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in subjects: "Alara"

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ALARA Analysis of Radiological Control Criteria Associated with Alternatives for Disposal of Hazardous Wastes

This ALARA analysis of Radiological Control Criteria (RCC) considers alternatives to continued storage of certain DOE mixed wastes. It also considers the option of treating hazardous wastes generated by DOE facilities, which have a very low concentration of radionuclide contaminants, as purely hazardous waste. Alternative allowable contaminant levels examined correspond to doses to an individual ranging from 0.01 mrem/yr to 10 to 20 mrem/yr. Generic waste inventory data and radionuclide source … more

Date: May 15, 2002

Creator: Aaberg, Rosanne L.; Bilyard, Gordon R.; Branch, Kristi M.; Lavender, Jay C. & Miller, Peter L.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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ORNL Implementation of New Health and Safety Requirements (DOE Order 5480. 11)

New mandates in radiological protection outlined in DOE Order 5480. 11, include changes in the methodology for determining total radiation dose, ALARA program accountability, monitoring requirements, and standards for public entrance into controlled areas. The new order places distinct requirements concerning training at all DOE facilities. Radiation protection training requirements are addressed, including the effective communication of operations changes to all employees. This paper details t… more

Date: 1988~

Creator: Abercrombie, J. Steven

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Theory, design, and operation of liquid metal fast breeder reactors, including operational health physics

A comprehensive evaluation was conducted of the radiation protection practices and programs at prototype LMFBRs with long operational experience. Installations evaluated were the Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF), Richland, Washington; Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II), Idaho Falls, Idaho; Prototype Fast Reactor (PFR) Dounreay, Scotland; Phenix, Marcoule, France; and Kompakte Natriumgekuhlte Kernreak Toranlange (KNK II), Karlsruhe, Federal Republic of Germany. The evaluation included extern… more

Date: October 1, 1985

Creator: Adams, S. R.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Idaho National Engineering Laboratory Radiological Control performance indicator report: First quarter, calendar year 1995

The INEL Radiological Control Performance Indicator Report is provided quarterly, inaccordance with Article 133 of the INEL Radiological Control Manual. Indicators are used as a measure of performance of the Radiological Control Program and as a motivation for improvement, not as a goal in themselves. These indicators should be used by management to assist in focusing priorities and attention and adherence to As-Low-As-Reasonably-Achievable (ALARA) practices. The ALARA Committees establish ALAR… more

Date: July 1, 1995

Creator: Aitken, S.B.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Idaho National Engineering Laboratory radiological control performance indicator report. Fourth quarterly calendar year 1994

This document provides a report and analysis of the Radiological Control Program through the fourth quarter of calendar year 1994 (CY-1994) at the Idaho National Engineering Laboratory (INEL) under the direction of Lockheed Idaho Technologies Company (LITCO). The Radiological Performance Indicator Report is provided in accordance with Article 133 of the INEL Radiological Control Manual.

Date: April 1, 1995

Creator: Aitken, S.B.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Parametric study of radionuclide characterization -- Low-level waste. Draft

The criteria and guidance given in this addendum specifically address the classification of low-level waste at the Hanford Reservation into Category 1, Category 3, and Greater Than Category 3 (GTC3). These categories are developed based on the performance assessment (PA) being conducted for the Hanford Site. The radionuclides and their concentration for each category are listed in the revised Table 1-1 (Attachment 1). The information to classify the waste for US Department of Transportation (DO… more

Date: April 1, 1993

Creator: Amir, S. J.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Tests Conducted with Strippable Coatings

This report details the testing and evaluation of several strippable coatings and their use in decontamination. Pentek 604, Bartlett (TLC), and ALARA 1146 were products examined for their overall effectiveness and ease of use. Conclusions were reached about the effective use of these coatings, and field test examples, with radioactive contamination are incorporated.

Date: August 1, 1999

Creator: Archibald, K. E. & Demmer, R. L.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

What is ALARA

The as-low-as-reasonably-achievable (ALARA) philosophy as it applies to personnel radiation exposure has been with us for a long time. The essential tenets of this philosophy surfaced quite early in the history of the Manhattan Project. Although the terminology has suffered through various translations and the application has seen many organizations and agencies come and go, the principles remain as valid today as ever. It is regretable that some regulatory agencies claim ALARA as their newfoun… more

Date: January 1, 1981

Creator: Auxier, J. A. & Dickson, H. W.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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W-320 waste retrieval sluicing system transfer line flushing volume and frequency calculation

The calculations contained in this analysis document establish the technical basis for the volume, frequency, and flushing fluid to be utilized for routine Waste Retrieval Sluicing System (WRSS) process line flushes. The WRSS was installed by Project W-320, Tank 241-C-106 Sluicing. The double contained pipelines being flushed have 4 inch stainless steel primary pipes. The flushes are intended to prevent hydrogen buildup in the transfer lines and to provide ALARA conditions for maintenance perso… more

Date: April 7, 1997

Creator: Bailey, J. W.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Site Safety Plan for Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory CERCLA investigations

The safety policy of LLNL is to take every reasonable precaution in the performance of work to protect the environment and the health and safety of employees and the public, and to prevent property damage. With respect to hazardous agents, this protection is provided by limiting human exposures, releases to the environment, and contamination of property to levels that are as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA). It is the intent of this Plan to supply the broad outline for completing environmen… more

Date: July 1, 1993

Creator: Bainer, R. & Duarte, J.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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The Decontamination and Characterization Challenges of Legacy Material

The legacy project at Lovelace Respiratory Research Institute (LRRI) was an opportunity to work with decades worth of research. LRRI was founded in 1963 to provide inhalation research using radioactive nuclides. Over the next 35 years, scientists at the institute researched the effects of radioactivity on the lungs and the effects of inhaled radiation on the body. There were two outcomes of the research. First, the studies provided valuable information regarding radiation safety and the prevent… more

Date: February 26, 2003

Creator: Baker, D. IV, Rohrer, S. & Brown, J.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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ANL-E Health Physics experience with D and D

The Argonne National Laboratory--East (ANL-E) Health Physics Section provides direct and/or oversight support to various D&D projects at ANL-E. The health physics problems encountered have been challenging, primarily because they involved the potential for high internal exposures as well as actual high external exposures. The lessons learned are applicable to other radiological facilities. A number of D&D projects being conducted concurrently at ANL-E are described. The problems encountered are… more

Date: April 1, 1996

Creator: Baker, S. I.; Mosho, G. D.; Munyon, W. J.; Murdoch, B. T.; Sholeen, C. M. & Shuman, J. P.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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ORNL long-range environmental and waste management plan

This report, the ORNL Long-Range Environmental and Waste Management Plan, is the annual update in a series begun in fiscal year 1985. Its primary purpose is to provide a thorough and systematic planning document to reflect the continuing process of site assessment, strategy development, and planning for the current and long-term control of environmental issues, waste management practices, and remedial action requirements. The document also provides an estimate of the resources required to imple… more

Date: September 1, 1989

Creator: Baldwin, J. S.; Bates, L. D.; Brown, C. H.; Easterday, C. A.; Hill, L. G.; Kendrick, C. M. et al.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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System design specification for the 1/4-scale tank and ancillary equipment

The Fluid Dynamic Test Facility (FDTF) is located in the 336 Building at the 300 Area of the Hanford Site. The FDTF will contain tanks that model the average internal diameter and height of a 3875 m{sup 3} (1-million-gal) double-shell tank at both 1/12- and 1/4-scale, as well as ancillary equipment required to store, mix, and transport waste simulants. Experiments to be conducted in this facility will include investigations of sludge mobilization, slurry uniformity, aerosol generation, sludge w… more

Date: September 1, 1993

Creator: Bamberger, J. A.; Bates, J. M.; Waters, E. D. & Heimberger, D. T.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Effective use of metrics in an ALARA program

ALARA radiological protection programs require metrics to meet their objectives. Sources of metrics include; external dosimetry; internal dosimetry; radiological occurrences from the occurrence reporting and processing system (ORPS); and radiological incident reports (RIR). The sources themselves contain an abundance of specific ``indicators``. To choose the site-specific indicators that will be tracked and trended requires careful review. This required the end users to expend valuable time and… more

Date: July 1, 1996

Creator: Bates, B.B. Jr.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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ALARA at Nuclear Power Plants

Implementation of the As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA) principle at nuclear power plants presents a continuing challenge for health physicists at utility corporate and plant levels, for plant designers, and for regulatory agencies. The relatively large collective doses at some plants are being addressed though a variety of dose reduction techniques. It is planned that this report will include material on historical aspects, management, valuation of dose reduction, quantitative and qualit… more

Date: January 1, 1990

Creator: Baum, J. W.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Dose reduction at nuclear power plants

The collective dose equivalent at nuclear power plants increased from 1250 rem in 1969 to nearly 54,000 rem in 1980. This rise is attributable primarily to an increase in nuclear generated power from 1289 MW-y to 29,155 MW-y; and secondly, to increased average plant age. However, considerable variation in exposure occurs from plant to plant depending on plant type, refueling, maintenance, etc. In order to understand the factors influencing these differences, an investigation was initiated to st… more

Date: January 1, 1983

Creator: Baum, J. W. & Dionne, B. J.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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BNL ALARA Center experience with an information exchange system on dose control at nuclear power plants

The essential elements of an international information exchange system on dose control at nuclear power plants are summarized. Information was collected from literature abstracting services, by attending technical meetings, by circulating data collection forms, and through personal contacts. Data are assembled in various databases and periodically disseminated to several hundred interested participants through a variety of publications and at technical meetings. Immediate on-line access to the … more

Date: April 1, 1992

Creator: Baum, J. W. & Khan, T. A.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Dose reduction and optimization studies (ALARA) at nuclear power facilities. [PWR; BWR]

Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) has been commissioned by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to study dose-reduction techniques and effectiveness of as low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) planning at LWR plants. These studies have the following objectives: identify high-dose maintenance tasks; identify dose-reduction techniques; examine incentives for dose reduction; evaluate cost-effectiveness and optimization of dose-reduction techniques; and compile an ALARA handbook on data, engin… more

Date: January 1, 1983

Creator: Baum, J. W. & Meinhold, C. B.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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ALARA and de minimis concepts in regulation of personnel exposure

The ALARA process should not be limited by a de minimis level on either collective or individual dose, but should be limited or defined by an acceptable discount-rate on future costs and effects, and a monetary value for detriment, to be used in cost-effectiveness or cost-benefit calculations at dose levels well below the regulatory limits. This approach would provide the desired benefit of simplifying the decision process, it makes it more cost effective, and would avoid the inconsistencies of… more

Date: January 1, 1987

Creator: Baum, J.W.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Cost-effectiveness studies as part of an ALARA program

Recent studies of cost effectiveness of engineering modifications for dose reduction at nuclear power plants conducted at BNL will be considered in this report. Since each of these items has the potential for a 50% to 60% reduction in collective dose, it appears there is large potential for dose reduction from engineering type modifications. The question that must be answered for each plant is ''which modifications or improvements are required for optimization (ALARA). The purpose of this paper… more

Date: January 1, 1986

Creator: Baum, J.W.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Occupational exposures and practices in nuclear power plants

As the first generation of commercial nuclear power comes to a close, it is timely to consider the status of occupational exposure in the power generation industry, that is, the collective occupational radiation doses received by workers in nuclear power plants. The picture is surprising. One might have thought that as newer, larger, and more modern plants came on line, there would be a significant decrease in exposure per unit of electricity generated. There is some indication that this is now… more

Date: January 1, 1989

Creator: Baum, J.W.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Overview, what is ALARA. Are we there

As low as reasonably achievable (ALARA) in radiation protection at nuclear power plants is a complex criterion involving decisions requiring both professional judgement and quantitation. Professional judgement has been emphasized in most plants to date. However, unless quantitative studies are made it will be difficult to judge if doses at US plants are ALARA. An ALARA assessment for each plant is suggested, which would include evaluations of both qualitative, e.g., organizational, and quantita… more

Date: January 1, 1987

Creator: Baum, J.W.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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BNL ALARA Center experience with an information exchange system on dose control at nuclear power plants

Date: January 1, 1992

Creator: Baum, J.W. & Khan, T.A.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department