Differences in Socio-Cognitive Processes among Individuals Exhibiting Characteristics of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism: A Multimethod Approach Page: 20
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When Ritter et al. (2011) assessed emotional empathy using a behavioral task, deficits were
noted. This discrepancy again illustrates narcissistic individuals' lack of awareness regarding
their own emotional limitations and how their behavior affects other people. Given these social
deficits, it would be interesting to explore the relationship between narcissism and the
perpetration of inappropriate social behaviors, such as psychological abuse, that are exhibited to
increase a person's sense of control and consequently their self-esteem.
Given the difficulties narcissistic individuals experience regarding understanding the
thoughts and feelings of other people, it is no wonder that their interpersonal relationships are
often strained. It is also probable that these deficits in social intelligence extend beyond an
inability to understand the thoughts and emotions that are conveyed to them by others. In other
words, not only do narcissistic individuals struggle to recognize the cognitions and feelings that
are present, but they also appear to infer thoughts and feelings that are not present. These
individuals may perceive from others the same hostility and ill intent they exhibit themselves,
regardless of whether the intent to harm is actually present.
Social Information Processing Deficits in Narcissism
Social information processing is an important process that describes how individuals
experience interpersonal interactions and is used to explain many different social behaviors.
Crick and Dodge's (1994) social information processing (SIP) model was initially created toexplain the occurrence of aggressive behavior in children but has since been adapted for use in
explaining adult behavior and phenomena other than aggression. Broadly speaking, the SIP
model details how individuals interpret and respond to information received from other people in
social interactions (Crick & Dodge, 1994). More specifically, the reformulated SIP model
consists of six steps: receiving and encoding cues from others, interpreting these cues, goal20
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Sanders, Courtney. Differences in Socio-Cognitive Processes among Individuals Exhibiting Characteristics of Grandiose and Vulnerable Narcissism: A Multimethod Approach, dissertation, July 2023; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2178811/m1/27/?q=technical+manual: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .