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On The Valuation of Infiltration towards Meeting Residential Ventilation Needs

Description: The purpose of ventilation is dilute or remove indoor contaminants that an occupant is exposed to. It can be provided by mechanical or natural means. In most homes, especially existing homes, infiltration provides the dominant fraction of the ventilation. As we seek to provide acceptable indoor air quality at minimum energy cost, it is important to neither over-ventilate nor under-ventilate. Thus, it becomes critically important to correctly evaluate the contribution infiltration makes to both … more
Date: September 1, 2008
Creator: Sherman, Max H.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Meeting Residential Ventilation Standards Through Dynamic Control of Ventilation Systems

Description: Existing ventilation standards, including American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 62.2, specify continuous operation of a defined mechanical ventilation system to provide minimum ventilation, with time-based intermittent operation as an option. This requirement ignores several factors and concerns including: other equipment such as household exhaust fans that might incidentally provide ventilation, negative impacts of ventilation when outdoor… more
Date: April 1, 2011
Creator: Sherman, Max H. & Walker, Iain S.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Infiltration in ASHRAE's Residential Ventilation Standards

Description: The purpose of ventilation is to dilute or remove indoor contaminants that an occupant could be exposed to. It can be provided by mechanical or natural means. ASHRAE Standards including standards 62, 119, and 136 have all considered the contribution of infiltration in various ways, using methods and data from 20 years ago. The vast majority of homes in the United States and indeed the world are ventilated through natural means such as infiltration caused by air leakage. Newer homes in the weste… more
Date: October 1, 2008
Creator: Sherman, Max
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Measured Air Distribution Effectiveness for Residential Mechanical Ventilation Systems

Description: The purpose of ventilation is dilute or remove indoor contaminants that an occupant is exposed to. In a multi-zone environment such as a house, there will be different dilution rates and different source strengths in every zone. Most US homes have central HVAC systems, which tend to mix the air thus the indoor conditions between zones. Different types of ventilation systems will provide different amounts of exposure depending on the effectiveness of their air distribution systems and the locati… more
Date: May 1, 2008
Creator: Sherman, Max; Sherman, Max H. & Walker, Iain S.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Impacts of Mixing on Acceptable Indoor Air Quality in Homes

Description: Ventilation reduces occupant exposure to indoor contaminants by diluting or removing them. In a multi-zone environment such as a house, every zone will have different dilution rates and contaminant source strengths. The total ventilation rate is the most important factor in determining occupant exposure to given contaminant sources, but the zone-specific distribution of exhaust and supply air and the mixing of ventilation air can play significant roles. Different types of ventilation systems wi… more
Date: January 1, 2010
Creator: Sherman, Max H. & Walker, Iain I.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Development of a Residential Integrated Ventilation Controller

Description: The goal of this study was to develop a Residential Integrated Ventilation Controller (RIVEC) to reduce the energy impact of required mechanical ventilation by 20percent, maintain or improve indoor air quality and provide demand response benefits. This represents potential energy savings of about 140 GWh of electricity and 83 million therms of natural gas as well as proportional peak savings in California. The RIVEC controller is intended to meet the 2008 Title 24 requirements for residential v… more
Date: December 1, 2011
Creator: Scientist, Staff; Walker, Iain; Sherman, Max & Dickerhoff, Darryl
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Summary of Workshop: Barriers to Energy Efficient Residential Ventilation

Description: The objectives for this workshop were to bring together those with different viewpoints on the implementation of energy efficient ventilation in homes to share their perspectives. The primary benefit of the workshop is to allow the participants to get a broader understanding of the issues involved and thereby make themselves more able to achieve their own goals in this area. In order to achieve this objective each participant was asked to address four objectives from their point of view: (1) Dr… more
Date: January 10, 2008
Creator: Sherman, Max & Sherman, Max
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Safety Factors in Construction and Ventilation, Wawona Vehicular Tunnel, Yosemite National Park, California

Description: Report issued by the Bureau of Mines discussing the safety and ventilation hazards presented during the construction of the Wawona tunnel in Yosemite National Park. Safety precautions and procedures used during the construction are presented. This report includes tables, illustrations, and photographs.
Date: 1940
Creator: Ash, S. H.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Ventilation Efficiencies and Thermal Comfort Results of a Desk-Edge-Mounted Task Ventilation System

Description: In chamber experiments, we investigated the ventilation effectiveness and thermal comfort of a task ventilation system with an air supply nozzle located underneath the front edge of a desk and directing air toward a heated mannequin or a human volunteer seated at the desk. The task ventilation system provided outside air, while another ventilation system provided additional space cooling but no outside air. Test variables included the vertical angle of air supply (-15{sup o} to 45{sup o} from h… more
Date: September 1, 2003
Creator: Faulkner, D.; Fisk, W.J.; Sullivan, D.P. & Lee, S.M.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Derivation of Equivalent Continuous Dilution for Cyclic, Unsteady Driving Forces

Description: This article uses an analytical approach to determine the dilution of an unsteadily-generated solute in an unsteady solvent stream, under cyclic temporal boundary conditions. The goal is to find a simplified way of showing equivalence of such a process to a reference case where equivalent dilution is defined as a weighted average concentration. This derivation has direct applications to the ventilation of indoor spaces where indoor air quality and energy consumption cannot in general be simulta… more
Date: December 15, 2010
Creator: Laboratory, Lawrence Berkeley National; Technical University of Denmark, Department of Civil Engineering; Mortensen, Dorthe K.; Walker, Iain S. & Sherman, Max H.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Temperatures in Cabs of Freight Locomotives Passing Through Tunnels of the Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad

Description: Report issued by the U.S. Bureau of Mines on experiments conducted to improve the cab conditions of freight engines. The temperature, gas content, and other properties are presented. This report includes tables, graphs, and illustrations.
Date: July 1924
Creator: Katz, S. H. & Meiter, Edward George
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Optical People Counting for Demand Controlled Ventilation: A Pilot Study of Counter Performance

Description: This pilot scale study evaluated the counting accuracy of two people counting systems that could be used in demand controlled ventilation systems to provide control signals for modulating outdoor air ventilation rates. The evaluations included controlled challenges of the people counting systems using pre-planned movements of occupants through doorways and evaluations of counting accuracies when naive occupants (i.e., occupants unaware of the counting systems) passed through the entrance doors… more
Date: December 26, 2009
Creator: Fisk, William J. & Sullivan, Douglas
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Mining: Variable Wall Mining Machine with Dual Duct Ventilation System

Description: This exciting new invention is highly automated, requiring only one worker to operate the cutting, conveying, and support systems. Read how the machine saves energy and increases miner safety by isolating methane and dust from worker ventilation via a dual duct system.
Date: January 29, 1999
Creator: Recca, L.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

SIMPLIFIED METHODS FOR COMBINING MECHANICAL VENTILATION AND NATURAL INFILTRATION

Description: During the past ten years, the means of ventilating single-family residences has received considerable attention. In many areas, the use of natural ventilation for infiltration has either come under close scrutiny, or has already been supplanted by mechanical ventilation systems. To evaluate the energy efficiency and ventilation effectiveness of both mechanical and natural ventilation strategies, both complex and simplified infiltration models are used. This paper examines the inaccuracies asso… more
Date: January 1, 1985
Creator: Modera, M. & Peterson, F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Ventilation technologies scoping study

Description: This document presents the findings of a scoping study commissioned by the Public Interest Energy Research (PIER) program of the California Energy Commission to determine what research is necessary to develop new residential ventilation requirements for California. This study is one of three companion efforts needed to complete the job of determining the needs of California, determining residential ventilation requirements, and determining appropriate ventilation technologies to meet these need… more
Date: September 30, 2003
Creator: Walker, Iain S. & Sherman, Max H.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Houses Need to Breathe--Right?

Description: Houses need to breathe, but we can no longer leave the important functions associated with ventilation to be met accidentally. A designed ventilation system must be considered as much a part of a home as its heating system. Windows are a key part of that system because they allow a quick increase in ventilation for unusual events, but neither they nor a leaky building shell can be counted on to provide minimum levels.
Date: October 1, 2004
Creator: Sherman, Max H.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Quantitative relationship of sick building syndrome symptoms with ventilation rates

Description: Data from published studies were combined and analyzed to develop best-fit equations and curves quantifying the change in sick building syndrome (SBS) symptom prevalence in office workers with ventilation rate. For each study, slopes were calculated, representing the fractional change in SBS symptom prevalence per unit change in ventilation rate per person. Values of ventilation rate, associated with each value of slope, were also calculated. Linear regression equations were fitted to the resul… more
Date: January 1, 2009
Creator: Fisk, William J.; Mirer, Anna G. & Mendell, Mark J.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

ACCURACY OF CO2 SENSORS

Description: Are the carbon dioxide (CO2) sensors in your demand controlled ventilation systems sufficiently accurate? The data from these sensors are used to automatically modulate minimum rates of outdoor air ventilation. The goal is to keep ventilation rates at or above design requirements while adjusting the ventilation rate with changes in occupancy in order to save energy. Studies of energy savings from demand controlled ventilation and of the relationship of indoor CO2 concentrations with health and … more
Date: October 1, 2008
Creator: Fisk, William J.; Faulkner, David & Sullivan, Douglas P.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Standardized Construction of Mine Ventilating Doors

Description: Report issued by the U.S. Bureau of Mines discussing the development and construction of ventilation doors in mine operations. The importance of functioning ventilating doors is presented. The construction process is described in detail. This report includes an illustration.
Date: April 1944
Creator: Hartley, J. C. & Moschetti, A. C.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Quantification of the association of ventilation rates with sick building syndrome symptoms

Description: Data from published studies were combined and analyzed to develop best-fit equations and curves quantifying the change in sick building syndrome (SBS) symptom prevalence with ventilation rate. For each study, slopes were calculated, representing the fractional change in SBS symptom prevalence per unit change in ventilation rate per person. Values of ventilation rate, associated with each value of slope, were also calculated. Linear regression equations were fit to the resulting data points, aft… more
Date: June 1, 2009
Creator: Fisk, William J.; Mirer, Anna G. & Mendell, Mark J.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Formaldehyde as a basis for residential ventilation rates

Description: Traditionally, houses in the U.S. have been ventilated by passive infiltration in combination with active window opening. However in recent years, the construction quality of residential building envelopes has been improved to reduce infiltration, and the use of windows for ventilation also may have decreased due to a number of factors. Thus, there has been increased interest in engineered ventilation systems for residences. The amount of ventilation provided by an engineered system should be s… more
Date: April 28, 2002
Creator: Sherman, M. H. & Hodgson, A. T.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Design and testing of a control strategy for a large naturallyventilated office building

Description: The design for the new Federal Building for San Franciscoincludes an office tower that is to be naturally ventilated. Each flooris designed to be cross-ventilated, through upper windows that arecontrolled by the building management system (BMS). Users have controlover lower windows, which can be as much as 50 percent of the totalopenable area. There are significant differences in the performance andthe control of the windward and leeward sides of the building, andseparate monitoring and control… more
Date: March 16, 2004
Creator: Carrilho da Graca, Guilherme; Linden, Paul F. & Haves, Philip
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Does Mixing Make Residential Ventilation More Effective?

Description: Ventilation dilutes or removes indoor contaminants to reduce occupant exposure. In a multi-zone environment such as a house, there will be different dilution rates and different source strengths in every zone. The total ventilation rate is the most important factor in determining the exposure of occupants to given sources, but the zone- specific distribution of exhaust and supply air, and the mixing of ventilation air can have significant roles. Different types of ventilation systems will provi… more
Date: August 16, 2010
Creator: Sherman, Max & Walker, Iain
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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