A New Subscale for the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) to Screen Adults for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Page: 1
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex psychiatric disorder that is
often first diagnosed in childhood (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) and typically
associated with a range of negative outcomes if not treated (Barkley, Murphy & Kwasnik, 1996;
Capelatto et al., 2014; Frazier, Youngstrom & Glutting, 2007). Individuals can also be first
diagnosed with ADHD for the first time in adulthood; however, to receive a diagnosis,
symptomatology must have been present before the age of 12 years (APA, 2013). Diagnostic
criteria for ADHD include inattentive, hyperactive, and impulsive behaviors that significantly
impair functioning in more than one setting (APA, 2013). Since 1994, American mental health
professionals have recognized three subtypes of ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,
predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I), Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,
predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-HI), and Attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder, combined type (ADHD-C) (APA, 1994).
ADHD Diagnosis in Adulthood
Debate about whether or not ADHD could continue into adult years began in the 1970's
(Barkley, 1996; DuPaul, Guevermont & Barkley, 1991; Shelley & Reister, 1972; Weil, 1970).
ADHD was originally thought to be a childhood disorder that affected individuals would
"outgrow" (Adler & Cohen, 2004). Modern researchers, however, assert that children with
ADHD can experience symptomatology throughout adulthood (Barkley et al., 2002; Guzelow,
Loya & Hinshaw, 2017; Sibley et al., 2016). In fact, between 41% and 77% of children
diagnosed with ADHD experience clinical levels of impairment as adults (Faraone, Biederman &
Mick, 2006; Sibley et al., 2016; Uchida et al., 2018).1
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Calmenson, Nina E. A New Subscale for the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) to Screen Adults for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dissertation, August 2021; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1833444/m1/9/: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .