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4
1000
E
0
a)
IZ100
0
20
1000
200-400 MHz 400-600 MHz
100
0 20 40 60 0 20 40 6
elevation angle 9(degrees), with rFIG. 5: Top: Angular dependence of the radia
and refracted case, for a frequency range fro
pared to data. The data errors are combined sta
but with an overall normalization that arbitra
for the normalization factor). The in-ice an
the theoretical expectation for a shower in ic
109 e per bunch and 28.5 GeV electrons, and
only geometric optics. Bottom: Same as top f
frequency bands.
v and index of refraction n. In this regRefracted
-
rr
-. .-. .[1] The AMANDA Collaboration: J. Ahrens, et. al., Nucl. Instrum.
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74, 043002 (2006).
[8] The ANITA Collaboration: S. W. Barwick et al., Phys. Rev.
Lett. 96 (2006) 171101.
[9] S. Barwick, D. Besson, P. Gorham, D. Saltzberg, J. Glaciol. 51
(2005) 231.
[10] E. Zas, F Halzen, & T. Stanev, 1992, Phys Rev D 45, 362.
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tion of neutrinos and muons on the basis of radio radiation of
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samanskii, & I. M. Zheleznyk, 1989, JETP 50, 233.
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Saltzberg, D. Williams, Phys. Rev. Lett. 93 (2004) 041101.
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[22] G. Varner et al. (ANITA Collaboration), SLAC-PUB-11872
Presented at 9th Int. Symposim. (SNIC 2006), Menlo Park Cal-
ifornia, 2006- field strength (V m-1 Hz-1) can be approximated as [21]:
If Ice IRE(v) I / ppoQLvsinO exp[ (kL)2(cos- 1/n)2/2]
where for typical dielectrics p 1, po 47r x 10-7 is the per-
meability of free space, L is the parameter determined from
the Gaussian fit of q(z) Q exp( (z zma)2/2L2) to the
- shower profile with maximum at zma., 0 is the polar angle
around the shower axis, and R is the distance to the shower.
For T486, L ~ 1.2 m. The measured angular dependence thus
follows closely the expectations for Cherenkov radiation, in-
cluding the narrowing of the Cherenkov cone with higher fre-
40 60 quencies. These results further strengthen the identification of
its origin. We also measured the vector E-field polarization of
600-800 MHz the impulses and found it to be entirely consistent with 100%
linear polarization in the plane containing the Poynting vector
and shower momentum vectors, again completely consistent
with radio Cherenkov theory.
In summary, Askaryan's hypothesis has now been con-
0 20 40 o firmed in detail by laboratory experiments for virtually all of
the dielectrics (ice, salt, sand-the latter approximating the Lu-
espect to beamline nar regolith) that Askaryan envisioned as the best media in
which to exploit the coherent radio Cherenkov emission from
tion for both the in-ice high energy particle showers. Askaryan's intent was to illu-
m 200-800MHz, com- minate a methodology by which low fluxes of ultra-high en-
tistical and systematic, ergy particles could be made observable through exploitation
ry here (but see Fig. 4 of huge volumes of natural materials. With the recent sharpen-
d refracted curves are ing of predictions for the fluxes of ultra-high energy neutrinos,
e at a beam current of and
the refraction includes it whe growth in the number of experiments that make use of
or three different sub- it, we expect that Askaryan's hope will be soon fulfilled.
This work has been supported by the National Aeronautics
and Space Administration and the Department of Energy Of-
fice of Science High Energy Physics Division. We thank the
SLAC Experimental Facilities Department and the Columbia
ime, the Cherenkov Scientific Balloon Facility for their invaluable support.
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Gorham, P. W. Observations of the Askaryan Effect in Ice, article, January 16, 2007; [Menlo Park, California]. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc885053/m1/4/: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.