Paramagnetic Suseptibilities and Electronic Structure of AqueousCations of Elements 92 to 95 Page: 4 of 21
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UCRL-206
" -Page 4
November 9, 1948
PARAMAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITIES AND ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES
OF AQUEOUS CATIONS OF ELEMENTS 92 TO 95
Jerome J. Howland and Melvin Calvin
Radiation Laboratory and Department of Chemistry
University of California, Berkeley, California
Chemical and physical properties and theoretical calculations have
indicated that elements of about atomic number 90 and higher constitute
a series in which the 5f orbitals are being filled(1). These heavy elements
have been called actinides in analogy to the name lanthanides for the
rare earth elements. It was of interest to determine whether corresponding
actinide and lanthanide aqueous cations have the same electronic configura-
tions even though the actinide concept does not necessarily require that
they be identical.
Electronic configurations can be determined unequivocally perhaps only
from a study of optical spectra which may require years of work. If, how-
ever, an atom has its electrons in question (i.e., those in addition to the
inert gas structure) in inner orbitals, then the electrons may be electro-
statically shielded from neiPhboring atoms to the extent that the atomic
axis of angular momentum is free to be oriented by an external magnetic
field. Then the bulk magnetic susceptibility of a solution of such atoms
can be deduced from quantum numbers of the ground state of the electronic
configuration. Sometimes the converse, deduction of ground state quantum
numbers from the susceptibility, will yield a unique answer. This was true
for the lanthanide tripositive ions which have as outer configurations
41-14525 6
4f ~1555p.
Susceptibilities of U(IV) and U(III) solutions have been reported by
Lawrence . Solid uranium compounds have been studied by numerous inves-
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Howland, Jerome J. & Calvin, Melvin. Paramagnetic Suseptibilities and Electronic Structure of AqueousCations of Elements 92 to 95, report, November 12, 1948; Berkeley, California. (https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc895987/m1/4/: accessed April 28, 2024), University of North Texas Libraries, UNT Digital Library, https://digital.library.unt.edu; crediting UNT Libraries Government Documents Department.