Exploring Psychological Intimate Partner Violence Using Brief Expressive Writing Essays Page: 3
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Impacts of IPV
The literature has demonstrated that broad exposure to IPV impacts individuals in several
ways. Individuals who experience IPV victimization consistently report a variety of adverse
mental health outcomes, including anxiety, substance use, self-harm, suicidal ideation,
depression, and posttraumatic stress symptoms (Beydoun, et al., 2017; Cody & Beck, 2014;
Lagdon et al., 2014). Individuals who have experienced IPV victimization report experiencing
many psychological disorders, citing depression as the most reported disorder (Eshelman &
Levendosky, 2012; Lagdon et al., 2014; Okuda et al., 2015), and nearly 50% meet the criteria for
two or more psychological disorders (Nathanson et al., 2014). Furthermore, the effects of IPV
victimization on one's well-being persist after the abusive relationship has ended; for example,
Ahmadabadi and colleagues (2020) found that IPV victimization led to an increased risk of
developing anxiety and mood disorders over a ten-year study.
IPV victimization frequently co-occurs with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and
major depressive disorder (Nixon et al., 2004). Individuals who experience multiple forms of
IPV victimization (i.e., physical, sexual, and psychological aggression) often demonstrate
increased posttraumatic stress symptoms (Yalch & Rickman, 2021). Therefore, IPV
victimization consistently puts individuals at a greater risk of experiencing detriments in their
overall psychological functioning compared to individuals who never experience IPV (Bonomiet al., 2006; Kamimura et al., 2014).
While the effects of IPV are detrimental, it is often difficult for individuals to leave their
violent situation; they report an average of five to seven attempts to leave before successfully
ending the relationship (Rich, 2020; Roberts et al., 2008). The difficulty experienced by leaving
and returning to an abusive situation multiple times is significant as it highlights the complex3
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Laajala, Allison. Exploring Psychological Intimate Partner Violence Using Brief Expressive Writing Essays, dissertation, December 2023; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2256939/m1/10/: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .