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career. Reform efforts such as these attempt to provide a specific recipe for school improvement,
although decades after some of these efforts, the achievement gap is still prevalent (Wexler,
2019). After multiple reform efforts, the quest remains as to how to improve learning for all
students and eliminate the achievement gap that continues to exist in schools.
Through these multiple reform efforts, the role of principal has evolved, yet these reforms
have failed to place any explicit focus on principal development (Haller et al., 2015). The
principal role has transitioned from that of traditional manager to instructional leader, while
maintaining an engaging and positive school culture has remained a steady expectation. For a
campus to be successful requires a leader who is highly trained and capable of demonstrating a
variety of leadership behaviors.
To capture the super-hero model of effective school leadership, policymakers across the
country have sought to legislate effective teaching and learning for aspiring administrators. The
education, training, and coaching of administrators is one opportunity to ensure that campus
principals are thoroughly prepared for the responsibility that comes with the position of
principal. According to Adams and Copland (2007), although it is inconceivable that policy
alone makes effective leaders, criteria for licensing should encompass instructional leadership
and an organizational focus. Stated another way, organizational focus is the leader's ability to
develop a positive school culture and climate and use this influence to achieve teacher jobsatisfaction and productive outcomes (Liu et al., 2020). Through education, training, and
coaching, a campus principal must be thoroughly prepared to understand and apply effective
leadership behaviors.
In Texas, the Texas Principal Evaluation and Support System (TPESS) was developed as
a result of the State of Texas 82nd Legislature. During this session, the Texas Principal12
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O'Bara, Susannah Holbert. A Leadership Framework to Raise Teacher Engagement, dissertation, May 2023; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc2137579/m1/23/: accessed July 18, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .