Investigating the Effects of Traffic-Generated Air-Pollution on the Microbiome and Immune Responses in Lungs of Wildtype Mice Page: VIII

                                
LIST OF FIGURES

Page
Figure 1.1: Diagram of the airway structure and mucociliary escalator: (A) components of the
respiratory system (Paxton et al., 2003). (B) Airway surface ciliated mucus escalator (Quinton,
2017)............................................................................................................................................... 3
Figure 1.2: Compartmental deposition of particulate matter (PM) within the respiratory tract
(Schwarze et al., 2013).................................................................................................................... 6
Figure 1.3: Signaling to NF-KB by toll-like receptors (Erin I Lafferty et al., 2010)............14
Figure 1.4: Intestinal microbiome effects on lung immunology (Evsyutina et al., 2017)......16
Figure 1.5: Bi-directional crosstalk between the lungs and the gut (Anand and Mande, 2018)... 17
Figure 2.1: Decrease in lung IgG and IgA is observed in mice exposed to ME and HF diet....... 29
Figure 2.2: Exposure to ME results in increase in the abundance of Proteobacteria.............31
Figure 2.3: Exposure to ME and HF diet results in an increase in the relative abundance of
Enterobacteriaceae belonging to the Proteobacteria phylum....................................................32
Figure 2.4: Bacterial alpha diversity analysis of exposure and diet groups...................33
Figure 2.5: Bacterial diversity is reduced with ME exposures ..................................................34
Figure 3.1: Exposure to DEP results in systemic and peri-bronchial inflammation.............52
Figure 3.2: Exposure to DEP results in increased levels of immunoglobulins in the BALF ....... 54
Figure 3.3: Exposure to DEP increases TNF-a expression in the lungs of C57B1/6 mice ........... 56
Figure 3.4: Exposure to DEP increases IL-10 expression in the lungs of C57B1/6 mice..........57
Figure 3.5: Exposure to DEP results in elevated production of mucus in C57B1/6 mice..........58
Figure 3.6: Exposure to DEP results in an increased relative abundance of Proteobacteria in
C57B1/6  m ice  on  the  H F  diet .................................................................................................... 60
Figure 3.7: Exposure to DEP induces ROS-RNS production within the lungs of C57B1/6 mice..
....................................................................................................................................................... 62
Figure 3.8: Exposure to DEP increases macrophages within the lungs of C57B1/6 mice ............ 63
Figure 3.9: Exposure to DEP results in activation of TLR2 and TLR4 in C57B1/6 mice ............ 65
Figure 3.10: Exposure to DEP results in increased NF-KB p65 expression...................66

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