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Understanding and managing health and environmental risks of CIS, CGS, and CdTe photovoltaic module production and use: A workshop

Description: Environmental, health and safety (EH&S) risks presented by CIS, CGS and CdTe photovoltaic module production, use and decommissioning have been reviewed and discussed by several authors. Several EH&S concerns exit. The estimated EH&S risks are based on extrapolations of toxicity, environmental mobility, and bioavailability data for other related inorganic compounds. Sparse data, however, are available for CIS, CGS or CdTe. In response to the increased interest in these materials, Brookhaven Nati… more
Date: April 28, 1994
Creator: Moskowitz, P.D.; Zweibel, K. & DePhillips, M.P.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Influence of Damp Heat on the Electrical, Optical, and Morphological Properties of Encapsulated CuInGaSe2 Devices: Preprint

Description: CuInGaSe2 (CIGS) devices, encapsulated with different backsheets having different water vapor transmission rates (WVTR), were exposed to damp heat (DH) at 85C and 85% relative humidity (RH) and characterized periodically to understand junction degradation induced by moisture ingress. Performance degradation of the devices was primarily driven by an increase in series resistance within first 50 h of exposure, resulting in a decrease in fill factor and, accompanied loss in carrier concentration a… more
Date: August 1, 2011
Creator: Sundaramoorthy, R.; Pern, F. J.; Teeter, G.; Li, J. V.; Young, M.; Kuciauskas, D. et al.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Novel ways of depositing ZnTe films by a solution growth technique. Final subcontract report, 1 January 1990--1 January 1992

Description: An electrochemical process has been successfully developed for the reproducible deposition of ZnTe and copper-doped ZnTe films suitable as transparent ohmic contacts for CdS/CdTe solar cells. The development of this method and optimization of key processing steps in the fabrication of CdS/CdTe/ZnTe:Cu devices has allowed IEC to achieve cell performance results of FF>70% and {eta} {approximately}10%. Preliminary efforts have indicated that the deposition methods investigated are potentially feas… more
Date: October 1, 1992
Creator: Birkmire, R. W.; McCandless, B. E.; Yokimcus, T. A. & Mondal, A.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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FY 1991 Measurements and Characterization Branch annual report

Description: The Measurements and Characterization Branch of the National Renewable Laboratory (NREL) provides comprehensive photovoltaic (PV) materials, devices, characterization, measurement, fabrication, modeling research, and support for the international PV research community, in the context of the US Department of Energy`s Photovoltaic Research Program goals. This report summarizes the progress of the Branch from 31 January 1991 through 31 January 1992. The eight technical sections present a succinct … more
Date: November 1, 1992
Creator: Osterwald, C. R. & Dippo, P. C.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Numericl modeling of graded band gap CIGS solar cells

Description: The high efficiency reported recently by NREL for CIGS solar cells demonstrates the potential of band gap grading in producing high efficiency thin film solar cells. In order to reap the full benefits of this design strategy, a clear understanding of the fundamental device physics of these structures is needed. The purpose of this paper is to examine the role grading of the band gap plays in achieving high conversion efficiencies. To aid in this examination, a detailed numerical device simulati… more
Date: December 31, 1994
Creator: Gray, J.L. & Lee, Youn Jung
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Preferred orientation in polycrystalline Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} and its effect on absorber thin-films and devices

Description: The purpose of this work is to investigate physical properties of Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} polycrystalline thin-films exhibiting a high degree of preferred orientation. Specifically, by using Na-free Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} thin-films, it is intended to experimentally determine differences (if any) between films with a (110/102)-preferred orientation and films with a (112)-preferred orientation. The approach to the problem is a systematic comparative analysis of film and device properties in which the mos… more
Date: May 15, 2000
Creator: Contreras, M. A.; Jones, K. M.; Gedvilas, L. & Matson, R.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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A low-cost approach to fabrication of multinary compounds for energy-related applications

Description: Non-vacuum electrodeposition and electroless deposition techniques with a potential to prepare large-area uniform precursor films using low-cost source materials and low-cost capital equipment are very attractive for the growth of compound materials for superconductors and photovoltaic applications. In the first part, a low-cost electrodeposition (ED) method will be discussed for fabrication of high-temperature Tl-oxide-based superconductors. In the second part, electrodeposition and electroles… more
Date: January 3, 2000
Creator: Bhattacharya, R.N. & Deb, S.K.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Role of polycrystallinity in CdTe and CuInSe{sub 2} photovoltaic cells. Final subcontract report, 1 April 1990--30 November 1993

Description: The report describes the exploration of several aspects of the role of polycrystallinity in the operation of CdTe, CuInSe{sub 2}, and Cu(In,Ga)Se{sub 2} solar cells. The work included the refinement of several analytical techniques, the documentation and understanding of time-dependent voltage effects, the analysis of a large number of individual cells, and significant progress toward developing a viable current-voltage model. This work was integral to the doctoral training of four students and… more
Date: July 1, 1994
Creator: Sites, J. R.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Application of CIS to high-efficiency PV module fabrication. Annual technical progress report, April 1, 1995--March 31, 1996

Description: The authors investigated the interactions between the soda-lime glass substrate, the Mo contract film and the CIS absorber layer. Excessive Na diffusion through the Mo layer was found to be the reason for excessive interaction between the substrate and the CIS layers obtained by the H{sub 2}Se selenization technique. This chemical interaction influenced the stoichiometric uniformity of the absorbers. Addition of Ga into the CIS layers by the two-stage selenization technique yielded graded absor… more
Date: June 1, 1996
Creator: Basol, B.; Kapur, V.; Leidholm, C. & Halani, A.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Research on polycrystalline thin film submodules based on CuInSe{sub 2} materials. Annual subcontract report, 11 November 1990--31 October 1991

Description: This report describes progress during the first year of a three-year research program to develop 12%-efficient CuInSe{sub 2} (CIS) submodules with area greater than 900 cm{sup 2}. To meet this objective, the program was divided into five tasks: (1) windows, contacts, substrates; (2) absorber material; (3) device structure; (4) submodule design and encapsulation; and (5) process optimization. In the first year of the program, work was concentrated on the first three tasks with an objective to de… more
Date: May 1, 1992
Creator: Catalano, A.; Arya, R.; Carr, L.; Fieselmann, B.; Lommasson, T.; Podlesny, R. et al.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Development of a computer model for polycrystalline thin-film CuInSe{sub 2} and CdTe solar cells. Annual subcontract report, 1 January 1990--31 December 1990

Description: This report describes work to develop a highly accurate numerical model for CuInSe{sub 2} and CdTe solar cells. ADEPT (A Device Emulation Program and Toolbox), a one-dimensional semiconductor device simulation code developed at Purdue University, was used as the basis of this model. An additional objective was to use ADEPT to analyze the performance of existing and proposed CuInSe{sub 2} and CdTe solar cell structures. The work is being performed in two phases. The first phase involved collecti… more
Date: April 1, 1992
Creator: Gray, J. L.; Schwartz, R. J. & Lee, Y. J.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Novel Thin-Film CuInSe2 Fabrication. Annual Subcontract Report, 1 March 1990--30 April 1991

Description: This report describes research in Rapid Thermal Processing (RTP), a process that allows the formation of CuInSe{sub 2} without the use of H{sub 2}Se. RTP is a well-established method of rapidly achieving temperatures necessary to melt and recrystallize materials such as Si and and silicides. RTP processes can rapidly and uniformly heat large surface areas to hundreds of degrees Celsius. RTP is the most promising method of rapid recrystallization studied to date, being readily scalable from the … more
Date: March 1, 1992
Creator: Mooney, G. D. & Hermann, A. M.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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The effects of the band bending caused by interface states in CdTe and CIS solar cells

Description: In this paper, the effects of interface states in the Z-nO/CdS/CuinSe{sub 2}, and CdS/CdTe solar cells are presented. The effects are investigated through numerical modeling using ADEPT (A Device Emulation Program and Tool). The results show that donor-like interface states have very little effect but acceptor-like interface states at the resistive ZnO/CdS can cause pinning of the bands at the interface, thus leading to non-exponential illuminated I-V curves when the interface state densities a… more
Date: December 31, 1994
Creator: Lee, Youn-Jung & Gray, J.L.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Processing and modeling issues for thin-film solar cell devices. Annual subcontract report, January 16, 1994--January 15, 1995

Description: This report describes results achieved during the second phase of a four year subcontract to develop and understand thin film solar cell technology related to a-Si and its alloys, CuIn{sub 1{minus}x}Ga{sub x}Se{sub 2}, and CdTe. Accomplishments during this phase include, development of equations and reaction rates for the formation of CuIn{sub 1{minus}x}Ga{sub x}Se{sub 2} films by selenization, fabrication of a 15% efficient CuIn{sub 1{minus}x}Ga{sub x}Se{sub 2} cell, development of a reproduci… more
Date: June 1, 1995
Creator: Birkmire, R. W.; Phillips, J. E.; Buchanan, W. A.; Hegedus, S. S.; McCandless, B. E. & Shafarman, W. N.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Thin-film photovoltaic partnership -- CIS-based thin film PV technology: Final technical report, September 1995--December 1998

Description: Siemens Solar Industries (SSI) achieved outstanding progress toward NREL/DOE goals during this subcontract. The statistical process control methodology was applied, and it demonstrated process reproducibility and yields for a 10-cm {times} 10-cm substrate size baseline process. Based on an understanding of the importance of materials of construction and the physical layout for absorber formation reactors, SSI designed and built a replacement large-area reactor based on a more direct scale-up of… more
Date: October 26, 1999
Creator: Tarrant, D. E. & Gay, R. R.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Cadmium sulfide/copper ternary heterojunction cell reach. Technical progress quarterly report, January 1, 1979--April 8, 1979

Description: The first quarter of work on a CdS/CuInSe cell research program is discussed. Efforts were directed toward fabricating CuInSe/sub 2/ films using rf sputtering, flash evaporation, and dual source, Se and CuInSe/sub 2/, coevaporation to obtain p type films. Film electrical characteristics are discussed. Measurements of vapor stream composition using EIES and test strip depositions were conducted. An analysis cell grid design is presented.
Date: January 1, 1979
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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NREL photovoltaic subcontract reports: Abstracts and document control information, 1 August 1991--31 July 1992

Description: This report contains document control information and abstracts for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) subcontracted photovoltaic program publications. It also lists source information on additional publications that describe US Department of Energy (DOE) PV research activities. It is not totally exhaustive, so it lists NREL contacts for requesting further information on the DOE and NREL PV programs. This report covers the period from August 1, 1991, through July 31, 1992. The purp… more
Date: August 1, 1992
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Characterization of Damp-Heat Degradation of CuInGaSe2 Solar Cell Components and Devices by (Electrochemical) Impedance Spectroscopy: Preprint

Description: This work evaluated the capability of (electrochemical) impedance spectroscopy (IS, or ECIS as used here) to monitor damp heat (DH) stability of contact materials, CuInGaSe2 (CIGS) solar cell components, and devices. Cell characteristics and its variation of the CIGS devices were also examined by the ECIS.
Date: September 1, 2011
Creator: Pern, F. J. J. & Noufi, R.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Research on polycrystalline thin-film CuGaInSe{sub 2} solar cells. Annual subcontract report, 3 May 1991--2 May 1992

Description: This report describes research to fabricate high-efficiency CdZnS/CuInGaSe{sub 2} (CIGS) thin-film solar cells, and to develop improved transparent conductor window layers such as ZnO. A specific technical milestone was the demonstration of an air mass (AM) 1.5 global, 13% efficient, 1-cm{sup 2}-total-area CIGS thin-film solar cell. Our activities focused on three areas. First, a CIGS deposition: system was modified to double its substrate capacity, thus increasing throughput, which is critical… more
Date: November 1, 1992
Creator: Stanbery, B. J.; Chen, W. S.; Devaney, W. E. & Stewart, J. W.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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In-situ sensors for process control of CuIn(Ga)Se{sub 2}: Phase 2 Annual Report, February 1999 - February 2000

Description: This report summarizes the work performed by Materials Research Group, Inc., in Phase 2 of this subcontract. Progress toward the development of in-situ sensors for CuIn(Ga)Se{sub 2} (CIGS) during Phase 2 includes: (1) design and assembly of a low-cost X-ray fluorescence (XRF) sensor suitable for in-situ use and real-time control; (2) demonstration of agreement between theory and experiment for XRF measurement simple systems using the XRF sensor; (3) demonstration of agreement between inductivel… more
Date: June 6, 2000
Creator: Eisgruber, I. L.; Engel, J. R.; Treece, R. & Hollingsworth, R.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Local Structure of CuIn3Se5

Description: The results of a detailed EXAFS study of the Cu-K, In-K, and Se-K edges CuIn3Se5 are reported. The Cu and In first nearest neighbor local structures were found to be almost identical to those in CuInSe2.
Date: January 1, 2000
Creator: Chang, C. H.; Wei, S. H.; Leyarovska, N.; Johnson, J. W.; Zhang, S. B.; Stanbery, B. J. et al.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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NREL photovoltaic subcontract reports: Abstracts and document control information, 1 August 1992--31 July 1993

Description: This report contains document control information and abstracts for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) subcontracted photovoltaic (PV) program publications. It also lists source information on additional publications that describe US Department of Energy (DOE) PV research activities. It is not totally exhaustive, so it lists NREL contacts for requesting further information on the DOE and NREL PV programs. This report covers the period from August 1, 1992, through July 31, 1993. Thi… more
Date: September 1, 1993
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Polycrystalline thin film materials and devices. Final subcontract report, 16 January 1990--15 January 1993

Description: This report describes results and conclusions of the final phase (III) of a three-year research program on polycrystalline thin-film heterojunction solar cells. The research consisted of the investigation of the relationships between processing, materials properties, and device performance. This relationship was quantified by device modeling and analysis. The analysis of thin-film polycrystalline heterojunction solar cells explains how minority-carrier recombination at the metallurgical interfa… more
Date: August 1993
Creator: Birkmire, R. W.; Phillips, J. E.; Shafarman, W. N.; Hegedus, S. S.; McCandless, B. E. & Yokimcus, T. A.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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