The Effectiveness of an Electronic-Mail Campaign to Modify Stress Levels, Mood States, and Coping Techniques Among Employed Adults Page: 7
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Some of the confusion in the literature could be clarified by defining stress as only that
which is disruptive, rather than a necessary fact of life or any demand upon an organism (King,
Stanley, & Burrows, 1987). Kolbell's (1995) definition of stress seems to best encapsulate the
transactional model of stress, stating that stress is a result of a demand that exceeds the
individual's perceived ability to cope, which results in a physiological or psychological
disturbance. Pratt & Barling (1988) offer further clarification of terms commonly used in stress
literature. They state, "...stressors are objective environmental eve nts, stress is the subjective
experience of the event, and strain is the person's psychological and / or physiological response
to stress" (p. 42). For the purposes of this paper, the guiding sentiments of the transactional
model and the above terminology will be followed for the remainder of the discussion.
Job-Related Stress
Workplace stress has become an almost universal phenomenon in life. Work itself is a
mixed blessing, taking away idle time while providing monetary reward for both survival and
comfort. The Industrial Revolution in the late 18th and early 19th centuries transformed the
nature of work, making standard the production- and time-pressures that have become
increasingly high in today's workforce. The working class was subject to greater health risks as
technological advances transformed the workplaces and factories. Additionally, the changes that
accompanied the revolution included an imbalance of power and social status between the capital
investors and the hired workers (Holt, 1993). The urgency of machine-regulated production, the
risk to life and limb, and the imbalance of power are only a few of the potential sources of stress
in today's workplace.
While an increasing number of people find work to be a significant source of stress, not
everyone finds the same things to be stressful, as discussed in the transactional model. However,
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Hoke, Cassandra N. The Effectiveness of an Electronic-Mail Campaign to Modify Stress Levels, Mood States, and Coping Techniques Among Employed Adults, dissertation, August 2003; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4262/m1/12/: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .