The Teaching of 21st Century Skills through Project-Based Learning and Professional Development for Career and Technical Education Page: 13
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Beaumont, 1956). From the start of business education in the U. S., curriculum and
instructional practices demanded continuous development to keep up with the dynamics of the
national workforce. Business principles were first organized around secretarial skills, but
shifted to managerial systems and entrepreneurship (Gordon, 2014). Business education
continuously responds to emerging workforce development needs (Polkinghorne, 2015).
21st Century Skills
A survey of 42 secondary teachers was conducted to determine the effect of PBL
implementation on the teaching of 21st century skills (Hixson et al., 2012). The respondents
were divided into two equal groups of 24 for comparison and validated scores based on their
self-selected level of PBL training and PBL usage. Researchers divided respondents into groups
due to substantial statistically significant effect sizes between each group.
The evaluation used survey responses from a selected sample of 24 teachers and found
significant effect size differences between teachers who used PBL with extended
professional development and other teachers. The overall measure of 21st century
skills teaching was positively correlated with time spent in professional development
(r = .34, p < .01), the number of extended assignments (r = .47, p < .001), weeks
conducting extended projects (r = .29, p < .05) , and overall class time devoted to
extended projects (r = .35, p < .01). (Hixson et al., 2012, p. 10-11)
In 2018, a quantitative non-experimental dissertation study examined the relationship
between teacher self-efficacy and instruction of 21st century skills based on teachers'
perceptions (Davis, 2018). A convenience sample of schools in Southeastern Pennsylvania was
selected by the researcher and 145 completed surveys revealed that there is a significant
relationship between teacher self-efficacy scores and instruction of critical thinking skills scores,
collaboration skills scores, creativity and innovation skills scores, local connection skills scores
and self-direction skills scores in classroom practice.13
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Petrunin, Kristin Firmery. The Teaching of 21st Century Skills through Project-Based Learning and Professional Development for Career and Technical Education, dissertation, December 2019; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1609129/m1/21/?q=denton+history: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .