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The ESEM images (Figure 2-4) were analyzed using ImageJ software. The
images were corrected for the scale from pixels of the original tiff image to the known
distance on the image to calibrate for scale. A total of 58 measurements of diameters
were made and the histogram was plotted for the most frequent occurrence of the
diameter range. PCFA produced fine uniform fibers and processed unceasingly
compared to Kraft lignin which could only electrospin for a short period (approximately
50.8 mm length compared to continuous spinning for PCFA) prior to fracture (Figure 2-
5). The diameters of the electrospun fibers from PCFA and Kraft lignin were in the range
of 10.5 to 14 pm and 30 to 40 pm, respectively. The viscosity of the two source
solutions entering the syringe pump was determined to be 5333 mPa.s for Kraft lignin
and 4267 mPa.s for PCFA solutions at 12 rpm using a Brookfield viscometer in
conjunction with a Spindle # 27.
2.3.3 Zeta Potential of Carbon Powders
The Zeta potential for PCFA and Kraft lignin carbon powders in deionized water
are similar (Figure 2-6), around -43.35 0.48 mV and -42.05 2.37 mV respectively.
This suggests that the stability of the carbon particles obtained from PCFA is good
enough to keep them in suspension for long durations. The Zeta value indicates
repulsion between the particles, thus stopping them from attracting each other and
flocculating. The low mobility and conductivity values (Table 2-4) indicate that the ionic
double layer is thick due to low ionic strength. The mobility of the particles in the
suspension, 3.40e-004 00 cm2/Vs, indicates that the attraction of particles to the38
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Rizvi, Syed Hussain Raza. Design of Bioinspired Conductive Smart Textile, dissertation, August 2017; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062837/m1/50/: accessed July 18, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .