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in creator/contributor: "Fthenakis, V.M."

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Approaches for preventing and mitigating accidental gaseous chemical releases

This paper presents a review of approaches to prevent and mitigate accidental releases of toxic and flammable gases. The prevention options are related to: choosing safer processes and materials, preventing initiating events, preventing or minimizing releases, and preventing human exposures. the mitigation options include: secondary confinement, de-inventory, vapor barriers, and water sprays/monitors. Guidelines for the design and operation of effective post-release mitigation systems are also … more

Date: December 31, 1996

Creator: Fthenakis, V. M.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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An assessment of mercury emissions and health risks from a coal-fired power plant

Title 3 of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA) mandated that the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) evaluate the need to regulate mercury emissions from electric utilities. In support of this forthcoming regulatory analysis the U.S. DOE, sponsored a risk assessment project at Brookhaven (BNL) to evaluate methylmercury (MeHg) hazards independently. In the US MeHg is the predominant way of exposure to mercury originated in the atmosphere. In the BNL study, health risks to adults result… more

Date: December 1, 1994

Creator: Fthenakis, V. M.; Lipfert, F. & Moskowitz, P.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Assessment of mercury health risks to adults from coal combustion

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is preparing, for the U.S. Congress, a report evaluating the need to regulate mercury (Hg) emissions from electric utilities. This study, to be completed in 1995, will have important health and economic implications. In support of these efforts, the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy, sponsored a risk assessment project at Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) to evaluate methylmercury (MeHg) hazards independently. In the BNL study, … more

Date: May 1, 1994

Creator: Lipfert, F. W.; Moskowitz, P. D.; Fthenakis, V. M.; DePhillips, M. P.; Viren, J. & Saroff, L.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990: Hazardous Air Pollutant Requirements and the DOE Clean Coal Technology Program

The purpose of the US Department of Energy -- Office of Fossil Energy (DOE FE) Clean Coal Technology Program (CCTP) is to provide the US energy marketplace with advanced, efficient, and environmentally sound coal-based technologies. The design, construction, and operation of Clean Coal Technology Demonstration Projects (CCTDP) will generate data needed to make informed, confident decisions on the commercial readiness of these technologies. These data also will provide information needed to ensu… more

Date: January 1, 1991

Creator: Moskowitz, P.D.; DePhillips, M.; Fthenakis, V.M. (Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States)) & Hemenway, A. (USDOE Assistant Secretary for Fossil Energy, Washington, DC (United States))

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990: Hazardous Air Pollutant Requirements and the DOE Clean Coal Technology Program

Date: December 31, 1991

Creator: Moskowitz, P. D.; DePhillips, M.; Fthenakis, V. M. & Hemenway, A.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Cross-flow versus counter-current flow packed-bed scrubbers: a mathematical analysis

Little is known about the mass transfer properties of packing media exposed to a crossflow of gas and liquid, whereas there is abundant information related to counter-current scrubbers. This paper presents a theoretical analysis of mass transfer and hydrodynamics in cross- flow packed bed scrubbers and compares those with information available for counter current towers, so that the first can be evaluated and/or designed based on data derived for the second. Mathematical models of mass transfer… more

Date: February 1, 1996

Creator: Fthenakis, V. M.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Environmental, health and safety issues related to commercializing CuInSe{sub 2}-based photovoltaics

Photovoltaics technology is rapidly evolving towards a new generation of low-cost thin film technologies. One of the most promising materials in this new generation is copper indium selenide (CuInSe{sub 2} or CIS). As with any new material, successful commercialization of CIS photovoltaic (PV) technology will require attention to environmental, health and safety issues, including consideration of the sources, usage, and end-of-product-life disposal and/or recycling of the constituent materials.… more

Date: July 1, 1996

Creator: Eberspacher, C.; Fthenakis, V. M. & Moskowtiz, P. D.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Environmental issues related to commercialization of CulnSe{sub 2}- based photovoltaics

One of the most promising materials for low-cost thin film photovoltaic cells is copper indium selenide (CuInSe{sub 2} or CIS). As with any new material, successful commercialization of CIS photovoltaic (PV) technology will require attention to environmental issues related to the sources of raw materials, their usage, and the disposal and/or recycling of products at the end of their useful life. This paper focuses on three specific environmental issues related to CIS technology: (i) Economics o… more

Date: July 1, 1996

Creator: Eberspacher, C.; Fthenakis, V. M. & Moskowitz, P. D.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Guidelines for accident prevention and emergency preparedness

This report reviews recent developments in the guidelines on chemical accident prevention, risk assessment, and management of chemical emergencies, principally in the United States and Europe, and discusses aspects of their application to developing countries. Such guidelines are either in the form of laws or regulations promulgated by governments, or of recommendations from international, professional, or non governmental organizations. In many cases, these guidelines specify lists of material… more

Date: May 1, 1993

Creator: Fthenakis, V. M.; Morris, S. C. & Moskowitz, P. D.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Health, safety and environmental issues relating to cadmium usage in photovoltaic energy systems

This paper discusses the current technology base and hazards associated with two promising thin-film photovoltaic cells that contain cadmium compounds--cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium deselenide (CuInSe{sub 2}). More specifically, this paper summarized the toxicological information on cadmium (Cd) compounds;evaluates potential health, safety and environmental hazards associated with cadmium usage in the photovoltaics industry; describes regulatory requirements associated with the use… more

Date: January 1, 1990

Creator: Moskowitz, P.D.; Fthenakis, V.M. (Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (USA)) & Zweibel, K. (Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden, CO (USA))

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Health, safety and environmental issues relating to cadmium usage in photovoltaic energy systems

This paper discusses the current technology base and hazards associated with two promising thin-film photovoltaic cells that contain cadmium compounds -- cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium diselenide (CuInSe{sub 2}). More specifically, this paper summarizes the toxicological information on cadmium (Cd) compounds; evaluates potential health, safety and environmental hazards associated with cadmium usage in the photovoltaics industry; describes regulatory requirements associated with the … more

Date: December 1, 1989

Creator: Moskowitz, P.D.; Fthenakis, V.M. (Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (USA)) & Zweibel, K. (Solar Energy Research Inst., Golden, CO (USA))

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY ANALYSIS IN THE PRODUCTION OF METALS USED IN PHOTOVOLTAICS.

Material flows and emissions in all the stages of production of zinc, copper, aluminum, cadmium, indium, germanium, gallium, selenium, tellurium, and molybdenum were investigated. These metals are used selectively in the manufacture of solar cells, and emission and energy factors in their production are used in the Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) of photovoltaics. Significant changes have occurred in the production and associated emissions for these metals over the last 10 years, which are not descri… more

Date: March 30, 2007

Creator: Fthenakis, V. M.; Kim, H. C. & Wang, W.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Mitigation of unconfined releases of hazardous gases via liquid spraying

The capability of water sprays in mitigating clouds of hydrofluoric acid (HF) has been demonstrated in the large-scale field experiments of Goldfish and Hawk, which took place at the DOE Nevada Test Site. The effectiveness of water sprays and fire water monitors to remove HF from vapor plume, has also been studied theoretically using the model HGSPRAY5 with the near-field and far-field dispersion described by the HGSYSTEM models. This paper presents options to select and evaluate liquid sprayin… more

Date: February 1, 1997

Creator: Fthenakis, V. M.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Mitigation options for accidental releases of hazardous gases

The objective of this paper is to review and compare technologies available for mitigation of unconfined releases of toxic and flammable gases. These technologies include: secondary confinement, deinventory, vapor barriers, foam spraying, and water sprays/monitors. Guidelines for the design and/or operation of effective post-release mitigation systems and case studies involving actual industrial mitigation systems are also presented.

Date: May 1, 1995

Creator: Fthenakis, V. M.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Model institutional infrastructures for recycling of photovoltaic modules

This paper describes model approaches to designing an institutional infrastructure for the recycling of decommissioned photovoltaic modules; more detailed discussion of the information presented in this paper is contained in Reaven et al., (1996)[1]. The alternative approaches are based on experiences in other industries, with other products and materials. In the aluminum, scrap iron, and container glass industries, where recycling is a long-standing, even venerable practice, predominantly priv… more

Date: July 1, 1996

Creator: Moscowitz, P. D.; Reaven, J. & Fthenakis, V. M.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Modeling of water spraying of field releases of hydrogen fluoride

The effectiveness of water sprays to absorb HF releases has been recently demonstrated by extended laboratory and field tests. In this paper computer simulations are presented of the Hawk, Nevada Test Site, series of field tests, along with parametric studies of several cases which have not been studied in the field. The model used in these simulations, HFSPRAY, treats the gas-phase as an Eulerean fluid whereas the spray is described according to the Lagrangian approach by a finite number of dr… more

Date: October 14, 1990

Creator: Fthenakis, V.M. (Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States)); Schatz, K.W. (Mobil Research and Development Corp., Princeton, NJ (United States)) & Zakkay, V. (New York Univ., NY (United States). Dept. of Applied Science)

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Modelling absorption and dilution of unconfined releases of hazardous gases by water curtains or monitors

OSHA Process Safety Management guidelines suggest that a facility operator investigate and document a plan for installing systems to detect, contain, or mitigate accidental releases if such systems are not already in place. In addition, proposed EPA 112(r) regulations would require such analysis. This paper illustrates how mathematical modelling can aid such an evaluation and describes some recent enhancements of the HGSPRAY model: (1) Adding algorithms for modeling NH{sub 3} and LNG mitigation… more

Date: May 1, 1995

Creator: Fthenakis, V. M.; Blewitt, D. N. & Hague, W. J.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Numerical simulations of turbulent flow fields caused by spraying of water on large releases of hydrogen fluoride

The effectiveness of water sprays in absorbing HF releases was recently demonstrated in extended laboratory and field tests. In this paper, computer simulations are presented of the Hawk, Nevada Test Site, series of field tests. The model used, HFSPRAY, is a Eulerean/Lagrangian model which simulates the momentum, mass and energy interactions between a water spray and a turbulent plume of HF in air; the model can predict the flow velocities, temperature, water vapor, and HF concentration fields … more

Date: May 1, 1991

Creator: Fthenakis, V.M. (Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States)) & Schatz, K.W. (Mobil Research and Development Corp., Princeton, NJ (United States))

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

The OSHA and EPA programs on preventing chemical accidents and potential applications in the photovoltaic industry

OSHA issued in 1992, the Process Safety Management (PSM) of Highly Hazardous Substances. This rule requires owners/operators of facilities that handle hazardous chemicals in quantities greater than the listed thresholds to establish all the elements of a PSM. EPA has issued in June 1996, the rules for a Risk Management Program which also refers to specific substances and threshold quantities. These rules are applicable to all the facilities that use or store any of 139 regulated substances at q… more

Date: August 1, 1996

Creator: Fthenakis, V. M.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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An overview of safety assessment, regulation, and control of hazardous material use at NREL

This paper summarizes the methodology we use to ensure the safe use of hazardous materials at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL). First, we analyze the processes and the materials used in those processes to identify the hazards presented. Then we study federal, state, and local regulations and apply the relevant requirements to our operations. When necessary, we generate internal safety documents to consolidate this information. We design research operations and support systems to … more

Date: July 1, 1992

Creator: Nelson, B. P.; Crandall, R. S.; Moskowitz, P. D. & Fthenakis, V. M.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

An overview of safety assessment, regulation, and control of hazardous material use at NREL

Date: January 1, 1992

Creator: Nelson, B. P.; Crandall, R. S.; Moskowitz, P. D. & Fthenakis, V. M.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

A review of accidents, prevention and mitigation options related to hazardous gases

Statistics on industrial accidents are incomplete due to lack of specific criteria on what constitutes a release or accident. In this country, most major industrial accidents were related to explosions and fires of flammable materials, not to releases of chemicals into the environment. The EPA in a study of 6,928 accidental releases of toxic chemicals revealed that accidents at stationary facilities accounted for 75% of the total number of releases, and transportation accidents for the other 25… more

Date: May 1, 1993

Creator: Fthenakis, V. M.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Safety Analysis Report for the use of hazardous production materials in photovoltaic applications at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory

To ensure the continued safety of SERI`s employees, the community, and the environment, NREL commissioned an internal audit of its photovoltaic operations that used hazardous production materials (HPMs). As a result of this audit, NREL management voluntarily suspended all operations using toxic and/or pyrophoric gases. This suspension affected seven laboratories and ten individual deposition systems. These activities are located in Building 16, which has a permitted occupancy of Group B, Divisi… more

Date: July 1, 1992

Creator: Crandall, R. S.; Nelson, B. P.; Moskowitz, P. D. & Fthenakis, V. M.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Safety Analysis Report for the use of hazardous production materials in photovoltaic applications at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory

To ensure the continued safety of SERI's employees, the community, and the environment, NREL commissioned an internal audit of its photovoltaic operations that used hazardous production materials (HPMs). As a result of this audit, NREL management voluntarily suspended all operations using toxic and/or pyrophoric gases. This suspension affected seven laboratories and ten individual deposition systems. These activities are located in Building 16, which has a permitted occupancy of Group B, Divisi… more

Date: July 1, 1992

Creator: Crandall, R. S.; Nelson, B. P. (National Renewable Energy Lab., Golden, CO (United States)); Moskowitz, P. D. & Fthenakis, V. M. (Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (United States))

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department