A Stylistic Analysis of American Indian Portrait Photography in Oklahoma, 1869-1904 Page: 14
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coated with a silver bromide emulsion that dried before exposure. Dry plates were
available commercially and purchased through a supplier.48 The new process permitted
two printing techniques called "printing out" and "developing out." In the first, print
paper coated with gelatin-silver-chloride emulsion was placed beneath the glass negative
then exposed to light like the older albumen technique. "Developing out" methods used
paper coated with silver bromide, which allowed artists to make enlargements by
projecting the negative.49
Like Soule, Irwin created portraits mainly in the studio and he used a painted
backdrop, wicker chairs, rug, and other studio props. He manipulated formal
photographic elements such as lines, shapes, and framing devices to support a general
interest in presenting Indians as passive and romantic. The full-length portrait of
Gertrude Three finger, a Cheyenne woman, exemplifies this style (Figure 3). Here a
seated woman wearing a highly decorated three-skin dress, rests her arms on the wicker
chair. Because the pose follows the direction of the chair and allows a full display of her
dress, the photographer highlighted the costume's importance in the photograph.
Another formal element important to the style of the photograph is the central framing of
the figure in the middle ground, which, according to art historian John Pultz, distances
the viewer from the individual.50 By fully revealing the girl's distinct facial features, the
dramatic light from the right also contributes to the romantic mood in the picture.
48 Brian Coe and Mark Haworth-Booth, A Guide to Early Photographic Processes (England: The
Westerham Press, 1983), 22; Naomi Rosenblum, A World History of Photography (New York: Abbeyville
Press, 1989), 442.
49 Coe, 22.
5o Pultz, 23. The image available for reproduction from the Western History Collections,
University of Oklahoma Libraries differs from the original cabinet card. The copyprint changes the
appearance of the image by re-framing the figure close to the picture frame. The original card shows an14
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Nelson, Amy. A Stylistic Analysis of American Indian Portrait Photography in Oklahoma, 1869-1904, thesis, May 2001; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2785/m1/21/?q=food+rule+for+unt+students: accessed July 18, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .