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in subjects: "Salts"

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TCT hybrid preconceptual blanket design studies

The conceptual design of a tokamak fusion-fission (hybrid) reactor, which produces electric power and fissile material, has been performed in a cooperative effort between Princeton's Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL) and Battelle's Pacific Northwest Laboratories (PNL). PPPL, who had overall project lead responsibility, designed the fusion driver system. Its core consists of a tokamak plasma maintained in the two-component torus (TCT) mode by both D and T beams and having a single null poloidal d… more

Date: January 1, 1978

Creator: Aase, D. T.; Bampton, M. C. C.; Doherty, T. J.; Leonard, B. R.; McCann, R. A.; Newman, D. F. et al.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Recovery of plutonium and americium from chloride salt wastes by solvent extraction

Plutonium and americium can be recovered from aqueous waste solutions containing a mixture of HCl and chloride salt wastes by the coupling of two solvent extraction systems: tributyl phosphate (TBP) in tetrachloroethylene (TCE) and octyl(phenyl)-N,N-diisobutylcarbamoylmethylphosphine oxide (CMPO) in TCE. In the flowsheet developed, the salt wastes are dissolved in HCl, the Pu(III) is oxidized to the IV state with NaClO/sub 2/ and recovered in the TBP-TCE cycle, and the Am is then removed from t… more

Date: January 1, 1987

Creator: Reichley-Yinger, L. & Vandegrift, G.F.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Thermal energy storage for power generation

Studies strongly indicate that the United States will face widespread electrical power constraints in the 1990s, with most regions of the country experiencing capacity shortages by the year 2000. In many cases, the demand for increased power will occur during intermediate and peak demand periods. Much of this demand is expected to be met by oil- and natural gas-fired Brayton cycle turbines and combined-cycle plants. While natural gas is currently plentiful and reasonably priced, the availabilit… more

Date: October 1, 1989

Creator: Drost, M. K.; Antoniak, Z. I.; Brown, D. R. & Sathyanarayana, K.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

The bioenergetics of salt tolerance

The aim of this project was to try to understand the adaptive mechanisms that organisms develop in order to respond to a sudden transformation in their environment to a salt shock.'' To study this problem we used a fresh water oxygenic photosynthetic cyanobacterium known as Synecoccus 6311. This organism suffers injury after this sudden exposure to high concentrations of sodium chloride equivalent to or even higher than that in sea water. Yet they are able to re-establish their photosynthetic a… more

Date: January 1, 1991

Creator: Packer, L.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Thermodynamics of natural and industrial waters

The most effective general formulations of thermodynamic equations for multicomponent aqueous solutions are discussed with respect to various ranges of temperature, pressure and composition with emphasis on solutes important in natural or industrial waters. A familiar equation in molality and in excess Gibbs energy is very successful up to 300{degree}C and ionic strength 6 mol{center dot}kg{sup {minus}1}, and can often be extended to 350{degree}C or above at high pressure and in favorable cases… more

Date: August 1, 1991

Creator: Pitzer, K.S.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Size selective synergism by crown ethers in the extraction of alkali metals by di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid

Although the macrocyclic polyethers, known as crown ethers, complex metal ions and do so preferentially according to the size correspondance between the ion and the crown ether cavity, their usefulness as liquid-liquid extraction reagents has been limited by the necessity of solubilizing the anion in the organic phase. The common mineral acid anions are difficult to transfer to the organic phase and organophilic anions are expensive or impractical. A method is described that avoids this problem… more

Date: January 1, 1980

Creator: McDowell, W.J.; Kinard, W.F. & Shoun, R.R.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Influence of compositional modifications on the corrosion of iron aluminides of molten nitrate salts

The corrosion of iron-aluminum alloys by molten nitrate salt as a function of aluminum, chromium, and other minor elements has been studied as part of an alloy design effort aimed at the development of a strong, ductile, corrosion-resistant FeAl type of aluminide. Short- term weight change data were used to examine the compositional dependence of the corrosion processes that occurred upon exposure of iron aluminides to highly oxidizing nitrate salts of 650{degrees}C. Corrosion resistance was fo… more

Date: January 1, 1991

Creator: Tortorelli, P. F. & Bishop, P. S.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Blanket technology experiments at Argonne National Laboratory

Argonne National Laboratory has the largest US program for the development of blanket technology. The goals of the program are to resolve critical issues for different blanket concepts, to develop the understanding and predictive capability of blanket behavior, and to develop the technology needed to build and operate advanced fusion blankets. The projects within the program are liquid metal MHD, breeder neutronics, tritium oxidation, transient electromagnetics, FLIBE chemistry, and insulator c… more

Date: February 1, 1988

Creator: Mattas, R. F.; Reed, C. B.; Picologlou, B.; Finn, P.; Clemmer, R.; Porges, K. et al.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Phase-change thermal energy storage: Final subcontract report

The research and development described in this document was conducted within the US Department of Energy's Solar Thermal Technology Program. The goal of this program is to advance the engineering and scientific understanding of solar thermal technology and to establish the technology base from which private industry can develop solar thermal power production options for introduction into the competitive energy market. Solar thermal technology concentrates the solar flux using tracking mirrors o… more

Date: November 1, 1989

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Process for cleaning and removal of sulfur compounds from low Btu gases. Quarterly summary report, October--December 1977

Problems which occurred in the startup of the remodelled process development unit are described. The extraction section of the plant performed well with sulfur recoveries exceeding the design value of 95%. (LTN)

Date: January 1, 1978

Creator: Moore, R. H.; Ham, D. G.; Mitchell, D. H.; Robertus, R. J. & Stegen, G. E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Study of the interactions of molten sodium nitrate-potassium nitrate 50 mol % mixture with water vapor and carbon dioxide in air. Final report, June 2, 1980-June 30, 1981

The interactions of aerial components such as water, carbon dioxide, and oxygen with the binary 50 mol % mixture of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate have been studied in the temperature range 300 to 600/sup 0/C using electrochemical methods. In addition, the behavior of nitrite ions in this melt was investigated electrochemically. By judicious choice of techniques, in situ electroanalysis was possible and the necessary relevant data to accomplish this is presented, as well as insight into t… more

Date: September 1, 1981

Creator: White, S. H. & Twardoch, U. M.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Potential of pyroprocessing for partitioning purex wastes

The processes are extremely compact. The process reagents are highly resistant to radiation damage and, therefore, can be used to handle short-cooled, highly concentrated waste with negligible degradation. Most reagents can be recycled back through the process many times, thereby minimizing the generation of waste products, and also reducing the process cost. Fission-product wastes are discharged from the process as concentrated, solid wastes, typically in a metal matrix suitable for permanent … more

Date: July 23, 1980

Creator: Coops, M. S. & Sisson, D. H.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Quantitative nondestructive density determinations of very low-density carbon foams

The carbon density and the carbon distribution in low-density foams that were manufactured by a modified salt-replica process were determined by bulk measurements of weight and volume and by x-ray computed tomography (CT). When determining the carbon density, both methods yielded similar results, however, the high spatial resolution of CT was found to yield nondestructive quantitative information on the carbon distribution that was not available from bulk measurements. The highest and lowest fo… more

Date: January 1, 1991

Creator: Moddeman, W. E.; Kramer, D. P.; Firsich, D. W.; Trainer, P. D.; Back, P. S.; Smith, S. D. et al.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Molten salt freeze seal. Final report

This report documents the results of the testing performed at Sandia National Laboratory, Albuquerque, New Mexico, on the applicability of a sodium freeze seal type valve stem in a molten salt environment. The freeze seal tests consisted of cycling the valve stem at set temperature intervals, checking the temperature distribution for freeze plug location, and verifying the actuator forces. In addition to the test results, this report also documents the engineering analysis and other tasks perfo… more

Date: August 1, 1985

Creator: Corugedo, J.J.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Treatment of high-level wastes from the IFR fuel cycle

The Integral Fast Reactor (IFR) is being developed as a future commercial power source that promises to have important advantages over present reactors, including improved resource conservation and waste management. The spent metal alloy fuels from an IFR will be processed in an electrochemical cell operating at 500{degree}C with a molten chloride salt electrolyte and cadmium metal anode. After the actinides have been recovered from several batches of core and blanket fuels, the salt cadmium in… more

Date: January 1, 1992

Creator: Johnson, T. R.; Lewis, M. A.; Newman, A. E. & Laidler, J. J.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Solid electrolytes and impact-resistant ceramics

In this proposal, we describe a program to exploit recent achievements in two distinct areas of materials science, both of them dependent on the independent motion of singly charged ions through an immobile matrix. The first is the area of non-crystalline solid electrolytes in which this laboratory has gained prominence over the past decade. The second is an area proposed for study in our previous proposal and now verified as a principle worthy of considerable further investigation: it involves… more

Date: August 1991

Creator: Angell, C. A.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

IPFR: Integrated Pool Fusion Reactor concept

The IPFR (Integrated Pool Fusion Reactor) concept is to place a fusion reactor into a pool of molten Flibe. The Flibe will serve the multiple functions of breeding, cooling, shielding, and moderating. Therefore, the only structural material between the superconducting magnets and the plasma is the first wall. The first wall is a stand-alone structure with no coolant connection and is cooled by Flibe at the atmospheric pressure. There is also no need of the primary coolant loop. The design is ex… more

Date: January 1, 1986

Creator: Sze, D.K.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Electrode polarization studies in hot corrosion systems. Progress report, June 1, 1977--May 31, 1978

Analysis of thermodynamic models pertaining to coal gasification is near completion. Model I, comprising a gas phase and a molten salt phase, pertains to laboratory materials testing; Model II incorporates as well a solid carbon phase and is intended to model typical gasifier environments. Anodic and cathodic polarization measurements on iron, 1018 steel, nickel, and 304 and 316 stainless steel have been performed in molten sodium carbonate under air and oxygen; tests under reducing environment… more

Date: February 1, 1978

Creator: Devereux, O.F.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Comparison of phosgene, chlorine, and hydrogen chloride as reagents for converting molten CaO. CaCl/sub 2/ to CaCl/sub 2/

One method at Los Alamos for preparing impure plutonium metal from the impure oxide is by batch reduction with calcium metal at 850/sup 0/C in a CaCl/sub 2/ solvent. The solvent salt from this reduction is currently discarded as low-level radioactivity waste only because it is saturated with the CaO byproduct. We have demonstrated a pyrochemical technique for converting the CaO to CaCl/sub 2/ thereby incorporating solvent recycling into the batch reduction process. We will discuss the effective… more

Date: January 1, 1985

Creator: Fife, K. W.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Electrorefining of uranium and plutonium from liquid cadmium

Feasibility of electrorefining of U, Pu, and mixtures thereof using a liquid Cd anode and a molten-salt electrolyte was investigated for the proposed pyrometallurgical process for the Integral Fast Reactor fuel. (DLC)

Date: January 1, 1985

Creator: Tomczuk, Z.; Poa, D. S.; Miller, W. E. & Steunenberg, R. K.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Hot corrosivity of coal gasification products on gas turbine alloys. Summary report, 15 April 1978-15 November 1979

The results of this investigation have produced mechanisms for the hot corrosion of a number of pure metals and alloys in the types of atmospheres likely to be obtained in turbines using coal conversion products as fuel. The results of these mechanistic studies suggest the following conclusions regarding application of alloys in these situations: (1) Simple Cr/sub 2/O/sub 3/-forming alloys of both Co and Ni have good hot corrosion resistance to most of the deposits likely to form in turbines bu… more

Date: January 1, 1979

Creator: Meier, G.H. & Gulbransen, E.A.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Thermal energy storage for cogeneration applications

Cogeneration is playing an increasingly important role in providing energy efficient power generation and thermal energy for space heating and industrial process heat applications. However, the range of applications for cogeneration could be further increased if the generation of electricity could be coupled from the generation of process heat. Thermal energy storage (TES) can decouple power generation from the production of process heat, allowing the production of dispatchable power while full… more

Date: April 1, 1992

Creator: Drost, M.K. & Antoniak, Z.I.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Processing of oil shale in molten hydroxides

Scoping experiments to determine bounds on a possible process for producing fuel hydrocarbons from oil shale by pyrolysis in a bath of molten Na, Li, and K hydroxides have been done. The process can be carried out at relatively low temperatures, 200 to 225/sup 0/C, requires the presence of water and oxygen, and gives hydrocarbon and organic acid products, apparently free of sulfur and nitrogen. A mechanism of oxidation of kerogen at heteroatoms and other functional groups, followed by decarboxy… more

Date: January 1, 1984

Creator: Hues, A.D.; Rofer-DePoorter, C.K. & Rogers, R.N.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Novel concepts in electrochemical solar cells. First quarterly progress report, May 15-July 15, 1979. [Molten salt electrolytes]

Emphasis has been directed toward the development and evaluation of an efficient, operational photoelectrochemical cell (PEC) system involving (i) molten salt (and/or highly concentrated, inorganic, non-aqueous) electrolytes, and (ii) the promising semiconductor electrode materials such as CuTnS/sub 2/, CuInSe/sub 2/, MoS/sub 2/, MoSe/sup 2/ etc. As a direct consequence, the stages of the work program that are most critical at this time are the electrode fabrication and characterization and the… more

Date: January 1, 1979

Creator: DuBow, J.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department