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Measured energy savings from the application of reflective roofsin 2 small non-residential buildings

Description: Energy use and environmental parameters were monitored in two small (14.9 m{sup 2}) non-residential buildings during the summer of 2000. The buildings were initially monitored for about 1 1/2 months to establish a base condition. The roofs of the buildings were then painted with a white coating and the monitoring was continued. The original solar reflectivities of the roofs were about 26%; after the application of roof coatings the reflectivities increased to about 72%. The monitored electricit… more
Date: January 14, 2003
Creator: Akbari, Hashem
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Final project report - CRADA with United Solar Technologies and Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL-021): Thin film materials for low-cost high performance solar concentrators

Description: The objectives of this project were as follows: To develop and evaluate promising low-cost dielectric and polymer-protected thin-film reflective metal coatings to be applied to preformed continuously-curved solar reflector panels to enhance their solar reflectance, and to demonstrate protected solar reflective coatings on preformed solar concentrator panels. The opportunity for this project arose from a search by United Solar Technologies (UST) for organizations and facilities capable of applyi… more
Date: March 1, 1995
Creator: Martin, P. M.; Affinito, J. D.; Gross, M. E. & Bennett, W. D.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Finite element analysis of multilayer coextrusion.

Description: Multilayer coextrusion has become a popular commercial process for producing complex polymeric products from soda bottles to reflective coatings. A numerical model of a multilayer coextrusion process is developed based on a finite element discretization and two different free-surface methods, an arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) moving mesh implementation and an Eulerian level set method, to understand the moving boundary problem associated with the polymer-polymer interface. The goal of this… more
Date: September 1, 2011
Creator: Hopkins, Matthew Morgan; Schunk, Peter Randall; Baer, Thomas A. (Proctor & Gamble Company, West Chester, OH); Mrozek, Randy A. (Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD); Lenhart, Joseph Ludlow (Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, MD); Rao, Rekha Ranjana et al.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Growth of thick, crystalline material using dc-magnetron sputtering in Mag1 deposition chamber

Description: We demonstrated dense, non-columnar growth of thick Mo films by moving the substrates in and out of the plasma thus allowing the surface reconstruction and by interrupting the growth with Si layers. The multilayers made this way have very smooth surface, about 1.3 nm rms high spatial frequency roughness, while also maintaining the periodicity of a reflective coating. These preliminary results hint that the surface reconstruction is an important physical process that controls the growth mechanis… more
Date: November 2, 2005
Creator: Bajt, S; Alameda, J; Baker, S & Taylor, J S
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Demonstration of energy savings of cool roofs

Description: Dark roofs raise the summertime air-conditioning demand of buildings. For highly-absorptive roofs, the difference between the surface and ambient air temperatures can be as high as 90 F, while for highly-reflective roofs with similar insulative properties, the difference is only about 20 F. For this reason, cool roofs are effective in reducing cooling energy use. Several experiments on individual residential buildings in California and Florida show that coating roofs white reduces summertime av… more
Date: June 1998
Creator: Konopacki, S.; Gartland, L.; Akbari, H. & Rainer, L.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Radiation control coatings installed on federal buildings at Tyndall Air Force Base. Volume 2: Long-term monitoring and modeling

Description: The US Department of Energy`s (DOE`s) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) supports efforts to reduce energy use and associated expenses in the federal sector. One such effort, the New Technology Demonstration Program (NTDP), seeks to evaluate new energy-saving US technologies and secure their more timely adoption by the US government. Through a partnership with a federal site, the utility serving the site, a manufacturer of an energy-related technology, and other organizations associated w… more
Date: June 1, 1998
Creator: Petrie, T. W. & Childs, P. W.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Demonstration of energy savings of cool roofs. Executive summary

Description: The use of dark roofs affects cooling and heating energy use in buildings and the urban climate. At the building scale, dark roofs are heated by the summer sun and thus raise the summertime air-conditioning (a/c) demand. For highly-absorptive (low-albedo) roofs the difference between the surface and ambient air temperatures may be as high as 90 F on a summer afternoon. While for less absorptive (high-albedo) surfaces with similar insulative properties, such as roofs covered with a white coating… more
Date: June 1998
Creator: Konopacki, S.; Gartland, L.; Akbari, H. & Rainer, L.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Optical multilayers with an amorphous fluoropolymer

Description: Multilayered coatings were made by physical vapor deposition (PVD) of a perfluorinated amorphous polymer, Teflon AF2400, together with other optical materials. A high reflector at 1064 run was made with ZnS and AF2400. An all-organic 1064-nm reflector was made from AF2400 and polyethylene. Oxide (HfO{sub 2}, SiO{sub 2}) compatibility was also tested. Each multilayer system adhered to itself. The multilayers were influenced by coating stress and unintentional temperature rises during PVD deposit… more
Date: July 1, 1994
Creator: Chow, R.; Loomis, G. E. & Lindsey, E. F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Lapped substrate for enhanced backsurface reflectivity in a thermophotovoltaic energy conversion system

Description: A method is described for fabricating a thermophotovoltaic energy conversion cell including a thin semiconductor wafer substrate having a thickness ({beta}) calculated to decrease the free carrier absorption on a heavily doped substrate; wherein the top surface of the semiconductor wafer substrate is provided with a thermophotovoltaic device, a metallized grid and optionally an antireflective (AR) overcoating; and, the bottom surface (10 ft) of the semiconductor wafer substrate is provided with… more
Date: December 31, 1996
Creator: Baldasaro, Paul F.; Brown, Edward J.; Charache, Greg W. & DePoy, David M.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Quartz substrates for EUVL reticles

Description: A EUVL reticle blank was fabricated on a specially polished quartz blank. The stress-induced distortion of the multilayer coating was unacceptably large. The distortion can be effectively eliminated by coating the backside of the reticle blank with an identical coating. This strategy has the potential to eliminate multilayer induced stress distortion for the reticle blank in a manner which is compatible with the existing reticle fabrication infrastructure.
Date: February 10, 1995
Creator: Kania, D. R.; Weber, F. J.; Vernon, S. P.; Hawryluk, A.; Baker, S. L.; Golub, A. M. et al.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Radiation control coatings installed on federal buildings at Tyndall Air Force Base. Volume 1: Pre-coating monitoring and fresh coating results

Description: The US Department of Energy`s (DOE`s) Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) supports efforts to reduce energy use and associated expenses in the federal sector. One such effort, the New Technology Demonstration Program (NTDP), seeks to evaluate new energy-saving US technologies and secure their more timely adoption by the US government. Through a partnership with a federal site, the utility serving the site, a manufacturer of an energy-related technology, and other organizations associated w… more
Date: February 1, 1997
Creator: Petrie, T. W. & Childs, P. W.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

ASTM standards for measuring solar reflectance and infrared emittance of construction materials and comparing their steady-state surface temperatures

Description: Numerous experiments on individual buildings in California and Florida show that painting roofs white reduces air conditioning load up to 50%, depending on the thermal resistance or amount of insulation under the roof. The savings, of course, are strong functions of the thermal integrity of a building and climate. In earlier work, the authors have estimated the national energy savings potential from reflective roofs and paved surfaces. Achieving this potential, however, is conditional on receiv… more
Date: August 1, 1996
Creator: Akbari, H.; Levinson, R. & Berdahl, P.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

X-ray induced damage observations in ZERODUR mirrors

Description: Catastrophic damage has been observed in some ZERODUR mirrors used as first mirrors in two beam lines at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS). Despite the high reflectivity of the coatings used on these mirrors, a significant flux of high energy photons penetrates below the coating and is absorbed in the substrate. Although model calculations indicate that the local temperature does not increase significantly, the authors suspect that over long time periods the absorbed flux produces st… more
Date: July 1, 1997
Creator: Takacs, P. Z.; Furenlid, K. & Furenlid, L.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Influence of defect shape on laser-induced damage in multilayer coatings

Description: Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used as a diagnostic for laser damage testing of lim-scale nodule defects in e-beam deposited HfO2/SiO{sub 2} multilayer mirror coatings. Earlier experiments in our laboratory showed that there was a significant increase in damage susceptibility for defects with heights greater than 0.6 {mu}m. In the present study, e-beam HfO{sub 2}/SiO{sub 2} HR coatings from two additional vendors were also studied. Atomic force microscopy characterization of the defects show… more
Date: June 1, 1994
Creator: Kozlowski, M. R.; Tench, R. J.; Chow, R. & Sheehan, L.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Paving materials for heat island mitigation

Description: This report summarizes paving materials suitable for urban streets, driveways, parking lots and walkways. The authors evaluate materials for their abilities to reflect sunlight, which will reduce their temperatures. This in turn reduces the excess air temperature of cities (the heat island effect). The report presents the compositions of the materials, their suitability for particular applications, and their approximate costs (in 1996). Both new and resurfacing are described. They conclude that… more
Date: November 1997
Creator: Pomerantz, M.; Akbari, H.; Chen, A.; Taha, H. & Rosenfeld, A. H.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Experimental investigation of beryllium-based multilayer coatings for extreme ultraviolet lithography

Description: The performance of beryllium-based multilayer coatings designed to reflect light of wavelengths near 11 nm, at normal incidence, is presented. These multilayer coatings are of special interest for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL). The beryllium-based multilayers investigated were Mo/Be, Ru/Be and a new material combination Mo,CiBe. The highest reflectivity achieved so far is 70% at 11.3 mn with 70 bilayers of Mo/Be. However, even though high reflectivity is very important, there are other… more
Date: July 30, 1999
Creator: Bajit, S.; Behymer, R. D.; Folta, J.; Mirkarimi, P. B.; Montcalm, C.; Wall, M. A. et al.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Laser conditioning methods fo hafnia silica multiplayer mirrors

Description: Large aperture multilayer hafnia silica high reflector coatings at 1064 nm, deposited by reactive electron-beam deposition, were prepared to examine different laser conditioning methods for manufacturing high fluence optics in the National Ignition Facility. Laser conditioning is a process where the damage threshold of the coating is increased or the damage that is created is minimized so that it does not grow upon further irradiation. Two laser conditioning methods were examined for coatings d… more
Date: January 6, 1998
Creator: Stolz, C. J.; Sheehan, L. M.; Maricle, S. M.; Schwartz, S.; Kozlowski, M. R.; Jennings, R. T. et al.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Multilayer reflective coatings for extreme-ultraviolet lithography

Description: Multilayer mirror coatings which reflect extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation are a key enabling technology for EUV lithography. Mo/Si multilayers with reflectances of 67.5% at 13.4 nm are now routinely achieved and reflectances of 70 2% at 11.4 nm were obtained with MO/Be multilayers. High reflectance is achieved with careful control of substrate quality, layer thicknesses, multilayer materials, interface quality, and surface termination. Reflectance and film stress were found to be stable rela… more
Date: March 10, 1998
Creator: Montcalm, C., LLNL
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Advanced process development for high reflector coatings on solar concentrator panels. Final letter report

Description: Objectives were to develop and demonstrate the manufacturing process for vacuum deposition of low-cost thin-film high reflectance coatings onto large solar concentrator panels; demonstrate thin-film deposition processes for commercialization of this technology by United Solar Technologies (UST); apply reflective coatings to solar concentrator panels for prototype application by UST.
Date: October 1, 1996
Creator: Martin, P. M.; Stewart, C. D.; Bennett, W. D. & Johnston, J. W.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Light-trapped interconnected, Silicon-Film{trademark} modules. Annual technical status report, 18 November 1995--18 November 1996

Description: AstroPower is developing a module-manufacturing technology based on a film-silicon technology. AstroPower, as a Technology Partner in the Thin-Film PV Partnership, is employing its Silicon-Film{trademark} technology to develop an advanced thin-silicon-based product. This module will combine the design and process features of the most advanced thin-silicon solar cells with light-trapping. These cells will be integrated into a low-cost interconnected array. During the second year of the 3-year pr… more
Date: February 1, 1997
Creator: Hall, R. B.; Rand, J. A.; Cotter, J. E. & Ford, D. H.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Sol-gel coatings for high power laser optics-past, present and future

Description: An investigation into the preparation of sol-gel coatings for high power lasers was started at LLNL in 1983 and AR coatings were successfully developed for use in the Nova laser in 1984. Several other large lasers now use these coatings. Subsequent work on HR coatings resulted in AlOOH/SiO{sub 2} and later ZrO{sub 2} or HfO{sub 2}/SiO{sub 2} systems of good optical performance. The use of organic polymer binders gave increased damage threshold and enhanced optical performance. We are in the pro… more
Date: December 21, 1993
Creator: Thomas, I. M.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Reticle blanks for extreme ultraviolet lithography: Ion beam sputter deposition of low defect density Mo/Si multilayers

Description: We report on growth of low defect density Mo/Si multilayer (ML) coatings. The coatings were grown in a deposition system designed for EUVL reticle blank fabrication. Complete, 81 layer, high reflectance Mo/Si ML coatings were deposited on 150 mm dia (100) oriented Si wafer substrates using ion beam sputter deposition. Added defects, measured by optical scattering, correspond to defect densities of 2x10{sup -2}/cm{sup 2}. This represents a reduction in defect density of Mo/Si ML coatings by a fa… more
Date: June 24, 1996
Creator: Vernon, S.P.; Kania, D.R.; Kearney, P.A.; Levesque, R.A.; Hayes, A.V.; Druz, B. et al.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Fatigue expectations in a molybdenum/silicon multilayer under pulsed soft X-ray radiation

Description: The temperature rise in a Mo/a-Si multilayer x-ray reflective film due to radiation absorption is modeled for the first condenser mirror in a projection lithography system such as the one designed by the Advanced Microtechnology Program at LLNL. The radiation load is pulsed at 1000 Hz with a time average intensity of 500mW/cm{sup 2}. This intensity is the expected maximum on the first condenser mirror. The temperature rise is calculated using the integral transform technique. The film is assume… more
Date: January 19, 1995
Creator: Weber, F. J.; Kassner, M. E. & Stearns, D. G.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Characterization of Multilayer Reflective Coatings for Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography

Description: The synchrotron-based reflectometer at beamline 6.3.2 of the Advanced Light Source (ALS) in Berkeley is an important metrology tool within the current Extreme Ultraviolet Lithography (EUVL) program. This program is a joint activity of three National Laboratories and a consortium of leading semiconductor manufacturers. Its goal is the development of a technology for routine production of sub-100 nm feature sizes for microelectronic circuits. Multilayer-coated normal-incidence optical surfaces re… more
Date: November 1, 1999
Creator: Wedowski, M.; Gullikson, E. M.; Underwood, J. H.; Spiller, E. A.; Montcalm, C.; Kearney, P. A. et al.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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