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in subjects: "Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells"  
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Rapid Deposition Technology Holds the Key for the World's Largest Solar Manufacturer (Fact Sheet)

Description: Thanks in part to years of collaboration with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), a manufacturer of thin-film solar modules has grown from a small garage-type operation to become the world's largest manufacturer of solar modules. First Solar, Inc. now manufactures cadmium telluride (CdTe) solar modules throughout the world, but it began in Ohio as a small company called Solar Cells, Inc.
Date: October 1, 2010
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Investigation of Junction Properties of CdS/CdTe Solar Cells and their Correlation to Device Properties

Description: The objective of the Junction Studies are: (1) understand the nature of the junction in the CdTe/CdS device; (2) correlate the device fabrication parameters to the junction formation; and (3) develop a self consistent device model to explain the device properties. Detailed analysis of CdS/CdTe and SnO{sub 2}/CdTe devices prepared using CSS CdTe is discussed.
Date: May 1, 2008
Creator: Dhere, R. G.; Zhang, Y.; Romero, M. J.; Asher, S. E.; Young, M.; To, B. et al.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Presentation
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Leaching of Cadmium, Tellurium and Copper From Cadmium Telluride Photovoltaic Modules.

Description: Separating the metals from the glass is the first step in recycling end-of-life cadmium telluride photovoltaic modules and manufacturing scrap. We accomplished this by leaching the metals in solutions of various concentrations of acids and hydrogen peroxide. A relatively dilute solution of sulfuric acid and hydrogen peroxide was found to be most effective for leaching cadmium and tellurium from broken pieces of CdTe PV modules. A solution comprising 5 mL of hydrogen peroxide per kg of PV scrap … more
Date: February 3, 2004
Creator: Fthenakis, V.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Optimization of Processing and Modeling Issues for Thin Film Solar Cell Devices: Final Report, 24 August 1998-23 October 2001

Description: This report describes results achieved during a three-year subcontract to develop and understand thin-film solar cell technology associated to CuInSe2 and related alloys, a-Si and its alloys, and CdTe. Modules based on all these thin films are promising candidates to meet DOE long-range efficiency, reliability, and manufacturing cost goals. The critical issues being addressed under this program are intended to provide the science and engineering basis for the development of viable commercial pr… more
Date: January 1, 2003
Creator: Birkmire, R. W.; Phillips, J. E.; Shafarman, W. N.; Eser, E.; Hegedus, S. S.; McCandless, B. E. et al.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Theoretical Study of Doping Limits of CdTe: Preprint

Description: Presented at the 2001 NCPV Program Review Meeting: A theoretical study of the doping limits of CdTe. First-principles total energy and band structure calculations are performed to understand the factors that limit doping in CdTe. We calculated systematically the formation energies and transition energy levels of intrinsic and extrinsic defects. We find that n-type doping in CdTe is limited by the spontaneous formation of the intrinsic closed shell cation vacancy V{sub Cd}{sup 2-} and DX centers… more
Date: October 1, 2001
Creator: Wei, S. H. & Zhang, S. B.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Apollo(R) Thin Film Process Development; Phase 2 Technical Report; May 1999--April 2000

Description: In this report, the results are presented and discussed from the following areas: CdS and CdTe optimization. In this section, semiconductor properties, optical properties and device optimization are discussed. Crystallographic characteristics were determined under collaborative work with the Institute of Energy Conversion, (University of Delaware) and NREL. In addition to this, module performance results are presented to illustrate the efficiency improvements gained as a result of this research… more
Date: September 17, 2000
Creator: Cunningham, D. W. & Skinner, D. E.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Advanced Processing of CdTe- and CuIn{sub x}Ga{sub 1{minus}x}Se{sub 2}-Based Solar Cells; Phase I Report

Description: The main tasks of the cadmium telluride portion of this project include the development of simplified processing for fabricating high-efficiency CdTe solar cells, studies on the long-term stability of CdTe devices, and the development of alternative transparent conducting oxides, window layers, and back contacts. The second portion of this project focused on CIGS solar cells. The main tasks include the development of a manufacturable process for CIGS devices and the development of high-band-gap… more
Date: September 5, 2000
Creator: Morel, D. L. & Ferekides, C. S.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Optimization of Processing and Modeling Issues for Thin Film Solar Cell Devices Including Concepts for The Development of Polycrystalline Multijunctions: Annual Report; 24 August 1998-23 August 1999

Description: This report describes results achieved during phase 1 of a three-phase subcontract to develop and understand thin-film solar cell technology associated to CuInSe{sub 2} and related alloys, a-Si and its alloys, and CdTe. Modules based on all these thin films are promising candidates to meet DOE long-range efficiency, reliability, and manufacturing cost goals. The critical issues being addressed under this program are intended to provide the science and engineering basis for the development of vi… more
Date: August 25, 2000
Creator: Birkmire, R.W.; Phillips, J.E.; Shafarman, W.N.; Eser, E.; Hegedus, S.S. & McCandless, B.E. (Institute of Energy Conversion)
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Process Development and Basic Studies of Electrochemically Deposited CdTe-Based Solar Cells; Annual Technical Report, Phase I: May 15, 1998 - May 14, 1999

Description: The project describes long-term research and development issues related to polycrystalline thin-film solar cells. The general research approach is based on combining activities aimed at improvement of cell performance and stability with activities aimed at increasing fundamental understanding of the properties of materials making up the cells: CdTe, CdS, multi-layer back contact, and transparent conducting oxide (TCO) front contact. The authors emphasize the relation between structural and elec… more
Date: August 25, 2000
Creator: Kaydanov, V. I. & Ohno, T. R.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition of CdTe for high efficiency thin film PV devices: Annual subcontract report, 26 January 1999--25 January 2000

Description: ITN's three year project Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (APCVD) of CdTe for High Efficiency Thin Film PV Devices has the overall objectives of improving thin film CdTe PV manufacturing technology and increasing CdTe PV device power conversion efficiency. CdTe deposition by APCVD employs the same reaction chemistry as has been used to deposit 16% efficient CdTe PV films, i.e., close spaced sublimation, but employs forced convection rather than diffusion as a mechanism of mass tra… more
Date: May 30, 2000
Creator: Meyers, P. V.; Kee, R.; Wolden, C.; Kestner, J.; Raja, L.; Kaydanov, V. et al.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Recent developments in high-efficiency PV cells

Description: Enormous progress has been made in recent years on a number of photovoltaic (PV) materials and devices in terms of conversion efficiencies. Ultrahigh-efficiency (>30{percent}) PV cells have been fabricated from gallium arsenide (GaAs) and its ternary alloys such as gallium indium phosphide (GaInP{sub 2}). The high-efficiency GaAs-based solar cells are being produced on a commercial scale, particularly for space applications. Efficiencies in the range of 18{percent} to 24{percent} have been a… more
Date: May 22, 2000
Creator: Deb, S.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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A novel manufacturing process for fabricating CdS/CdTe polycrystalline thin-film solar cells

Description: There are several production disadvantages inherent in conventional SnO{sub 2}/CdS/CdTe manufacturing processes. In this paper, the authors report a novel manufacturing process for fabricating polycrystalline Cd{sub 2}SnO{sub 4}/Zn{sub 2}SnO{sub 4}/CdS/CdTe thin-film solar cells that yielded a CdS/CdTe device with an NREL-confirmed efficiency of 14.0%. This process addresses undesirable manufacturing issues such as time-consuming and expensive heat-up and cool-down processes and generation of l… more
Date: May 15, 2000
Creator: Wu, X. & Sheldon, P.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Specific PVMaT R and D in CdTe product manufacturing: Phase 1 annual report, 5 May 1998--4 May 1999

Description: This report documents the work performed by First Solar, LLC, during the first year of this Photovoltaic Manufacturing Technology (PVMaT) subcontract. The following milestones were successfully completed: (1) Initiate lamination development program by interviewing key suppliers and experts such as STR, Inc., ARRI, and automotive glass manufacturers; (2) Complete process specification for high-throughput laminator; (3) Initiate contact with module testing laboratory and complete preliminary modu… more
Date: March 1, 2000
Creator: Bohland, J.; Kormanyos, K.; Faykosh, G.; Champion, V.; Cox, S.; McCarthur, M. et al.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Optimization of processing and modeling issues for thin film solar cell devices: Final report, February 3, 1997--September 1, 1998

Description: This final report describes results achieved under a 20-month NREL subcontract to develop and understand thin-film solar cell technology associated to CuInSe{sub 2} and related alloys, a-Si and its alloys, and CdTe. Modules based on all these thin films are promising candidates to meet DOE's long-range efficiency, reliability and manufacturing cost goals. The critical issues being addressed under this program are intended to provide the science and engineering basis for the development of viabl… more
Date: February 28, 2000
Creator: Birkmire, R. W.; Phillips, J. E.; Shafarman, W. N.; Hegedus, S. S. & McCandless, B. E.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Overcoming degradation mechanisms in CdTe solar cells: First annual report, August 1998--August 1999

Description: The authors have studied the importance of chemical processes for the stability of CdTe solar cells, in particular, diffusion in the ohmic contact/absorber junction regions. Both whole cells and test systems containing only the ohmic contact and the absorber are used. They found several experimental methods to be useable tools to follow the effects of impurity diffusion on the CdTe grain boundaries, grain bulk, and surface. In addition, they have explored alternative contacting schemes. The fir… more
Date: February 28, 2000
Creator: Cahen, D.; Gartsman, K.; Hodes, G.; Rotlevy, O.; Visoly-Fisher, I, & Dobson, K.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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High efficiency thin film CdTe and a-Si based solar cells

Description: This report describes work done by the University of Toledo during the first year of this subcontract. During this time, the CdTe group constructed a second dual magnetron sputter deposition facility; optimized reactive sputtering for ZnTe:N films to achieve 10 ohm-cm resistivity and {approximately}9% efficiency cells with a copper-free ZnTe:N/Ni contact; identified Cu-related photoluminescence features and studied their correlation with cell performance including their dependence on temperatur… more
Date: January 4, 2000
Creator: Compaan, A. D.; Deng, X. & Bohn, R. G.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Device physics of thin-film polycrystalline cells and modules: Phase 1 annual report: February 1998--January 1999

Description: This report describes work done by Colorado State University (CSU) during Phase 1 of this subcontract. CSU researchers continued to make basic measurements on CI(G)S and CdTe solar cells fabricated at different labs, to quantitatively deduce the loss mechanisms in these cells, and to make appropriate comparisons that illuminate where progress is being made. Cells evaluated included the new record CIGS cell, CIS cells made with and without CdS, and those made by electrodeposition and electroless… more
Date: December 21, 1999
Creator: Sites, J. R.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Ninth workshop on crystalline silicon solar cell materials and processes: Summary discussion sessions

Description: This report is a summary of the panel discussions included with the Ninth Workshop on Crystalline Silicon Solar Cell Materials and Processes. The theme for the workshop was ``R and D Challenges and Opportunities in Si Photovoltaics.'' This theme was chosen because it appropriately reflects a host of challenges that the growing production of Si photovoltaics will be facing in the new millennium. The anticipated challenges will arise in developing strategies for cost reduction, increased producti… more
Date: November 23, 1999
Creator: Sopori, B.; Tan, T.; Swanson, D.; Rosenblum, M. & Sinton, R.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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PVMaT cost reductions in the EFG high volume PV manufacturing line: Annual report, 5 August 1998--4 August 1999[PhotoVoltaic Manufacturing Technology, Edge-defined Film-fed Growth]

Description: This report describes work performed by ASE Americas researchers during the first year of this Photovoltaic Manufacturing Technology 5A2 program. Significant accomplishments in each of three task are as follows. Task 1--Manufacturing Systems: Researchers completed key node analysis, started statistical process control (SPC) charting, carried out design-of-experiment (DoE) matrices on the cell line to optimize efficiencies, performed a capacity and bottleneck study, prepared a baseline chemical … more
Date: November 16, 1999
Creator: Bathey, B.; Brown, B.; Cao, J.; Ebers, S.; Gonsiorawski, R.; Heath, B. et al.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Thin-film photovoltaic partnership -- Apollo{reg{underscore}sign} thin film process development: Phase 1 Technical Report, May 1998--April 1999

Description: The objective of this Phase 1 subcontract was to establish an efficient production plating system capable of depositing thin-film CdTe and CdS on substrates up to 0.55 m{sup 2}. This baseline would then be used to build on and extend deposition areas to 0.94 m{sup 2} in the next two phases. The following achievements have been demonstrated: {sm{underscore}bullet} Chemical-bath deposition of CdS and electrochemical deposition of CdTe was demonstrated on 0.55 m{sup 2} substrates. The films were c… more
Date: October 26, 1999
Creator: Cunningham, D.W. & Skinner, D.E.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Technology support for high-throughput processing of thin-film CdTe PV modules: Annual technical report, Phase 1, 1 April 1998--31 March 1999

Description: This report describes work performed by First Solar, L.L.C., during Phase 1 of this 3-year subcontract. The research effort of this subcontract is divided into four areas: (1) process and equipment development, (2) efficiency improvement, (3) characterization and analysis, and (4) environmental, health, and safety. As part of the process development effort, the output of the pilot-production facility was increased. More than 6,200 8-ft{sup 2} CdS/CdTe plates were produced during Phase 1--more t… more
Date: October 25, 1999
Creator: Rose, D. H.; Powell, R. C.; Grecu, D.; Jayamaha, U.; Hanak, J. J.; Bohland, J. et al.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Technologies Recently Available for Licensing - 1999

Description: An NREL Technology Transfer fact sheet describing four technologies that are available for licensing: steel weld weakness detection, cadmium telluride solar cell enhancement, HOMER model for choosing optimal electrical systems for remote areas, and inner-flame matrix burner.
Date: September 7, 1999
Creator: Brown, H. & Touryan, K.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Book
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Polycrystalline Thin-Film Cadmium Telluride Solar Cells Fabricated by Electrodeposition; Final Technical Report, 20 March 1995-15 June 1998

Description: This report summarizes work performed by the Colorado School of Mines Department of Physics under this subcontract. Based on the studies conducted, researchers increased the efficiency of the cells with electrodeposited CdTe and CBD CdS by 3% on average ({approx}30 relative %). The improvement came from 1. Optimization of CdS initial thickness taking into account CdS consumption of CdTe during the CdTe/CdS post-deposition treatment; optimization of CdS post-deposition treatment with CdCl2 aimed… more
Date: January 27, 1999
Creator: Trefny, J. U.; Mao, D.; Kaydanov, V.; Ohno, T. R.; Williamson, D. L.; Collins, R. et al.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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