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in subjects: "Radiation Hazards"

open access

Living with radiation. The problems of the nuclear age for the layman

Factors that contribute to the hazards of ionizing radiations for man and methods for radiation protection are discussed in non-technical language and illustrated. Definitions of 101 atomic terms and data on the radioactivity of some commonly used radioisotopes are included. This publication is an excellent source of basic data for the layman. (CH)

Date: unknown

Creator: Brannigan, F. L.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Fusion reactor wastes

The potential waste releases for commercial fusion power plants were estimated by use of standard environmental analysis procedures incorporating a high degree of speculation. The analytical procedure is presented. A description was obtained for each of the ten fusion power plant concepts currently being developed. These concepts were then analyzed to determine the general characteristics and probable waste releases. (MOW)

Date: September 1, 1976

Creator: Young, J R

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Objective function for the environmental assessment of waste

Various waste management systems were examined in order to determine what the environmental impacts might be and to rank the relative importance of those impacts. This examination determined that radiation dose to man was the most significant, and probably overriding, impact. This report describes methods of providing an objective function for dose to man. The search for an objective function began with a reading of Federal Regulations and the output of various standard setting councils and com… more

Date: October 5, 1976

Creator: Toy, A. J.; Boegel, J. & Cohen, J. J.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Diffusion climatology for hypothetical accidents in area 410 of the Nevada Test Site

The regional climate around the Nevada Test Site (NTS) is described. Emphasis is placed on the wind direction and speed and the atmospheric stability in Area 410. Included are estimates of the fastest winds expected in tornadoes and severe thunderstorms. Three accident scenarios in Area 410 are covered: dispersal of 1 kg of /sup 239/Pu from explosion of 68 kg (150 pounds) of high explosives; release of gross fission products from a 10/sup 19/ fission accident resulting from inadvertent formatio… more

Date: May 20, 1976

Creator: Peterson, K. R.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Reactor safety study. An assessment of accident risks in U. S. commercial nuclear power plants. Appendices VII, VIII, IX, and X. [PWR and BWR]

Information is presented concerning the release of radioactivity in reactor accidents; physical processes in reactor meltdown accidents; safety design rationale for nuclear power plants; and design adequacy.

Date: October 1, 1975

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Cancer induction: The influence of dose and LET

We are concerned with estimates of risk of radiation-induced damage. For radiation protection purposes the risk estimates of cancer induced by low-LET radiation have been based on human data. In the case of ICRP's risk estimates for cancer mortality two assumptions are made: (1) the effect per rad for the induction of leukemia is less at low doses than at high doses by a factor of 2.5, and (2) that 5 times more solid cancers than leukemia will be induced by whole-body exposures to low-LET radia… more

Date: January 1, 1988

Creator: Fry, J. M.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Safety and environmental aspects of fusion reactors

Fusion is examined against the yardstick of fission technology with respect to inventories of radioactivity (and associated Biological Hazard Potentials), routine emissions, accident pathways and consequences, radioactive-waste management, and misuse of nuclear materials. Based on conceptual designs of Tokamak fusion reactors with stainless steel structure and tritium inventories of 10 kg per thermal gigawatt, the apparent advantage of fusion is 1 to 2 orders of magnitude in most indices of rad… more

Date: October 15, 1976

Creator: Holdren, J. P.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Technology, safety, and costs of decommissioning a reference nuclear fuel reprocessing plant. [Appendices only]

Volume 2 comprises six appendices on: facility description; residual radioactivity inventory estimates; description and contamination levels of reference site; derivation of residual contamination levels; decommissioning mode detail; and decommissioning safety assessment details.

Date: September 1, 1977

Creator: Schneider, K. J.; Jenkins, C. E. & Rhoads, R. E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Tritium control in a mirror-fusion central power station

Tritium-containment systems for the blanket and power systems of a mirror-fusion reactor are described. These systems are designed to reduce emissions to below 1 Ci/d. The overall conceptual design uses air as the reactor-hall atmosphere. A continuous catalytic oxidizer-molecular sieve adsorber cleanup system would be used to control a 180-Ci/d leakage from reactor components, energy recovery systems, and process piping. Such a system would maintain a 40 ..mu..Ci/m/sup 3/ tritium level (5 ..mu.… more

Date: August 25, 1976

Creator: Galloway, T. R.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

1972 preliminary safety analysis report based on a conceptual design of a proposed repository in Kansas

This preliminary safety analysis report is based on a proposed Federal Repository at Lyons, Kansas, for receiving, handling, and depositing radioactive solid wastes in bedded salt during the remainder of this century. The safety analysis applies to a hypothetical site in central Kansas identical to the Lyons site, except that it is free of nearby salt solution-mining operations and bore holes that cannot be plugged to Repository specifications. This PSAR contains much information that also appe… more

Date: August 1, 1977

Creator: Blomeke, J. O.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Siting commercial fusion power plants

This document discusses siting requirements for fusion power plants. The current concept of the reference first commercial reactors was developed from analysis of the characteristics of current design concepts. Because those reactors use the deuterium-tritium fuel reaction, large quantities of activation products and tritium are created and must be considered as potential sources of radiation doses (Young, 1976 and Young and Gore, 1976). However, advanced reactors using fuel reactions that neit… more

Date: September 1, 1976

Creator: Young, J. R.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Potential generation and radiological impacts of gaseous /sup 14/C released during reprocessing of advanced LMFBR fuels

Use of advanced carbide or nitride fuels in place of the reference oxide fuel in LMFBRs may be required in the future to optimize the utilization of this reactor system. Differences in the environmental impact associated with such fuel substitutions are of critical importance in determining the real future viability of various advanced fuels. Calculations indicate that the concentration of /sup 14/C can be significantly different in the various fuels following their residence in the reactor. Mo… more

Date: June 1, 1976

Creator: Tennery, V. J.; Bomar, E. S.; Bond, W. D.; Kaye, S. V.; Morse, L. E. & Till, J. E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Tritium instrumentation for a fusion reactor power plant

A review of tritium instrumentation is presented. This includes a discussion of currently available in-plant instrumentation and methods required for sampling stacks, monitoring process streams and reactor coolants, analyzing occupational work areas for air and surface contamination, and personnel monitoring. Off-site instrumentation and collection techniques are also presented. Conclusions are made concerning the adequacy of existing instrumentation in relation to the monitoring needs for fusi… more

Date: September 1, 1976

Creator: Shank, K. E. & Easterly, C. E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Assessment of the risk of transporting plutonium dioxide by cargo aircraft

To enable easy comparison, all the plutonium shipping evaluations have used the same bases. In each, the results have been related to a future time--the early 1980s--when plutonium shipments are expected to be more frequent. The characteristics of the nuclear economy used in this analysis are: A total of 18 metric tons (MT) of plutonium is shipped annually, via the mode being evaluated. 100 kg of plutonium are transported per shipment. For air shipment, a truck and air segment are considered. T… more

Date: June 1, 1977

Creator: McSweeney, T. I. & Johnson, J. F.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Balanced biomedical program plan. Volume X. Fusion analysis for and environmental research

In this draft planning document for health and environmental research needs relevant to the development of fusion technology, an attempt is made to integrate input from the participating laboratories on the basis of the King-Muir study categories. The general description covers only those concepts and features that are considered important to an understanding of possible and probable effects of thermonuclear reactors on health and the environment. Appendixes are included which reflect an unders… more

Date: June 1, 1976

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Tritium oxidation and exchange: preliminary studies

The radiological hazard resulting from an exposure to either tritium oxide or tritium gas is discussed and the factors contributing to the hazard are presented. From the discussion it appears that an exposure to tritium oxide vapor is 10/sup 4/ to 10/sup 5/ times more hazardous than exposure to tritium gas. Present and future sources of tritium are briefly considered and indicate that most of the tritium has been and is being released as tritium oxide. The likelihood of gaseous releases, howeve… more

Date: May 1, 1978

Creator: Phillips, J. E. & Easterly, C. E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Reactor safety study. An assessment of accident risks in U. S. commercial nuclear power plants. Appendix V. Quantitative results of accident sequences. [PWR and BWR]

The methods used to quantify the accident sequences previously defined in Appendix I that can potentially lead to the release of significant amounts of radioactivity from nuclear power plants are presented. The objective of this quantification was to provide the input information needed to perform calculations of the consequences of these accident sequences as described in Appendix VI.

Date: October 1, 1975

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Fusion reactor radioactive waste management

Quantities and compositions of non-tritium radioactive waste are estimated for some current conceptual fusion reactor designs, and disposal of large amounts of radioactive waste appears necessary. Although the initial radioactivity of fusion reactor and fission reactor wastes are comparable, the radionuclides in fusion reactor wastes are less hazardous and have shorter half-lives. Areas requiring further research are discussed.

Date: August 26, 1976

Creator: Kaser, J. D.; Postma, A. K. & Bradley, D. J.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Radiation exposure and the woman worker: biological and legal parameters

The interpretation of federal and state legislation and regulations concerning the radiation protection of women in the workplace has not been a clear and straightforward procedure. On one hand, the safety of all workers, independent of sex, imposes a specific directive for the enforcement of working standards in general. On the other hand, must allowance be made in setting radiation standards for the particular biological characteristics of workers, some of whom are women. Title VII of the Civ… more

Date: January 1, 1976

Creator: Carver, J. S.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

HTGR containment design options: an application of probabilistic risk assessment

Through the use of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), it is possible to quantitatively evaluate the radiological risk associated with a given reactor design and to place such risk into perspective with alternative designs. The merits are discussed for several containment alternatives for the HTGR from the viewpoints of economics and licensability, as well as public risk. The quantification of cost savings and public risk indicates that presently acceptable public risk can be maintained and co… more

Date: August 1, 1977

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Stemming options and their effect on containment

In more than 17 years of studying underground nuclear explosions, LLL has developed containment procedures that include a stemming plan. Stemming plans can be divided into either layered or continuous forms. There are marked differences between standards for these forms. The materials used in the continuous plan must meet more stringent specifications; as a consequence, they are more expensive. Both plans have been successful since the Baneberry Event. Both plans must meet the following require… more

Date: June 23, 1976

Creator: Day, J. A.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Variation in the annual average radon concentration measured in homes in Mesa County, Colorado

The purpose of this study is to examine the variability in the annual average indoor radon concentration. The TMC has been collecting annual average radon data for the past 5 years in 33 residential structures in Mesa County, Colorado. This report is an interim report that presents the data collected up to the present. Currently, the plans are to continue this study in the future. 62 refs., 3 figs., 12 tabs.

Date: April 1, 1990

Creator: Rood, A. S.; George, J. L. & Langner, G. H. Jr.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Progress report on evaluation of potential impact of /sup 14/C releases from an HTGR reprocessing facility

The potential radiological impacts of atmospheric releases of /sup 14/CO/sub 2/ are assessed for a model HTGR reprocessing facility. Two off-gas systems were considered: (1) a 300-ft stack with no thermal output, and (2) a 1000-ft stack with a stack gas temperature of 80/sup 0/C and heat output of 4.2 x 10/sup 7/ Btu/hr. Meteorological data for the Oak Ridge area were used with an assumed annual release rate of 5000 Ci as input to an atmospheric transport model, which in turn was used to predic… more

Date: July 1, 1976

Creator: Killough, G. G.; Dixon, K. R.; Edwards, N. T.; Murphy, B. D.; Rohwer, P. S.; Harris, W. F. et al.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Environmental and technological implications of a theta-pinch fusion power plant

The environmental effects of this conceptual design were evaluated and found to be little different from other electrical power plants in most regards. Exceptions include a very small release of tritium, a low-hazard isotope, and relatively large amounts of radioactive material which must be either stored on site for eventual reprocessing or permanently discarded. These radioactive materials are nonvolatile and should not pose a difficult disposal problem, although some of the material may rema… more

Date: May 6, 1974

Creator: Coultas, T. A.; Burke, R. J. & Krakowski, R. A.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department