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in subjects: "Propellants"

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A Sensitive Differential Pressure System For Measuring Cryogenic Liquid Depths

A system for measuring depths of cryogenic liquids is described. The indicating device is a modified differential pressure gage. The level sensing probes are of various types, either permanent or removable. The heat leak to cryogenic liquids may be made negligibly small.

Date: April 21, 1961

Creator: Pope, William L. & McLaughlin, Edwin F.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Solid propellant impact tests. [Solid propellant impact testing of radioisotope heat sources]

Future space missions, as in the past, call for the continued use of radioisotopes as heat sources for thermoelectric power generators. In an effort to minimize the risk of radioactive contamination of the environment, a complete safety analysis of each such system is necessary. As a part of these analyses, the effects on such a system of a solid propellant fire environment resulting from a catastrophic launch pad abort must be considered. Several impact tests were conducted in which either a s… more

Date: March 1, 1976

Creator: Snow, E. C.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Ballistics considerations for small-caliber, low-density projectiles

One major application for single- and two-stage light gas guns is for fueling magnetic fusion confinement devices. Powder guns are not a feasible alternative due to possible plasma contamination by residual powder gases and the eventual requirement of steady-state operation at {approximately} 1 Hz, which will dictate a closed gas handling system where propellant gases are recovered, processed and recompressed. Interior ballistic calculations for single-stage light gas guns, both analytical and … more

Date: November 1, 1993

Creator: Gouge, M. J.; Baylor, L. R.; Combs, S. K.; Fisher, P. W.; Foster, C. A.; Foust, C. R. et al.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

New LANL gas-driven two-stage gun

A new compressed-helium driven two-stage light gas gun has been installed at LANL to study shock initiated reaction in insensitive high explosives. The gun (based on a design at Ernst Mach Institute) has a 100-mm diameter by 7.6 long pump tube and a 50-mm diameter by 7.6-m long launch tube. The gas breech, capable of pressures up to 15.000 psi, has a volume of 42.5 liters and can be used in either a wrap-around or double-diaphragm mode. This breech was designed so we could use helium rather tha… more

Date: August 1, 1993

Creator: Martinez, A. R.; Sheffield, S. A.; Whitehead, M. C.; Olivas, H. D. & Dick, J. J.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Nonequilibrium multiphase mixture modeling of energetic material response

To model the shock-induced behavior of porous or damaged energetic materials, a nonequilibrium mixture theory has been developed and incorporated into the shock physics code, CTH. Foundation for this multiphase model is based on a continuum mixture formulation given by Baer and Nunziato. In this nonequilibrium approach, multiple thermodynamic and mechanics fields are resolved including the effects of material relative motion, rate-dependent compaction, drag and heat transfer interphase effects … more

Date: December 31, 1995

Creator: Baer, M. R.; Hertel, E. & Bell, R.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Minuteman 3: Stage 3 propellant fire characterization

We have completed an experimental program to diagnose and characterize the thermal environment of a solid rocket propellant fire burning in ambient atmospheric conditions. This work has been conducted as part of the Defense Nuclear Agency`s probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) of the Minuteman III (MMIII) weapon system. The goals of this study are two-fold; (1) to provide a description of a propellant fire in sufficient detail so as to allow system response models to predict the outcome of vario… more

Date: June 20, 1994

Creator: Diaz, J. C.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Improved gas core propulsion model

A thermodynamic, radiation transport model of a gas core nuclear propulsion reactor has been developed in one-dimensional, spherical geometry, which satisfies local energy balance and allows for arbitrary variation of fuel/propellant ratio and flow rate as functions of radius. Initial cases calculated yield specific impulses of about 1150 sec, but very low thrusts ranging 5--10 kN.

Date: October 1, 1993

Creator: Tanner, J. E.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

DOE explosives safety manual. Revision 7

This manual prescribes the Department of Energy (DOE) safety rules used to implement the DOE safety policy for operations involving explosives. This manual is applicable to all DOE facilities engaged in operations of development, manufacturing, handling, storage, transportation, processing, or testing of explosives, pyrotechnics and propellants, or assemblies containing these materials. The standards of this manual deal with the operations involving explosives, pyrotechnics and propellants, and… more

Date: August 1, 1994

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Destruction of energetic materials by supercritical water oxidation

Supercritical water oxidation is a relatively low-temperature process that can give high destruction efficiencies for a variety of hazardous chemical wastes. Results are presented examining the destruction of high explosives and propellants in supercritical water and the use of low temperature, low pressure hydrolysis as a pretreatment process. Reactions of cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX), cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine (HMX), nitroguanidine (NQ), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), a… more

Date: October 1, 1993

Creator: Beulow, S. J.; Dyer, R. B.; Harradine, D. M.; Robinson, J. M.; Oldenborg, R. C.; Funk, K. A. et al.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Base hydrolysis of HMX/DMSO solutions

The authors investigated the decomposition of HMX or PBX-9404 as a 25% solution in DMSO by treatment with aqueous base solutions. They investigated investigated two concentrations of NaOH solutions, 40% NaOH and 2N NaOH. {sup 1}H-nmr spectroscopy was chosen to follow the decomposition by {sup 1}H-nmr spectroscopy, watching the disappearance of the -CH{sub 2}-absorbance of HMX at 6.2 ppm. The 40% NaOH solution is initially immiscible with the DMSO solution but becomes miscible as it reacts. The … more

Date: March 15, 1994

Creator: Pagoria, P. F.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Effects of two-phase flow on the deflagration of porous energetic materials

Theoretical analyses are developed for the multi-phase deflagration of porous energetic solids, such as degraded nitramine propellants, that experience significant gas flow in the solid preheat region and are characterized by the presence of exothermic reactions in a bubbling melt layer at their surfaces. Relative motion between the gas and condensed phases is taken into account in both regions, and expressions for the mass burning rate and other quantities of interest, such as temperature and … more

Date: July 1, 1994

Creator: Margolis, S. B. & Williams, F. A.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Energetic materials destruction using molten salt

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in conjunction with the Energetic Materials Center is developing methods for the safe and environmentally sound destruction of explosives and propellants as a part of the Laboratory`s ancillary demilitarization mission. LLNL has built a small-scale unit to test the destruction of HE using the Molten Salt Destruction (MSD) Process. In addition to the high explosive HMX, destruction has been carried out on RDX, PETN, ammonium picrate, TNT, nitroguanadine… more

Date: April 29, 1994

Creator: Upadhye, R. S.; Watkins, B. E.; Pruneda, C. O. & Brummond, W. A.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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LLNL demonstration of liquid gun propellant destruction in a 0.1 gallon per minute scale reactor

The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) has built and operated a pilot plant for processing oil shale using recirculating hot solids. This pilot plant, was adapted in 1993 to demonstrate the feasibility of decomposing a liquid gun propellant (LGP), LP XM46, a mixture of 76% HAN (NH{sub 3}OHNO{sub 3}) and 24% TEAN (HOCH{sub 2}CH{sub 2}){sub 3} NHNO{sub 3} diluted 1:3 in water. In the Livermore process, the LPG is thermally treated in a moving packed bed of ceramic spheres, where TEAN a… more

Date: June 1, 1994

Creator: Cena, R. J.; Thorsness, C. B.; Coburn, T. T. & Watkins, B. E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Destruction of LP XM46 using the molten salt destruction process. Revision 1

The preliminary experimental work done on the destruction of the liquid gun propellant LP XM46 (the new designation for LGP-1846) using the Molten Salt Destruction (MSD) Process at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) for the US Army is described in this report. A series of 18 continuous experimental runs were made wherein a solution of LP XM46 and water was injected into a bed of molten salt comprising the carbonates of sodium, potassium and lithium, along with air. The purpose of… more

Date: April 1, 1994

Creator: Upadhye, R. S. & Watkins, B. E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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CHEETAH 1.0 user`s manual

CHEETAH is an effort to bring the TIGER thermochemical code into the 1990s. A wide variety of improvements have been made in Version 1.0, and a host of others will be implemented in the future. In CHEETAH 1.0 I have improved the robustness and ease of use of TIGER. All of TIGER`s solvers have been replaced by new algorithms. I find that CHEETAH solves a wider variety of problems with no user intervention (e.g. no guesses for the C-J state) than TIGER did. CHEETAH has been made simpler to use th… more

Date: June 24, 1994

Creator: Fried, L. E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Emissions from energetic material waste during the Molten Salt Destruction process

The Molten Salt Destruction (MSD) process is an alternative to open burn/open detonation for destroying energetic materials; MSD has inherently low gaseous emissions, and the salt bath can scrub both acidic gases and particulates. It was demonstrated that high explosives and a liquid propellant can be safely and completely destroyed using MSD. Gaseous emissions of NOx and CO are very low. Nitrate builds up in the salt bath when nitrate-rich materials are destroyed, but addition fuel reduces the… more

Date: July 5, 1994

Creator: Watkins, B. E.; Upadhye, R. S.; Pruneda, C. O. & Brummond, W. A.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Thermal, chemical, and mechanical cookoff modeling

A Thermally Reactive, Elastic-plastic eXplosive code, TREX, has been developed to analyze coupled thermal, chemical and mechanical effects associated with cookoff simulation of confined or unconfined energetic materials. In confined systems, pressure buildup precedes thermal runaway, and unconfined energetic material expands to relieve high stress. The model was developed based on nucleation, decomposition chemistry, and elastic/plastic mechanical behavior of a material with a distribution of i… more

Date: August 1, 1994

Creator: Hobbs, M. L.; Baer, M. R. & Gross, R. J.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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The joint DoD/DOE Munitions Technology Development Program

The joint Department of Defense (DoD)/Department of Energy (DOE) Munitions Technology Development Program is a cooperative, jointly funded effort of research and development to improve nonnuclear munitions technology across all service mission areas. This program is enabled under a Memorandum of Understanding, approved in 1985 between the DoD and the DOE, that tasks the nuclear weapons laboratories of the DOE to solve problems in conventional defense. The selection of the technical areas to be … more

Date: August 1, 1994

Creator: Repa, J. V. Jr.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Molten salt destruction as an alternative to open burning of energetic material wastes

LLNL has built a small-scale (about 1 kg/hr throughput unit to test the destruction of energetic materials using the Molten Salt Destruction (MSD) process. We have modified the unit described in the earlier references to inject energetic waste material continuously into the unit. In addition to the HMX, other explosives we have destroyed include RDX, PETN, ammonium picrate, TNT, nitroguanadine, and TATB. We have also destroyed a liquid gun propellant comprising hydroxyl ammonium nitrate, trieth… more

Date: July 5, 1994

Creator: Upadhye, R. S.; Watkins, B. E.; Pruneda, C. O. & Brummond, W. A.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Mechanical effects in cookoff modeling

Complete cookoff modeling of energetic material in confined geometries must couple thermal, chemical and mechanical effects. In the past, modeling has focused on the prediction of the onset of combustion behavior based only on thermal-chemistry effects with little or no regard to the mechanical behavior of the energetic material. In this paper, an analysis tool is outlined which couples thermal, chemical, and mechanical behavior for one-dimensional Geometries comprised of multi-materials. A rea… more

Date: July 1, 1994

Creator: Gross, R. J.; Baer, M. R. & Hobbs, M. L.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Sandia Explosive Inventory and Information System

The Explosive Inventory and Information System (EIS) is being developed and implemented by Sandia National Laboratories (SNL) to incorporate a cradle to grave structure for all explosives and explosive containing devices and assemblies at SNL from acquisition through use, storage, reapplication, transfer or disposal. The system does more than track all material inventories. It provides information on material composition, characteristics, shipping requirements; life cycle cost information, plan… more

Date: August 1, 1994

Creator: Clements, D. A.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Aerodynamic, structural, and trajectory analysis of ASTRID-1 vehicle

The Johns Hopkins University/Applied Physics Laboratory, JHU/API, in support of Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, LLNL, is conducting aerodynamic, trajectory, and structural analysis of the Advanced Single Stage Technology Rapid Insertion Demonstration (ASTRID) vehicle, being launched out of Vandenberg Air Force Base (VAFB) in February 1994. The launch is designated ASTRID-1 and is the first in a series of three that will be launched out of VAFB. Launch dates for the next two flights have… more

Date: February 10, 1994

Creator: Glover, L. S.; Iwaskiw, A. P.; Oursler, M. A.; Perini, L. L. & Schaefer, E. D.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Destruction of explosives and rocket fuels by supercritical water oxidation

Traditional methods for disposing of PEPs have been open burning or open detonation (OB/OD); however, regulatory agencies are likely to prohibit OB/OD because of the uncontrolled air emissions and soil contaminations. Likewise, controlled incineration carries a liability for air pollution because large quantities of NO{sub x} are produced in the conventional combustion chemistry of PEPS. Soil and ground water have already been contaminated with PEPs through normal operations at manufacturing pl… more

Date: September 1, 1992

Creator: Dyer, R. B.; Buelow, S. J.; Harradine, D. M.; Robinson, J. M.; Foy, B. R.; Atencio, J. H. et al.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Destruction of XM-46 (aka LGP-1846) using the Molten Salt Destruction Process

The experimental work done on the destruction of the liquid gun propellant XM-46 (or LGP-1846) using the Molten Salt Destruction (MSD) Process at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) for the US Army is described in this report. The current methods of disposal of large quantities of high explosives (HE), propellants and wastes containing energetic materials by open burning or open detonation (OB/OD), or by incineration, are becoming undesirable. LLNL is developing MSD as an alternat… more

Date: March 1, 1994

Creator: Upadhye, R. S. & Watkins, B. E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department