Theories Contrasted: Rudy's Variability in the Associative Process (V.A.P.) and Martin's Encoding Variability Page: 7
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7
The differences in Martin's and Rudy's hypotheses
become polarized when the memory process is viewed in terms
of a negative transfer paradigm, such as the A-B, A-Br
paradigm. Martin believes that variability can occur in
the encoding phase, whereas Rudy believes that variability
occurs only in the association phase. In other words,
after learning the first list (A-B), presentation of the
second list (A-Br) with its rearranged pairings will create
a state in which what was formerly familiar and right is
now familiar and wrong. Mechanisms for alleviating the con-
flict exist in the encoding phase according to Martin (1968),
in the associative phase, according to Rudy (1974).
The way that the A-B, A-Br paradigm can test these
opposing theories can more readily be understood by refer-
ring to Figures 3 and 4 in the following discussion.
Martin hypothesizes that the first list may be encoded
and committed to memory using less than the total stimuli
if these stimuli are complex and fragmentable into compo-
nents. Whatever the stimulus components might be, presen-
tation of the second list will cause difficulty since the
cues that were effective in eliciting correct responses for
the first list are still eliciting those same responses
which are inappropriate for the second-list pairings.
Martin would say that an alternative open to the subject
would be recoding: picking a different stimulus component
for combination with second-list responses. In other words,
if the right-hand-positioned stimulus element had been
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Fuhr, Susan R. Theories Contrasted: Rudy's Variability in the Associative Process (V.A.P.) and Martin's Encoding Variability, thesis, December 1976; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc503837/m1/12/: accessed July 18, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .