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Friction, impact, and electrostatic discharge sensitivities of energetic materials

Description: Impact, friction, and electrostatic discharge sensitivities of energetic materials (explosives and pyrotechnics) used or manufactured at Mound were tested by the ''one-shot'' method. The Bruceton statistical method was used to derive 50% initiation levels, and the results were compared. The materials tested include: PETN, HMX, Plastic Bonded Explosives (PBX), CP, TATB, RX26BB, RX26BH, barium styphnate, LX-15, LX-16, Ti/KClO/sub 4/, TiH/sub 0.65//KClO/sub 4/, TiH/sub 1.65//KClO/sub 4/, Fe/KClO/sub 4/, TiH/sub 1.75//B/CaCrO/sub 4/, Ti/B/CaCrO/sub 4/, B/CaCrO/sub 4/, TiH/sub 0.65//2B, TiH/sub 0.65//3B, 2Ti/B, TiH/sub 1.67//2B, Ti/2B, TiH/sub 1/67//3B, Ti/B, and Ti/3B. Some samples were investigated for aging effects, physical variables, and the effect of manufacturing paramters on sensitivities. The results show that in both friction and impact tests, CP and barium styphnate are the most sensitive; TiH/sub 1.65/KClO/sub 4/, LX-15, TATB and its related materials are the least sensitive; and other materials such as PETN and HMX are in the mid-range. In the electrostatic tests of Ti-based pyrotechnics, a decrease of sensitivity with increasing hydrogen concentration was observed. 20 refs., 12 figs., 7 tabs.
Date: May 31, 1985
Creator: Wang, P.S. & Hall, G.F.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Dissolution of surface oxide layers on titanium and titanium subhydride between 25/sup 0/ and 700/sup 0/C

Description: The surface-sensitive, spectroscopic techniques of Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) have been applied to the study of oxide dissolution on titanium and titanium subhydride. In an earlier study it was shown, using AES, that the rate of oxygen dissolution into titanium increased sharply at about 350/sup 0/C. These data correlated well with physical property measurements that indicated that at these temperatures an exothermic reaction, corresponding to the reaction of free titanium with atmospheric oxygen, was occurring. In the present study the work has been expanded to include studies of TiH/sub x/ (x = 1.15, 1.62). It has been found that dissolution of the native oxide on titanium subhydride occurs at a substantially higher temperature (about 500/sup 0/C) than for titanium. It appears that the outward diffusion of hydrogen is inhibiting the inward diffusion of oxygen on the subhydride samples at temperatures below 500/sup 0/C. Further studies of the dissolution of oxides on titanium at fixed temperatures in the range of 300 to 350/sup 0/C have shown that there is a semi-logarithmic relationship between the surface oxygen level and the time at temperature. This is in agreement with earlier gravimetric studies on titanium oxidation in this temperature range.
Date: January 1, 1981
Creator: Wittberg, T.N. & Wang, P.S.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Evaluation of concurrent peak responses

Description: This report deals with the problem of combining two or more concurrent responses which are induced by dynamic loads acting on nuclear power plant structures. Specifically, the acceptability of using the square root of the sum of the squares (SRSS) value of peak values as the combined response is investigated. Emphasis is placed on the establishment of a simplified criterion that is convenient and relatively easy to use by design engineers.
Date: January 1, 1983
Creator: Wang, P.C.; Curreri, J. & Reich, M.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Oxygen diffusion of anodic surface oxide film on titanium studied by Auger electron spectroscopy. [Oxygen diffusivity]

Description: TiO/sub 2/ films of about 1000 A were grown onto titanium foils anodically under galvanostatic conditions at 20 mA/cm/sup 2/ in saturated aqueous solutions of ammonium tetraborate. The samples were then aged at 450, 500, and 550/sup 0/C, and oxygen diffusion was observed by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) profilings. The oxygen diffusivities were calculated by Fick's Second Law, using the Boltzmann-Matano solution, to be 9.4 x 10/sup -17/, 2.6 x 10/sup -16/, and 1.2 x 10/sup -15/ cm/sup 2//sec at 450, 500, and 550/sup 0/C, respectively. The diffusivities obtained by this method were also compared with those obtained using an exact solution to Fick's Second Law. The activation energy was calculated to be 30 kcal/mole.
Date: January 1, 1982
Creator: Wang, P.S.; Wittberg, T.N. & Keil, R.G.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Virialization Heating in Galaxy Formation

Description: In a hierarchical picture of galaxy formation virialization continually transforms gravitational potential energy into kinetic energies in the baryonic and dark matter. For the gaseous component the kinetic, turbulent energy is transformed eventually into internal thermal energy through shocks and viscous dissipation. Traditionally this virialization and shock heating has been assumed to occur instantaneously allowing an estimate of the gas temperature to be derived from the virial temperature defined from the embedding dark matter halo velocity dispersion. As the mass grows the virial temperature of a halo grows. Mass accretion hence can be translated into a heating term. We derive this heating rate from the extended Press Schechter formalism and demonstrate its usefulness in semi-analytical models of galaxy formation. Our method is preferable to the traditional approaches in which heating from mass accretion is only modeled implicitly through an instantaneous change in virial temperature. Our formalism can trivially be applied in all current semi-analytical models as the heating term can be computed directly from the underlying merger trees. Our analytic results for the first cooling halos and the transition from cold to hot accretion are in agreement with numerical simulations.
Date: January 17, 2007
Creator: Wang, P. (KIPAC, Menlo Park) & Abel, T. (Santa Barbara, KITP)
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

The Dissolution of Native Oxide Films on Titanium for Pyrotechnic Applications

Description: The dissolution of native oxides on Ti were studied over the temperature range 25 degrees - 730 degrees C to determine their role in the pyrotechnic reaction of Ti with KCl0{sub}4. From AES data it was found that the solubility of the oxide in Ti increased sharply at 350 degrees C. High resolution AES scans of the Ti LMM transitions as well as XPS scans of the Ti 2 p level showed that free Ti is present at the surface above 350 degrees C. The O 1s XPS data shows that the surface contains hydroxyl as well as oxide groups. The hydroxide to oxide ratio begins to decrease below 250 degrees C, and at 450 degrees C the remaining oxygen is bound predominatly as oxide. Additionally, the XPS data shows that the dissoluton process proceeds through the formation of titanium suboxides. These AES and XPS results complement physical property measurements which have also been made on the Ti/KCl0{sub}4 mixture. These physical property measurements show that 1) below 300 degrees C no reaction occurs and 2) just above 300 degrees C an exothermic reaction occurs corresponding to the reaction of free Ti with atmospheric oxygen.
Date: September 1, 1979
Creator: Wittberg, T. N.; Moddeman, W. E.; Collins, L. W. & Wang, P. S.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Towards Long-Term Corrosion Resistance in FE Service Environments

Description: The push for carbon capture and sequestration for fossil fuel energy production has materials performance challenges in terms of high temperature oxidation and corrosion resistance. Such challenges will be illustrated with examples from several current technologies that are close to being realized. These include cases where existing technologies are being modified—for example fireside corrosion resulting from increased corrosivity of flue gas in coal boilers refit for oxy-fuel combustion, or steam corrosion resulting from increased temperatures in advanced ultra supercritical steam boilers. New technology concepts also push the high temperature corrosion and oxidation limits—for example the effects of multiple oxidants during the use of high CO2 and water flue gas used as turbine working fluids.
Date: October 1, 2010
Creator: Holcomb, G. R. & Wang, P.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Cast Alloys for Advanced Ultra Supercritical Steam Turbines

Description: Develop advanced coal-based power systems capable of 45–50 % efficiency at <$1,000/kW (in 2002 dollars). Develop technologies for capture and sequestration of CO2 that result in: • <10% increase in the cost of electricity in an IGCC-based plant • <35% increase in the cost of electricity for pulverized coal boilers Demonstrate coal-based energy plants that offer near-zero emissions (including CO2) with multiproduct production
Date: October 1, 2010
Creator: Holcomb, G. R. & Wang, P.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy study of the compatibility of the explosive PETN with candidate plastic bonding materials

Description: The compatibility of the explosive PETN with two plastic bonding materials, ethyl cellulose and a halogenated vinyl polymer (FPC 461), was determined by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Both were found to coat the PETN crystals, and no change in chemical composition was found in the PETN or the plastic due to either the process or their mutual presence. 3 refs., 1 fig., 1 tab.
Date: January 1, 1985
Creator: Vannet, M.D.; Wang, P.S.; Moddeman, W.E. & Bowling, W.C.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Surface studies of plastic-bonded PETN and RDX by X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Ion-Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS)

Description: Surface structures of plastic bonded PETN and RDX were studied by high resolution X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Ion Scattering Spectroscopy (ISS). The coating material is a copolymer of vinyl chloride and chlorotrifluoroethylene. Specimens with 6 wt % of the coating on RDX and 4 wt % on PETN were used in these studies. High resolution elemented XPS spectra of F 1s, N 1s, C 1s, and Cl 2p indicate that the surface of coated RDX (PBX-9407) is covered and the coating film is thicker than 100A; the results with coated PETN (LX-16) show the surface layer to be thinner than 100A. /sup 3/He/sup +/ ISS data on LX-16 suggest that the coating on PETN is not uniform and is, in fact, absent in some regions.
Date: January 1, 1981
Creator: Wang, P.S.; Moddeman, W.E.; Haws, L.D.; Wittberg, T.N. & Peters, J.A.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Overview of surface studies on high energy materials at Mound

Description: Since 1975 Mound has been examining the surface structure of high energy materials and the interaction of these materials with various metal containers. The high energy materials that have been studied include: the pyrotechnic TiH/sub x//KClO/sub 4/, the Al/Cu/sub 2/O machinable thermite, the PETN, HMX and RDX explosives, and two plastic bonded explosives (PBX). Aluminum and alloys of Fe, Ni and Cr have been used as the containment materials. Two aims in this research are: (1) the elucidation of the mechanism of pyrotechnic ignition and (2) the compatibility of high energy materials with their surroundings. New information has been generated by coupling Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with thermal data. In particular, AES and XPS studies on the pyrotechnic materials and on thermites have shown the mechanism of ignition to be nearly independent of the type of oxidizer present but directly related to surface chemistry of the fuels. In studies on the two PBX's, PBX-9407 and LX-16, it was concluded that the Exon coating on 9407 was complete and greater than or equal to 100A; whereas in LX-16, the coating was < 100A or even incomplete. AES and scanning Auger have been used to characterize the surface composition and oxide thickness for an iron-nickel alloy and showed the thicker oxides to have the least propensity for atmospheric hydrocarbon adsorption. Data are presented and illustrations made which highlight this new approach to studying ignition and compatibility of high energy materials. Finally, the salient features of the X-SAM-800 purchased by Mound are discussed in light of future studies on high energy materials.
Date: January 1, 1980
Creator: Moddeman, W.E.; Collins, L.W.; Wang, P.S.; Haws, L.D. & Wittberg, T.N.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Hydraulic and hydrologic evaluation of PAR Pond Dam. Technical evaluation report

Description: The PAR Pond Dam at Savannah River Plant was constructed in 1958--1959. Seepage, depressions, boils and spring flow were observed in varying locations on the dam in the last few years. Comprehensive geotechnical and hydraulic investigations pertaining to the effects of the above observations on the abilities of the dam to withstand future floods were made in 1991 and early 1993 where dam capacity to survive flooding and seismic events were evaluated. Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL) was asked by the Department of Energy (EH) to carry out an independent review of the PAR Pond Dam response to future flooding and seismic events. This report addresses the studies made to evaluate the capacity of the dam to survive floods. A companion report will summarize the evaluations performed to assess the seismic capacity of the dam.
Date: October 1, 1993
Creator: Reich, M.; Wang, P. C.; Khanbilvardi, R. & Bezler, P.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Phase Behavior of Aqueous NA-K-MG-CA-CI-NO3 Mixtures: Isopiestic Measurements and Thermodynamic Modeling

Description: A comprehensive model has been established for calculating thermodynamic properties of multicomponent aqueous systems containing the Na{sup +}, K{sup +}, Mg{sup 2+}, Ca{sup 2+}, Cl{sup -}, and NO{sub 3}{sup -} ions. The thermodynamic framework is based on a previously developed model for mixed-solvent electrolyte solutions. The framework has been designed to reproduce the properties of salt solutions at temperatures ranging from the freezing point to 300 C and concentrations ranging from infinite dilution to the fused salt limit. The model has been parameterized using a combination of an extensive literature database and new isopiestic measurements for thirteen salt mixtures at 140 C. The measurements have been performed using Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) previously designed gravimetric isopiestic apparatus, which makes it possible to detect solid phase precipitation. Water activities are reported for mixtures with a fixed ratio of salts as a function of the total apparent salt mole fraction. The isopiestic measurements reported here simultaneously reflect two fundamental properties of the system, i.e., the activity of water as a function of solution concentration and the occurrence of solid-liquid transitions. The thermodynamic model accurately reproduces the new isopiestic data as well as literature data for binary, ternary and higher-order subsystems. Because of its high accuracy in calculating vapor-liquid and solid-liquid equilibria, the model is suitable for studying deliquescence behavior of multicomponent salt systems.
Date: September 14, 2006
Creator: Gruszkiewiez, M.S.; Palmer, D.A.; Springer, R.D.; Wang, P. & Anderko, A.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Materials Performance in USC Steam

Description: The proposed steam inlet temperature in the Advanced Ultra Supercritical (A-USC) steam turbine is high enough (760 °C) that traditional turbine casing and valve body materials such as ferritic/martensitic steels will not suffice due to temperature limitations of this class of materials. Cast versions of several traditionally wrought Ni-based superalloys were evaluated for use as casing or valve components for the next generation of industrial steam turbines. The full size castings are substantial: 2-5,000 kg each half and on the order of 100 cm thick. Experimental castings were quite a bit smaller, but section size was retained and cooling rate controlled to produce equivalent microstructures. A multi-step homogenization heat treatment was developed to better deploy the alloy constituents. The most successful of these cast alloys in terms of creep strength (Haynes 263, Haynes 282, and Nimonic 105) were subsequently evaluated by characterizing their microstructure as well as their steam oxidation resistance (at 760 and 800 °C).
Date: May 1, 2010
Creator: Holcomb, G. R.; Wang, P.; Jablonski, P. D. & Hawk, J. A.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Cast Alloys for Advanced Ultra Supercritical Steam Turbines

Description: The proposed steam inlet temperature in the Advanced Ultra Supercritical (A-USC) steam turbine is high enough (760 °C) that traditional turbine casing and valve body materials such as ferritic/martensitic steels will not suffice due to temperature limitations of this class of materials. Cast versions of several traditionally wrought Ni-based superalloys were evaluated for use as casing or valve components for the next generation of industrial steam turbines. The full size castings are substantial: 2-5,000 kg each half and on the order of 100 cm thick. Experimental castings were quite a bit smaller, but section size was retained and cooling rate controlled to produce equivalent microstructures. A multi-step homogenization heat treatment was developed to better deploy the alloy constituents. The most successful of these cast alloys in terms of creep strength (Haynes 263, Haynes 282, and Nimonic 105) were subsequently evaluated by characterizing their microstructure as well as their steam oxidation resistance (at 760 and 800 °C).
Date: May 1, 2010
Creator: Holcomb, G. R.; Wang, P.; Jablonski, P. D. & Hawk, J. A.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Article
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Development of soft x-ray tracer diagnostics for hohlraum experiments

Description: The purpose of this report is to summarize work performed by the University of Wisconsin during fiscal year 1996 under the NLUF contract DE-FG-96SF21015. This contract involved the development of soft x-ray spectral diagnostics from tracer layers in hohlraum witness plates. This effort was originally intended to be focused on OMEGA experiments, but the experiments were changed to NOVA because initial indirect drive shots had not yet been performed on the OMEGA upgrade. Data were collected in a series of experiments between January 1997 and October 1997. Experiments were delayed somewhat due to bringing up the Hettrick spectrometer on the NOVA target chamber. The tasks related to the planning, carrying out, and modeling of the experiments are outlined in Table 1.1 and detailed in the remainder of this report.
Date: April 1, 1998
Creator: MacFarlane, J.J.; Cohen, D.H.; Wang, P.; Peterson, R.R. & Moses, G.A.
Item Type: Refine your search to only Report
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Optimization of the Configuration of Pixilated Detectors Based on the Sgabbib-Nyquist Theory for the X-ray Spectroscopy of Hot Tokamak Plasmas

Description: This paper describes an optimization of the detector configuration, based on the Shannon-Nyquist theory, for two major x-ray diagnostic systems on tokamaks and stellarators: x-ray imaging crystal spectrometers and x-ray pinhole cameras. Typically, the spectral data recorded with pixilated detectors are oversampled, meaning that the same spectral information could be obtained using fewer pixels. Using experimental data from Alcator C-Mod, we quantify the degree of oversampling and propose alternate uses for the redundant pixels for additional diagnostic applications.
Date: August 9, 2012
Creator: : E. Wang, P. Beiersdorfer, M. Bitter, L.F. Delgado-Apricio, K.W. Hill and N. Pablant
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Hierarchical Material Models for Fragmentation Modeling in NIF-ALE-AMR

Description: Fragmentation is a fundamental process that naturally spans micro to macroscopic scales. Recent advances in algorithms, computer simulations, and hardware enable us to connect the continuum to microstructural regimes in a real simulation through a heterogeneous multiscale mathematical model. We apply this model to the problem of predicting how targets in the NIF chamber dismantle, so that optics and diagnostics can be protected from damage. The mechanics of the initial material fracture depend on the microscopic grain structure. In order to effectively simulate the fragmentation, this process must be modeled at the subgrain level with computationally expensive crystal plasticity models. However, there are not enough computational resources to model the entire NIF target at this microscopic scale. In order to accomplish these calculations, a hierarchical material model (HMM) is being developed. The HMM will allow fine-scale modeling of the initial fragmentation using computationally expensive crystal plasticity, while the elements at the mesoscale can use polycrystal models, and the macroscopic elements use analytical flow stress models. The HMM framework is built upon an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) capability. We present progress in implementing the HMM in the NIF-ALE-AMR code. Additionally, we present test simulations relevant to NIF targets.
Date: January 10, 2008
Creator: Fisher, A C; Masters, N D; Dixit, P; Benson, D J; Koniges, A E; Anderson, R W et al.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Hierarchical Material Models for Fragmentation Modeling in NIF-ALE-AMR

Description: Fragmentation is a fundamental process that naturally spans micro to macroscopic scales. Recent advances in algorithms, computer simulations, and hardware enable us to connect the continuum to microstructural regimes in a real simulation through a heterogeneous multiscale mathematical model. We apply this model to the problem of predicting how targets in the NIF chamber dismantle, so that optics and diagnostics can be protected from damage. The mechanics of the initial material fracture depend on the microscopic grain structure. In order to effectively simulate the fragmentation, this process must be modeled at the subgrain level with computationally expensive crystal plasticity models. However, there are not enough computational resources to model the entire NIF target at this microscopic scale. In order to accomplish these calculations, a hierarchical material model (HMM) is being developed. The HMM will allow fine-scale modeling of the initial fragmentation using computationally expensive crystal plasticity, while the elements at the mesoscale can use polycrystal models, and the macroscopic elements use analytical flow stress models. The HMM framework is built upon an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) capability. We present progress in implementing the HMM in the NIF-ALE-AMR code. Additionally, we present test simulations relevant to NIF targets.
Date: August 28, 2007
Creator: Fisher, A; Masters, N; Koniges, A; Anderson, R; Gunney, B; Wang, P et al.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Modeling NIF Experimental Designs with Adaptive Mesh Refinement and Lagrangian Hydrodynamics

Description: Incorporation of adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) into Lagrangian hydrodynamics algorithms allows for the creation of a highly powerful simulation tool effective for complex target designs with three-dimensional structure. We are developing an advanced modeling tool that includes AMR and traditional arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) techniques. Our goal is the accurate prediction of vaporization, disintegration and fragmentation in National Ignition Facility (NIF) experimental target elements. Although our focus is on minimizing the generation of shrapnel in target designs and protecting the optics, the general techniques are applicable to modern advanced targets that include three-dimensional effects such as those associated with capsule fill tubes. Several essential computations in ordinary radiation hydrodynamics need to be redesigned in order to allow for AMR to work well with ALE, including algorithms associated with radiation transport. Additionally, for our goal of predicting fragmentation, we include elastic/plastic flow into our computations. We discuss the integration of these effects into a new ALE-AMR simulation code. Applications of this newly developed modeling tool as well as traditional ALE simulations in two and three dimensions are applied to NIF early-light target designs.
Date: August 31, 2005
Creator: Koniges, A E; Anderson, R W; Wang, P; Gunney, B N; Becker, R; Eder, D C et al.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Novel Technique for Monitoring the Performance of the LAT Instrument on Board the GLAST Satellite

Description: The Gamma-ray Large Area Space Telescope (GLAST) is an observatory designed to perform gamma-ray astronomy in the energy range 20 MeV to 300 GeV, with supporting measurements for gamma-ray bursts from 10 keV to 25 MeV. GLAST will be launched at the end of 2007, opening a new and important window on a wide variety of high energy astrophysical phenomena . The main instrument of GLAST is the Large Area Telescope (LAT), which provides break-through high-energy measurements using techniques typically used in particle detectors for collider experiments. The LAT consists of 16 identical towers in a four-by-four grid, each one containing a pair conversion tracker and a hodoscopic crystal calorimeter, all covered by a segmented plastic scintillator anti-coincidence shield. The scientific return of the instrument depends very much on how accurately we know its performance, and how well we can monitor it and correct potential problems promptly. We report on a novel technique that we are developing to help in the characterization and monitoring of LAT by using the power of classification trees to pinpoint in a short time potential problems in the recorded data. The same technique could also be used to evaluate the effect on the overall LAT performance produced by potential instrumental problems.
Date: June 13, 2007
Creator: Paneque, D.; Borgland, A.; Bovier, A.; Bloom, E.; Edmonds, Y.; Funk, S. et al.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

Initial application of a dual-sweep streak camera to the Duke storage ring OK-4 source

Description: The visible and UV spontaneous emission radiation (SER) from the Duke OK-4 wiggler has been used with a Hamamatsu C5680 dual-sweep streak camera to characterize the stored electron beams. Particle beam energies of 270 and 500 MeV in the Duke storage ring were used in this initial application with the OK-4 adjusted to generate wavelengths from 500 nm to near 200 nm. The OK-4 magnetic system with its 68 periods provided a much stronger radiation source than a nearby bending magnet source point. Sensitivity to single-bunch, single-turn SER was shown down to 4 {mu}A beam current at {lambda} = 450 nm. The capability of seeing second passes in the FEL resonator at a wavelength near 200 nm was used to assess the cavity length versus orbit length. These tests (besides supporting preparation for UV-visible SR FEL startups) are also relevant to possible diagnostics techniques for single-pass FEL prototype facilities.
Date: August 1, 1997
Creator: Lumpkin, A.H.; Yang, B.X.; Litvinenko, V.; Park, S.; Wang, P. & Wu, Y.
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Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department