Life History and Case-building Behavior of Molanna Tryphena Betten (Trichoptera: Molannidae) in Two East Texas Spring-fed Streams Page: 2
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The genus Molanna, erected by Curtis in 1834, contains six North
American species (Wiggins 1996b) that are widespread in eastern North
America, mainly East of the Mississippi River (Roy and Harper 1980).
Molanna tryphena Betten and Molanna ulmerina Navas have been reported mainly
from clean, spring fed streams of variable size (Moulton and Stewart 1996a), and
sand and mud substrates of lakes and slower currents of streams (Wiggins
1996b). Ross (1944) reported M. tryphena from Michigan, New York, and
Wisconsin, and Sherberger and Wallace (1971) reported M. tryphena and
M. ulmerina from North Carolina, Virginia, Illinois, Tennessee, and Georgia. Roy
and Harper (1980), and Schmid (1983) described female Molanna from Eastern
Canada. The first record of Molanna in Texas was reported by Moulton and
Stewart (1996b).
Betten (1934) described the adults, larvae and pupae of the genus Molanna,
and adult females of five species were described by Roy and Harper (1980). The
larvae of M. tryphena, M. uniophila Vorhies, and M. blenda Sibley were described
by Sherberger and Wallace (1971), and all six species have been associated with
adults (Wiggins 1996b).
Little is known of North American Molanna life histories. The only
definitive study has been that of Richardson and Clifford (1986), who reported
several aspects of the life history of M. flavicornis Banks in a low gradient, boreal
stream. They found that the species was univoltine in the Sturgeon River,
Alberta, Canada, that it pupated unattached within the loose sand-silt stream
bottom, and that adults were present over a two month period from late June to
August. Growth phenology of larvae was slow; recruits generally grew to the
third instar in Fall, where they remained over Winter until May, then resumed
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Gupta, Tammi Spackman. Life History and Case-building Behavior of Molanna Tryphena Betten (Trichoptera: Molannidae) in Two East Texas Spring-fed Streams, thesis, December 1998; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc279201/m1/8/: accessed May 3, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .