Minnesota Climate Change Advisory Group Final Report Page: 20

                                
Figure H-2.
of biofuels

Low-carbon fuel standard necessary to ensure GHG reductions from the use

20% ,

-80%
-100% -

Con Ethaol

Corn using Coal

ellulos

Source Farrell, et al , "Ethanol Can Contribute to Energy and Environmental
January 2006 Vol 311 no 5760, pp 506- 508
Table H-2 shows a similar range of potential reductions.
Table H-2. Estimated biofuel impacts on GHG emissions

Goals," Science 27

Normalized
Reduction            Reduction
FuellTechnology      Blend        Feedstock     (grams of GHGs per mile)*  (100% blend)
Ethanol           E10          Corn                       1 5%                 15 0%
Ethanol           E10          Cellulosic                 7 2%                72 0%
Ethanol           E85          Corn                      17 6%                20 7%
Ethanol           E85          Cellulosic                83 2%                97 9%
Biodlesel         B20          Soy                        9 9%                49 5%
Biodlesel         B20          Canola                    11 2%                56 0%
Biodlesel         B20           Palm                     12 0%                59 9%
Biodlesel         B100         Soy                       53 9%                53 9%
*Ethanol reductions estimated relative to gasoline, biodiesel reductions estimated relative to diesel fuel Actual
reductions depend on many factors in the production, distribution, and use of fuels
Sources GREET v1 7 outputs, (S&T)2 Consultants, Sensitivity Analysis of GHG Emissions From Biofuels in Canada,
2006
Cost
The TWG reviewed various approaches to potential costs of this scenario and agreed that, in
absence of specific regulatory proposal and given fluid nature of technology, it is not possible to
develop a useful cost number. California's materials developing its LCFS have specifically not
estimated the likely costs of an LCFS.
Note that some reductions will come from future fossil fuel refinery efficiencies.