Assessment of underground coal gasification in bituminous coals: potential UCG products and markets. Final report, Phase I Page: 25 of 114
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— PROCESS division --
Of
WILLIAMS BROTHERS ENGINEERING COMPANY
A Ratourc* Scfncmi Company
feedstocks the hydrogen balance of the refinery normally
requires that hydrogen be generated in addition to that amount
supplied by the reformer. This increased generation is
normally obtained by reforming available natural gas, plant
fuel gas, or even naphtha stocks. Heavy crude can be
hydrocracked to produce a better slate of products than can be
obtained by coking if sufficient hydrogen is available.
Refineries which process syncrudes will have an even greater
need for hydrogen due to the high nitrogen content of these
feedstocks. Nitrogen is a catalyst poison particularly for
catalytic reforming and cat cracking. It must be removed to
produce stable distillate fuels and to reduce the NOX which
would be produced upon burning. To produce a syncrude with
800 ppm nitrogen from oil shale will require about 1350 SCF of
hydrogen per barrel. A coal liquid by H-coal technology will
use up to 2700 SCFB depending on end products requirements.[7]
o Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide is a basic building block in synthetic
chemistry. It can be recovered from either LBG or MBG using
the COSORB process.
The COSORB process selectively extracts carbon monoxide through
formation of a complex with cupreous aluminum chloride.
o Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide is becoming a desirable product for use in
enhanced oil recovery (EOR). There are many areas of the world
where the viscosity of the heavy oil can be reduced in situ
using carbon dioxide.
Carbon dioxide can be separated from LBG or MBG cryogenically
or in a 2-stage absorption process.
The amount of carbon dioxide formed is a function of the
inefficiency of the gasifier. In wet coals, such as lignite,
carbon dioxide might be the principle product with the
by-product flammable gas used only to provide on-site power
requirements.
o Miscellaneous Products
The main purpose of the air separation plant, as shown in
Figure 3.8-1, is to provide oxygen for gasification. However,
five by-products (Nitrogen, Neon, Argon, Krypton, and Xenon)
can also be provided by the separation plant. Nitrogen may be
used for inerting and for enhanced oil recovery. Argon has
applications in the steel industry. Krypton and Xenon are used
in the manufacture of high intensity lamps and headlights.
3.8.1-10
4389-035
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Assessment of underground coal gasification in bituminous coals: potential UCG products and markets. Final report, Phase I, report, January 31, 1982; United States. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1069699/m1/25/: accessed July 16, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.