearing damage? Additionally, while students... these colleges and schools of music ensure protection for the students? Though the OSHA and the NIOSH are not yet... recognizing these needs, some within the field of music are addressing them in various ways. The lack... of awareness and competency within collegiate music education in the context of hearing health has not gone

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... This Questionnaire is for Conductors Employed by College-Level Schools of Music Definition... teacher of an ensemble-based instructional activity (EBIA) within a college-level school of music... regular ensemble experiences. A "college-level school of music" is any conservatory, college... certificate/diploma in at least ONE of the following areas: General Music, Sacred Music, Music Education, Music... Performance, Music Theory, Music Composition, Musicology, Ethnomusicology, Jazz Studies, or Liberal Arts

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... agency for music and music-related disciplines.30 Before the summer of 2011, the NASM had... within institutions granting professional music degrees,31 no recommendations or regulations applied... (NIHL), tinnitus, nor did any mention that music is a sound source capable of harming human hearing.32... However, in 2011 this changed, and the effects may greatly impact colleges and schools of music... was a "comprehensive overview of hearing health issues for postsecondary schools and departments of music" and meant

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... EBIAs in college-level schools of music.75 This information could enable a description of how the new..., and the music education community at large. It could also provide a starting point upon which NASM, PAMA..., or other national music organization's efforts toward hearing health awareness and promotion among... music-related disciplines may build. Although accreditation by NASM is voluntary, Janet Barett, chair... of the Society for Music Teacher Education (SMTE), remarked "standards for accreditation shape teacher education

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... of music. The questionnaire, a survey tool designed by the researcher, was administered to members... of the College Music Society (CMS) through Qualtrics, an internet-based software program. Participants Purposive..., who 1) identify themselves as conductors in college-level schools of music and 2) are employed... in the United States. 77 The CMS directory is organized by music specialization categories and corresponding... director of communications selected eleven music specialization categories in which conductors would most

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... as "conductors employed by college-level schools of music." The following definitions were provided alongside...) in a college-level school of music. An "ensemble-based instructional activity" (EBIA) is any credit-granting..., and knowledge of repertory through regular ensemble experiences. A "college-level school of music" is any..., and/or artist certificate/diploma in at least ONE of the following areas: General Music, Sacred Music..., Music Education, Music Performance, Music Theory, Music Composition, Musicology, Ethnomusicology, Jazz

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... men, 187 women; 49.7% identified themselves as music majors) to show "students majoring in music... have a healthier attitude toward sound compared to students not majoring in music... [and]... music.... recently used a questionnaire to study "the views of music teacher education faculty and preservice music... students concerning the NASM standards for music teacher education"73 Millican, in addition, used a survey... Chesky et al., "Attitudes of College Music Students Towards Noise in Youth Culture," Noise & Health 11

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... ensemble-based instructional activities in schools of music Supervising Investigator: David Itkin, Director... of Orchestral Studies Co-Investigator: Kris Chesky, Director of the Texas Center of Music & Medicine Student... Investigator: Aaron Albin, DMA Candidate Department: UNT College of Music (Denton, TX) You have been invited... at the University of North Texas College of Music. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this research is to survey... ensemble-based instructional activities in schools of music. Procedure: You will answer a six-part questionnaire

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... ensemble-based instructional activities in schools of music Supervising Investigator: David Itkin, Director... of Orchestral Studies Co-Investigator: Kris Chesky, Director of the Texas Center of Music & Medicine Student... Investigator: Aaron Albin, DMA Candidate Department: UNT College of Music (Denton, TX) You have been invited... at the University of North Texas College of Music. Purpose of the Study: The purpose of this research is to survey... ensemblebased instructional activities in schools of music. Procedure: You will answer a six-part questionnaire

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... . "Hearing Conservation in Schools of Music: The UNT Model," Hearing Review (March 2006... Music Ensembles. Oregon or Bust: The Trail to Better Hearing." 33rd Annual Hearing Conservation... by University Wind Bands." Medical Problems of Performing Artists 25 (2010): 29-34. . "Schools of Music... Using a Web-Based Survey Technique." Pediatrics 115, no. 4 (April 2005): 861-867. The College Music... Society. "2011 Annual Report of the College Music Society." under Membership

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... Forsythe, Jere L., Daryl W. Kinney, and Elizabeth L. Braun. "Opinions of Music Teacher Educators... and Preservice Music Students on the National Association of Schools of Music Standards for Teacher Education...." Journal of Music Teacher Education 16, no. 19 (Spring 2007): 19-33. Glass, Thomas A., and Matthew J... the Future." Social Science and Medicine 62 (Month 2006): 1650-1671. Health Promotion in Schools of Music... project. "Health Promotion in Schools of Music (Homepage)." http://unt.edu/hpsm (accessed August 5, 2011

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... of Practice, Research, and Policy in Music Teacher Education." Journal of Music Teacher Education 20, no. 2... of Music Teachers." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene 1, no. 4 (April 2004): 243-247... Yoshimura, and Scott Landford. "An evaluation of musician earplugs with college music students... of college music students towards noise in youth culture." Noise & Health 11, no. 42 (Jan.-Mar. 2009): 49-53.... . W. Dawson, and R. Manchester. "Health Promotion in Schools of Music: Initial Recommendations

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... of Music Teacher Education 19, no.1 (August 2009): 68-79. Music Educator's National Conference (MENC...): The National Association for Music Education, "Health in Music Education (Position Statement...)," http://www.menc.org/about/view/health-in-music-education-position-statement (accessed August 5, 2011). Music Teachers National Association. "MTNA: Health in Music Teaching...." http://www.mtna.org/Portals/1/PDFs/WellnessStatement.pdf (accessed August 5, 2011). National Association of Schools of Music. "About NASM" from

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... surfaced at UNT and the Texas Center for Music and Medicine. In Schools of Music and Conservatories... and Hearing Loss Prevention, Chesky referenced a study (Chesky and Araujo, 2008) of 15 college of music... events within the UNT College of Music have exceeded 100% [allowable] dose."60 Because dose levels were... decisions about music selection and rehearsal technique. Also, there is a need to inquire about conductor... from 15 College-based Music Ensembles. Oregon or Bust: The Trail to Better Hearing." 33rd Annual

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... and safety within the music discipline and among students seeking a music degree in the United States..., "Practice, Research, and Policy in Music Education," 1-5; Forsythe, Kinney, and Braun, "Opinions on NASM... Music Standards," 19-33; Millican, "Band and Orchestra Rankings of Knowledge and Skill," 68-79; EU... Exposure," CFR 1910, online; Chesky, Dawson, and Mancheter, "HPSM," 142-144; MENC, "Health in Music... Education," online; MTNA, "Health in Music Teaching," online; Chesky, "Schools of Music and Hearing Loss

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... Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CMS College Music Society dB Decibel(s) dBA... devices HPSM Health Promotion in Schools of Music HTL Hearing threshold level Hz... Music Educators National Conference, As of Sept 1, 2001 recently renamed NAME (National Association... for Music Education) Min. Minimum MTNA Music Teachers National Association NATA National

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... is worthy of consideration in the effort to create hearing health-aware colleges and schools of music... evaluation of musician earplugs," 661; Laitinen, "Hearing protectors among classical music players," 21-29... of a Tinnitus Awareness Survey on College Music Majors' Hearing Conservation Behaviors," Medical Problems...," 661; Laitinen, "Hearing protectors among classical music players," 21-29; E Emmerich, L. Rudel, F... in classical orchestral music?" European Archives of Otorhinolaryngol 256, no. 7 (July 2008): 753-758. sa

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... generated during ensemble-based instructional activities in collegqe-level schools of music. Doctor..., the National Association of Schools of Music (NASM) took an official position to recognize the importance.... This is the largest national acknowledgement promoting hearing health and safety within the music discipline and among... students seeking a music degree in the United States. The purpose of the study is to describe what...) in college-level schools of music are capable of harming human hearing, but 24.1% "do not know" if EBIAs

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... was a major part."67 Their explanation of change theory highlighted an aspect pertinent to music, "a critical... of readiness of their client to change."68 When placing the music colleges and schools within the sports... medicine model, college-level schools of music would serve as the practitioner seeking to change... the hearing health practices of the conductor. Therefore, if college-level schools of music intend... of music. Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior, in addition, states, "A person's intention to carry out