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literature [24]. Samples of fiber mat having dimensions of 15 mm in length and 5 mm in
width were used. Silver paint was applied at the end of the fiber mesh to have a uniform
conductive contact. The electrical conductivity (x) was calculated using equation 1.
L
K (S cm-1) = (1)
wt R
where L is the distance between the probes(cm), w is the width of the sample (cm), and
t is the thickness of the sample (cm).
4.3 Results
4.3.1 SEM
SEM images of carbonized PCFA/PEO fibers manufactured at different
processing parameters are shown in Figure 4-1. Numbering of the images corresponds
to the description of parameters mentioned in Table 4-2. Average diameters for the
eight carbonized samples was between 161 21 nm for sample 7 and 232 67 nm for
sample 6. It's been reported that fiber diameters spun from aqueous solutions have
large diameters as compared to organic solvents [25], However we are able to get fibers
in between 160 to 230 nm. This can be due to linear nature of the PCFA lignin. We
observed fusion of fibers and also the largest diameters for Sample 6 and 8, which led
us to conclude that fusion of fibers occurred when we had both high carbonization
temperature and high heating rate. Apart from these two, all samples preserved their
structure without major fusion. From Figure 4-1, we can see that a sample carbonized at
800 0C (1, 2, 3 and 4) had a rough surface as compared to the ones carbonized at
higher temperature. This can be due to the impurities and inorganic material from the
sodium hydroxide solvent. Porosity was developed in the fibers during the88
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Rizvi, Syed Hussain Raza. Design of Bioinspired Conductive Smart Textile, dissertation, August 2017; Denton, Texas. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1062837/m1/100/: accessed July 18, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; .