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in subjects: "Fallout"

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Surface footprint from initial Chernobyl release as indicated by the meso-alpha MLAM (Multi-Layer Air Mass) model

This document reports the results of dose calculations from the Chernobyl reactor accident in April 1986. The calculations were completed in 1987. The results are now being published to disseminate the information to an audience of potential users. This study's objective was to model the transport path of materials released during April 26 and 27, the first 48 hours of the accident. 5 refs., 15 figs.

Date: December 1, 1989

Creator: Davis, W. E.; Olsen, A. R.; Didier, B. T.; Tucker, P. E. & Damschen, D. W.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Evaluation of the radionuclide concentrations in soil and plants from the 1975 terrestrial survey of Bikini and Eneu Islands

In June 1975 a radiological survey was conducted of the terrestrial environment of Bikini and Eneu islands (Bikini Atoll) to evaluate the potential radiation dose to the returning Bikini population. In this report, we present measurements of the radionuclide concentration in soil profiles and in dominant species of edible and nonedible, indicator plants. The use of these data to derive relationships to predict the plant uptake of radionuclides from soil is described. Approximately 620 soil and … more

Date: January 21, 1977

Creator: Colsher, C. S.; Robison, W. L. & Gudiksen, P. H.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Blast tests of expedient shelters in the DICE THROW event

To determine the worst blast environments that eight types of expedient shelters can withstand, we subjected a total of 18 shelters to the 1-kiloton blast effects of Defense Nuclear Agency's DICE THROW main event. These expedient shelters included two Russian and two Chinese types. The best shelter tested was a Small-Pole Shelter that had a box-like room of Russian design with ORNL-designed expedient blast entries and blast doors added. It was undamaged at the 53-psi peak overpressure range; th… more

Date: March 1, 1978

Creator: Kearny, C. H. & Chester, C. V.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Sediment and radionuclide transport in rivers. Phase 3. Field sampling program for Cattaraugus and Buttermilk Creeks, New York

A field sampling program was conducted on Cattaraugus and Buttermilk Creeks, New York during April 1979 to investigate the transport of radionuclides in surface waters as part of a continuing program to provide data for application and verification of Pacific Northwest Laboratory's (PNL) sediment and radionuclide transport model, SERATRA. Bed sediment, suspended sediment and water samples were collected during unsteady flow conditions over a 45 mile reach of stream channel. Radiological an… more

Date: August 1, 1982

Creator: Ecker, R. M.; Walters, W. H. & Onishi, Y.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Plutonium and Americium Concentration Along Fresh-Water Food Chains of the Great Lakes, U. S. A. Progress Report, July 1976--September 30, 1977

The primary purpose of studying the biogeochemical behavior of transuranic radionuclides in large freshwater lakes began with studies of the distribution of these radionuclides, essentially introduced from the fallout of atmospheric nuclear weapons tests, in Lake Ontario. The recognition that an additional source of supply of these nuclides to Lake Ontario (subsequent to their release into Lake Erie) existed in the form of leakage from the Nuclear Fuel Services reprocessing plant at Springville… more

Date: January 1, 1977

Creator: Bowen, V. T.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Updated estimates of /sup 239/ /sup 240/Pu + /sup 241/Am inventory, spatial pattern, and soil tonnage for removal at Nuclear Site-201, NTS

Updated estimates of /sup 239/ /sup 240/Pu + /sup 241/Am inventory and spatial pattern in surface soil are given for Nuclear Site (NS)-201 in Area 18 of the Nevada Test Site (NTS). These new estimates are based on 712 /sup 241/Am soil concentrations including 185 data values not previously available. Estimates were obtained using essentially the same Kriging techniques and the estimated average /sup 239/ /sup 240/Pu to /sup 241/Am ratio of 7.5 used by Simpson and Gilbert (1980) to obtain previo… more

Date: April 1, 1982

Creator: Simpson, J. C. & Gilbert, R. O.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Nevada test site fallout atom ratios: /sup 240/Pu//sup 239/Pu and /sup 241/Pu//sup 239/Pu

The exposure of the population in Utah to external gamma radiation from the fallout from nuclear weapons tests carried out between 1951 and 1958 at the Nevada Test Site (NTS) has been reconstructed from recent measurements of /sup 137/Cs and plutonium in soil. The fraction of /sup 137/Cs in the fallout from NTS events was calculated from the total plutonium and the /sup 240/Pu//sup 239/Pu ratios measured in the soil, using the values of 0.180 +- 0.006 and 0.032 +- 0.003 for that ratio in global… more

Date: February 1, 1984

Creator: Hicks, H.G. & Barr, D.W.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Measurement of airborne radioactivity and its meteorolgical application. Part VI. Annual report, 1 August 1974--31 July 1975

Continuous data of the radionuclides 7Be, 32P, 33P, 35S and of fallout, as well as tentative data of the ozone concentration are given for the reporting period. A new Ge(Li) Gamma Spectrometer, permitting the routine monitoring of the fallout composition is described. A method is set forth for the forecast of influxes of stratospheric air to a certain place on the earth surface. The forecasting quality is subjected to continuous checking. A first analysis of the ozone concentration in correlati… more

Date: March 1, 1977

Creator: Reiter, R.; Kanter, H.J.; Sladkovic, R. & Poetzl, K.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Estimation of Dose to Human Tissues From Ingestion of Foods Exposed to Fallout From Nuclear Weapons Tests in Nevada

This paper provides a brief overview of the methodology developed to estimate the transport of radionuclides through agricultural ecosystems to persons of various ages, lifestyles, and geographic locations. The methodology, embodied in the computer code PATHWAY, was used to convert estimates of fallout deposition to time-dependent concentrations of radionuclides in food products, total intakes by people, and organ-specific doses from 21 radionuclides in fallout from 86 nuclear test events. A su… more

Date: January 1, 1991

Creator: Whicker, F.W. (Savannah River Ecology Lab., Aiken, SC (United States)) & Kirchner, T.B. (Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States). Natural Resources Ecology Lab.)

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Cesium-137 in deer: Savannah River Plant vs. southeastern coastal plain herds

The /sup 137/Cs content in deer killed during programmed hunts at the Savannah River Plant (SRP) has averaged 9.0 pCi/g. This value, based on measurements of 13,907 deer taken over 14 years (1965 to 1978), similar to the value obtained for 552 deer from other southeastern Coastal Plain locations, indicating the /sup 137/Cs content is due to fallout from the atmospheric testing of nuclear weapons rather than from SRP operations. The computerized SRP data base for each harvested deer includes age… more

Date: January 1, 1979

Creator: Watts, J. R.; Rabon, E. W. & Dicks, A. S.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Simulation of atmospheric dispersion of radioactivity from the Chernobyl accident

Measurements of airborne radioactivity over Europe, Japan, and the United States indicated that the release from the Chernobyl reactor accident in the Soviet Union on April 26, 1986 contained a wide spectrum of fission up to heights of 7 km or more within a few days after the initial explosion. This high-altitude presence of radioactivity would in part be attributable to atmospheric dynamics factors other than the thermal energy released in the initial explosion. Indications were that two types… more

Date: July 1, 1989

Creator: Lange, R.; Sullivan, T.J. & Gudiksen, P.H. (Lawrence Livermore National Lab., CA (USA))

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Radionuclide deposition and exposure in the Federal Republic of Germany after the Chernobyl accident

Analyses of air, water, and foodstuff samples, together with in situ gamma spectrometric measurements in the Federal Republic of Germany, have documented the deposition and exposure consequences of the Chernobyl accident. In some cases, exposure values are significantly higher than background levels. Data compiled for the period from the initial identification of excess atmospheric radioactivity to the present, represent a unique resource for testing and validating models of environmental trans… more

Date: November 1, 1989

Creator: Winkelmann, I.; Haubelt, R.; Neumann, P.; Fields, D.E. (Bundesgesundheitsamt, Neuherberg (Germany, F.R.). Inst. fuer Strahlenhygiene & Oak Ridge National Lab., TN (USA))

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Exposure rate conversion factors for radionuclides deposited on the ground

Activity to exposure rate conversion factors are given for particulate gamma-emitting fission products and for a number of particulate activation products and residual nuclear materials which might be deposited on the ground as a result of weapons tests or other nuclear activities.

Date: July 1, 1980

Creator: Beck, H.L.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

MESORAD dose assessment of the Chernobyl reactor accident

An accident involving Unit 4 of the Chernobylskaya Atomic Energy Station resulted in the release of a large amount of radioactive material to the atmosphere. This report describes the results of an assessment of the doses near the site (within 80 km) made at the Pacific Northwest Laboratory using the MESORAD Dose Assessment model. 6 refs., 10 figs., 5 tabs.

Date: December 1, 1989

Creator: Ramsdell, J.V.; Hubbe, J.M.; Athey, G.F. & Davis, W.E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Acute radiation syndrones and their management

Radiation syndromes produced by large doses of ionizing radiation are divided into three general groups depending on dose of radiation and time after exposure. The CNS syndrome requires many thousands of rad, appears in minutes to hours, and kills within hours to days. The GIS appears after doses of a few hundred to 2000 rad. It is characterized by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and disturbances of water and electrolyte metabolism. It has a high mortality in the first week after exposure. Survivor… more

Date: January 1, 1988

Creator: Cronkite, E.P.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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An Aerial Radiological Survey of the Yucca Mountain Project Proposed Land Withdrawal and Adjacent Areas

An aerial radiological survey of the Yucca Mountain Project (YMP) proposed land withdrawal was conducted from January to April 2006, and encompassed a total area of approximately 284 square miles (73,556 hectares). The aerial radiological survey was conducted to provide a sound technical basis and rigorous statistical approach for determining the potential presence of radiological contaminants in the Yucca Mountain proposed Land withdrawal area. The survey site included land areas currently man… more

Date: July 1, 2006

Creator: Craig Lyons, Thane Hendricks

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Pacific Northwest Laboratory annual report for 1979. Part 3. Atmospheric sciences

Separate abstracts were prepared for 37 sections of the report. An author index and a list of presentations and publications are also included. (JGB)

Date: February 1, 1980

Creator: Long, G.B. (ed.)

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Partitioning between sediment and porewater of radiocesium from Chernobyl fallout

As part of a joint USA/USSR Environmental Agreement to determine the distribution and concentration of Chernobyl radioactivity in the northwest Black Sea area, the sediment from eight stations was collected and analyzed to assess the ability of sediment from the northwest Black Sea to adsorb radiocesium. Two methods were used to determine partitioning between liquid and solid phases; batch tests and porewater separation. In the batch test, Cs-137 tracer was added to mixtures of sediment and bot… more

Date: April 23, 1991

Creator: Fuhrmann, M.; Pietrzak, R. (Brookhaven National Lab., Upton, NY (USA)); Neiheisel, J. & Dyer, R. (Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC (USA))

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Internally deposited fallout from the Chernobyl reactor accident

In our work with about 100 subjects resident in eastern Europe (mostly Poland) at the time of the Chernobyl reactor accident or traveling as tourists, /sup 131/I was readily detectable in the thyroid through mid-June, 1986, and was detectable in some subjects as late as early July, 9 to 10 weeks after the start of the accident. Among 42 subjects who were in eastern Europe on April 26, 1986, and in whom /sup 131/I was detectable, the median activity in the thyroid was 1.4 nCi at the time of meas… more

Date: January 1, 1987

Creator: Schlenker, R.A.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Fallout model for system studies

A versatile fallout model was developed to assess complex civil defense and military effect issues. Large technical and scenario uncertainties require a fast, adaptable, time-dependent model to obtain technically defensible fallout results in complex demographic scenarios. The KDFOC2 capability, coupled with other data bases, provides the essential tools to consider tradeoffs between various plans and features in different nuclear scenarios and estimate the technical uncertainties in the predic… more

Date: October 24, 1979

Creator: Harvey, T. F. & Serduke, F. J. D.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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ADPIC: a tool for the NEST-On-Scene-Commander

The Atmospheric Release Advisory Capability code ADPIC is used to calculate dose and ground deposition from mitigated and unmitigated high explosive detonation of a radiation dispersal device. Comparisons are made assuming differing particle size and activity distributions associated with the mitigation effort.

Date: June 1, 1982

Creator: Greenly, G.D. Jr.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Radionuclide concentrations in selected foodstuffs and wildlife from the Hanford environs, 1971--1975

To assess the public's potential exposure to radionuclides from Hanford operations, a variety of foodstuffs including milk, meat, chickens, eggs, and leafy vegetables have routinely been collected from the Hanford environs. Radionuclides observed included naturally-occurring /sup 40/K, as well as the radionuclides /sup 90/Sr and /sup 137/Cs contributed by worldwide fallout. Radionuclides of Hanford origin would be similar to those from fallout and must necessarily be present in greater levels t… more

Date: November 1, 1977

Creator: Fix, J.J.; Leete, S.C. & Bramson, P.E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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A model for global cycling of tritium

Dynamic compartment models are widely used to describe global cycling of radionuclides for purposes of dose estimation. In this paper, we present a new global tritium model that reproduces environmental time-series data on concentrations in precipitation, ocean surface waters, and surface fresh waters in the northern hemisphere, concentrations of atmospheric tritium in the soutehrn hemisphere, and the latitude dependence of tritium in both hemispheres. Named TRICYCLE for Tritium CYCLE, the mode… more

Date: January 1, 1988

Creator: Killough, G. G. & Kocher, D. C.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

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Survey of instrumentation for environmental monitoring: major update. Volume 3. Radiation

This is the third volume of a four-volume (seven-part) series, the culmination of a comprehensive survey of instrumentation for environmental monitoring. Consideration is given to instruments and techniques presently in use and to those developed for other purposes but having possible applications to radiation monitoring. The results of the survey are given as descriptions of the physical and operating characteristics of available instruments, critical comparisons among instrumentation methods,… more

Date: September 1, 1979

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department