Metal Oxide Reactions in Complex Environments: High Electric Fields and Pressures above Ultrahigh Vacuum Page: 8
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substrate (forming a thin film of the native oxide), or evaporating a metal on a refractory
metal substrate in the presence of oxygen [33]. These thin films, however, often have a
large density of defects (vacancies, interstitials, dislocations, domain walls, different
phases and variants, grain and sub-grain boundaries, etc.), which may completely change
their electronic and spectroscopic properties. Therefore, it is often mandatory to use
single crystals to control the type and the density of defects which may play a key role on
the oxide properties [40].
Oxides prepared by the oxidation of single crystal binary intermetallic alloys
include A1203/NiAl [41-44], A1203/Ni3Al [45-52], A1203/FeAl [53-55], and Ga203/CoGa
[56, 57] etc. In general, oxidation at room temperature results in the formation of
amorphous oxide layers, and subsequent annealing to elevated temperatures is needed to
produce an ordered oxide film. Usually the temperature required to order the oxide film is
much higher than the melting temperature of the pure metal. For example, annealing to
1000 ~ 1200 K followed by room temperature oxidation is necessary to produce well-
ordered thin A1203 films [42, 44, 47, 52], whereas the melting point of pure aluminum
metal is only 930 K. The use of intermetallic alloys for the growth of ultrathin oxide
films offers the advantage in that higher annealing temperatures can be used for ordering
the oxide film without melting the substrate. Well-ordered A1203 films have been
successfully prepared by direct oxidation of NiAl and Ni3Al single crystal substrates
followed by subsequent high temperature annealing [44, 47, 51, 52]. However, the
presence of a large lattice mismatch between the alloy surface and the oxide lattice
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Qin, Feili. Metal Oxide Reactions in Complex Environments: High Electric Fields and Pressures above Ultrahigh Vacuum, dissertation, August 2005; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4843/m1/19/: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .