A New Subscale for the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) to Screen Adults for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Page: 49
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Introduction
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a complex psychiatric disorder that is
often first diagnosed in childhood (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) and can be
associated with poorer outcomes if not treated (Barkley, Murphy & Kwasnik, 1996; Capelatto,
de Lima, Ciasca & Salgado-Azoni, 2014; Frazier, Youngstrom & Glutting, 2007). Diagnostic
criteria for ADHD includes: inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive behaviors that significantly
impair functioning at school, work, social settings and at home (American Psychiatric
Association, 2013). George Still first described a combination of challenging childhood
behaviors and symptoms that have come to be referred to as ADHD (Attention, 2017; Still,
1909). The first DSM marked this same class of symptomatology as, "minimal brain
dysfunction" (American Psychiatric Association, 1952). DSM-II changed the label to
"hyperkinetic reaction to childhood" (American Psychiatric Association, 1968). The third edition
of the DSM finally defined, "Attention Deficit Disorder" (American Psychiatric Association,
1980).
Since 1994, American mental health professionals have recognized three subtypes of
ADHD: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I),
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive type (ADHD-HI)
and Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, combined type (ADHD-C) (APA, 1994).
Individuals can be diagnosed with ADHD for the first time in adulthood; however, to receive a
diagnosis, symptomatology must be present before the age of 12 (APA, 2013). In previous
additions of the DSM, onset of ADHD symptomatology had to be present before the age of 7
(APA, 2000). This shift in diagnostic qualification between the DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 was
made to accommodate adults who could not accurately remember their inattentive or hyperactive49
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Calmenson, Nina E. A New Subscale for the Personality Assessment Inventory (PAI) to Screen Adults for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), dissertation, August 2021; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1833444/m1/57/: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .