Westernization as Lingua Franca: Historical and Discursive Patterns of Hegemony in Global Higher Education Page: 74
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reforms. Many countries in all three regions would depart from the timelines I describe and merit
far more investigation into particularities than what this research has promised. However, the
chronologies depicted below account for the macro-level events that most if not all of the states
in that region encountered and compile the convergent trends or commonalities of change.
Additionally, as the narratives progress, it is important to reflect on the multivalent forms
of time and space, beyond sequence and locale, in relation to the various meanings ascribed to
higher education. Education is conditioned by the society in which it is embedded. It includes the
historical and contemporary scales and landscapes which have collided across time, resisting and
informing, altering and eliminating, to create nuanced and contextual realities (Appadurai, 1990;
Custer & Malhaes, 2023). The narratives below follow a sequential path across each continent,
but the time and place in which each event occurs should be understood more deeply to account
for the kaleidoscope of spatio-temporal patterns and configurations which impact expansion,
consolidation, reorganization, and other global processes.
Finally, I would like to note that I am not determining whether any of these
actions/programs/initiatives or similar occurrences are positive or negative. It is not my goal, nor
my place to continue the pattern of prescriptive Westerners through assessment of any region's
higher education system or effectiveness of any reforms that have taken place. The findings put
forth focus on and center processes and mechanisms in the following regions as told by scholarsand organizations with connections to the region. Ajani (2020) reminds the academic community
that "emphasis has remained mostly on knowledge produced about countries of the global south
rather than being considered as sites of knowledge production and theoretical debate" (p. 44).
Thus, I aim to resist the tendency towards repeating this unequal valuing of information based on74
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Moore, Mallory Carson. Westernization as Lingua Franca: Historical and Discursive Patterns of Hegemony in Global Higher Education, dissertation, May 2024; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2332627/m1/83/: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .