The Teaching of 21st Century Skills through Project-Based Learning and Professional Development for Career and Technical Education Page: 16
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be "a student-centered model that organizes learning and studying around projects" (Du & Han,
2016). PBL enforces collaboration through the use of project organization and group work.
Students are placed in workgroups to tackle the content and present their findings together.
This is made possible by students creating workable project timelines, ensuring civility by using
group social contracts, and encouraging open communication through constant group feedback
sessions.
Planning projects is more than setting up benchmarks, rubrics, and resources (Prince &
Felder, 2007). Teachers build projects around essential driving questions. PBL starts with a
driving question and entry event or document. These items drive student engagement in the
project.
The PBL process has evolved over the years from its infancy in medical school teaching
(Maxwell, Bellisimo, & Mergendoller, 2001). The PBL process has been expanded to include the
roles of students and teachers. Stix and Hrbek (2007) created the following steps for PBL:
1. The teacher-coach sets the stage for students with real-life samples of the projects
they will be doing.
2. Students take on the role of project designers, possibly establishing a forum for
display or competition.
3. Students discuss and accumulate the background information needed for their
designs.
4. The teacher-coach and students negotiate the criteria for evaluating the projects.
5. Students accumulate the materials necessary for the project.
6. Students create their projects.
7. Students prepare to present their projects.
8. Students present their projects.16
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Petrunin, Kristin Firmery. The Teaching of 21st Century Skills through Project-Based Learning and Professional Development for Career and Technical Education, dissertation, December 2019; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1609129/m1/24/?q=denton+history: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .