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Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China
Contents
Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Background ..................................................................................................................................... 1
Why Certain Countries Consider These Disputes Important ............................................... 1
China and Other Countries in Region.............................................................................2
C hina Specifically........................................................................................................ 3
United States ....................................................................................................................... 4
Overview of Maritime Disputes.............................................................................................7
Maritime Territorial Disputes...........................................................................................7
Dispute Regarding China's Rights within Its EEZ ........................................................ 9
Relationship of Maritime Territorial Disputes to EEZ Dispute...................... 13
Treaties and Agreements Related to Disputes ......................................................................13
UN Convention on Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) ..............................................................13
1972 Convention on Preventing Collisions at Sea (COLREGs)..................... 14
2014 Code for Unplanned Encounters at Sea (CUES) .................................................15
2014 U.S.-China MOU on Air and Maritime Encounters.............................................17
Negotiations on SCS Code of Conduct (COC).............................................................17
July 2016 Tribunal Award in SCS Arbitration Case Involving Philippines and China........ 21
Overview........................................................................................................................... 21
Assessments of Impact of Arbitral Award One Year Later ...........................................23
China's Approach to Disputes.............................................................................................24
Map of Nine-Dash Line .................................................................................................24
September 2017 Press Report of Potential New "Four-Sha" Legal Claim............. 27
Apparent Narrow Definition of "Freedom of Navigation"...........................................29
"Salami-Slicing" Strategy and "Cabbage" Strategy ......................................................30
Use of Coast Guard Ships, Fishing Boats/Maritime Militia, Oil Platforms.............. 31
Preference for Treating Disputes on Bilateral Basis ......................................................32
Comparison with U.S. Actions Toward Caribbean and Gulf of Mexico............... 33
Chinese Actions That Have Heightened Concerns ........................................................33
China's Land Reclamation and Facility-Construction Activities..................... 35
U.S. Position on Disputes....................................................................................................37
Som e K ey E lem ents...................................................................................................... 37
Operational Rights in EEZs ..........................................................................................38
Freedom of Navigation (FON) Program........................................................................... 39
Issues for Congress........................................................................................................................ 40
U.S. Strategy for Countering China's "Salami-Slicing" Strategy........................ 40
A Notional Framework for Devising, Implementing, and Assessing a Strategy............... 40
U.S. Actions During Obama Administration .................................................................42
U.S. Actions During Trump Administration .................................................................50
Freedom of Navigation (FON) Operations in SCS........................................................... 52
Cost-Imposing Actions..................................................................................................62
Potential Further U.S. Actions Suggested by Observers................................................62
Risk of United States Being Drawn into a Crisis or Conflict..............................................63
Whether United States Should Ratify UNCLOS .................................................................64
Legislative Activity in 2017 ..................................................................................................... 65
FY2018 National Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 2810/S. 1519)...................... 65
House Committee Report............................................................................................. 65
Congressional Research Service
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O'Rourke, Ronald. Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress, report, December 1, 2017; Washington D.C.. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1094510/m1/4/: accessed July 17, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.