Divided-Tenure, Divided Recovery: How Policy and Land Tenure Shape Disaster Recovery for Mobile Homeowners Page: 6
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the Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Act (1970), which has shaped
nonstructural mitigation by ensuring fair compensation to individuals who are relocated out of
high-risk areas through a federally-funded project. Two federal grant programs provide funding
to state and local jurisdictions to acquire property in hazardous areas with the purpose of
relocating individuals to a safer area: the FEMA HMGP and the U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development (HUD) Community Development Block Grant - Disaster Recovery
(CDBG-DR) program. Both FEMA HMGP and HUD CDBG-DR require a presidential disaster
declaration for funding to become available to communities; however, local communities can
apply directly for HMGP funds whereas HUD notifies communities eligible for CDGB-DR
funds (Peterson et al., 2020). Buyout programs, a voluntary type of property acquisition,
"facilitate the permanent relocation of residents out of areas considered at high risk for future
disasters" (Binder & Greer, 2016, p. 97). However, the design, implementation, oversight and
attitude toward these land use policies and mitigation programs can vary drastically at the state
and local levels (Berke et al., 2014). Each local community designs and implements their own
buyout program within the federal guidelines. While on paper this enables local communities to
develop programs that best reflect local needs, in practice resident relocation support, timing of
relocation, and overall experience differ significantly from program to program (e.g., Binder et
al., 2020; Siders, 2019; de Vries & Fraser, 2012). These policy discrepancies, and variability in
implementation, can perpetuate and exacerbate social vulnerabilities to disasters (Wisner et al.,
2004).
2.2 Buyout Programs
Since they are designed and implemented at the local level, buyout programs encourage
retreat from hazardous areas while, in theory, providing an opportunity for community6
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Warren, Robyn (Robyn C.). Divided-Tenure, Divided Recovery: How Policy and Land Tenure Shape Disaster Recovery for Mobile Homeowners, thesis, August 2021; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1833499/m1/11/: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .