Development of advanced, dry, SO{sub x}/NO{sub x} emission control technologies for high-sulfur coal. Final report, April 1, 1993--December 31, 1994 Page: 66 of 91
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EPA Hazardous Waste Characterization13: LIDS by-product was analyzed for ignitability, corrosivity
by pH, reactive sulfide, and reactive cyanide using U.S. EPA Methods. Method 1311 (TCLP) was
used to characterize leachates for organics, volatile organics, and heavy metals. Table 9 shows that all
levels were below hazardous waste guidelines, and that all organic, volatile organic, and metal
analyses were below detection limits and TCLP limits.
Ohio Water Quality Standards13: The regulatory status of clean coal by-products in the State of Ohio
in terms of water quality standards are as follows:
Clean coal combustion by-products are considered solid waste under the jurisdiction of the
Ohio EPA, Division of Solids and Hazardous Waste, with exemptions awarded on a
case-by-case basis...
Ohio has a general exemption for nontoxic fly ash, which is not regulated as a solid waste;
however, disposal of this by-product is subject to Ohio water pollution and air pollution
regulations under the jurisdiction of the Ohio EPA, Division of Water Pollution Control.
Utility fly ash is considered to be nontoxic and, therefore, is exempt from regulation as a
hazardous or solid waste if its leachate does not exceed 30 times the levels specified in the
Ohio Drinking Water Standards (Ohio Revised Code 3745-81-11(B)).
Ohio water quality standards for metals were compared to the leachate from LIDS samples.
Table 10 shows that metal concentrations in 20:1 water leachate samples were well under Ohio and
Federal guidelines.
Ohio State University (OSU) Study": OSU recently completed Phase I of a study to determine if FGD
by-product can be used as a substitute for materials now being used for land reclamation. The work
was performed with cooperation from the United States Geological Survey and Dravo Lime Company.
A total of 58 FGD samples from LIDS, Spray Drying, Duct Injection, LIMB, Coolside,
fluidized bed combustion, and pressurized fluidized bed combustion were analyzed. Wide variations
in elemental composition appeared to be more a function of variations in the coal composition than in
the type of clean coal technology. Results of the by-product characterization are as follows:
Many of the elements regulated by the U.S. EPA reside primarily in the coal fly ash. The
presence of excess sorbent and reaction products was found to cause a dilution of the
concentration of these elements in the by-product materials as compared to fly ash alone.
The leachate pH for some samples investigated were near the RCRA limit of 12.5 for toxic
waste, however none surpassed the limit. "The leachates were obtained on fresh samples,
however, upon aging and exposure to moisture and atmospheric or soil CO2, the CaO and
Ca(OH)2 will carbonate to form calcite (CaCO3) and the pH will decrease to around 8.3."
Concentrations of the eight RCRA metals (Ag, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, and Se) were below
drinking water standards for both ASTM and TCLP leachates.2-50
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Amrhein, G.T. Development of advanced, dry, SO{sub x}/NO{sub x} emission control technologies for high-sulfur coal. Final report, April 1, 1993--December 31, 1994, report, December 23, 1994; United States. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc783090/m1/66/: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.