A New Subscale for the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) to Screen Adults for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Page: 68
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Depression (DEP)
The Depression (DEP) scale measures common symptomatology found within the
disorder. The Depression - Cognitive (DEP-C) assesses an individual's level of helplessness,
self-worth, powerlessness, and self-esteem. Higher scores indicate lower levels of adequacy.
Additionally, as scores become more elevated, concentration problems and indecisiveness can
become problematic (Morey, 1991). The DEP scale T-scores positively correlate with the
CAARS and can discriminate between adults with and without ADHD (DeLong, 2009; Stewart
& Liljequist, 2015).
Mania (MAN)
The Mania scale assesses various features of mania and hypomania, i.e. "...elevated
mood, expansiveness, grandiosity, heightened activity levels, irritability, and impatience"
(Morey, 1991). Higher scores on the Mania - Activity (MAN-A) subscale indicate pressured,
disorganized, or fleeting thoughts or behaviors. Higher scores on the Mania - Irritability (MAN-
I) gauges an individual's difficulty with patience and accepting/tolerating frustrations (Morey,
1991). MAN, MAN-A, and MAN-Grandiositiy (MAN-G) T-scores adequately discriminate
between adults with and without ADHD. MAN-A also correlates positively with the CAARS
(Watson & Liljequist, 2015).
Schizophrenia (SCZ)
The Schizophrenia scale measures the many diverse elements of the disorder (Morey,
1991). The Schizophrenia - Thought Disorder (SCZ-T) subscale assesses the level of
inefficiency, confusion, and perplexity of thought an individual can experience. Elevations on
this scale can also allude to an individual's difficulty with concentration or decision-making68
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Calmenson, Nina E. A New Subscale for the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) to Screen Adults for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dissertation, August 2021; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1833444/m1/76/: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .