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Operating experience with a liquid-hydrogen fueled Buick and refueling system

Description: An investigation of liquid-hydrogen storage and refueling systems for vehicular applications was made in a recently completed project. The vehicle used in the project was a 1979 Buick Century sedan with a 3.8-L displacement turbocharged V6 engine and an automatic transmission. The vehicle had a fuel economy for driving in the high altitude Los Alamos area that was equivalent to 2.4 km/L of liquid hydrogen or 8.9 km/L of gasoline on an equivalent energy basis. About 22% less energy was required … more
Date: January 1, 1982
Creator: Stewart, W.F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Liquid hydrogen as an automotive fuel

Description: Cryogenic liquid is the only form of hydrogen storage that is presently capable of competing with gasoline on the basis of weight and vehicle range; however, a larger volume is required and its extreme cold will require special considerations. At least six hydrogen fuel projects, involving six container designs and six vehicles, have used liquid hydrogen storage. Some of these projects used existing laboratory type containers while others involve containers designed especially for the project. … more
Date: January 1, 1979
Creator: Stewart, W.F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Liquid-hydrogen-fueled-vehicle tests. Executive summary

Description: A program for the development of a baseline liquid-hydrogen fueled vehicle and a liquid-hydrogen-refueling system was completed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory on September 30, 1981. This program involved the cooperative efforts of the Laboratory (funded by the US Department of Energy), the Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt (DFVLR) of the Federal Republic of Germany, and the State of New Mexico through the New Mexico Energy Institute (NMEI). The results of … more
Date: January 1, 1981
Creator: Stewart, W.F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Liquid-hydrogen-fueled-vehicle tests. Executive summary

Description: A program for the development of a baseline liquid-hydrogen fueled vehicle and a liquid-hydrogen-refueling system was completed at the Los Alamos National Laboratory on September 30, 1981. This program involved the cooperative efforts of the Laboratory (fundd by the US Department of Energy), the Deutsche Forschungs- und Versuchsanstalt fuer Luft- und Raumfahrt (DFVLR) of the Federal Republic of Germany, and the State of New Mexico through the New Mexico Energy Institute (NMEI). The results of t… more
Date: January 1, 1981
Creator: Stewart, W.F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Refueling considerations for liquid-hydrogen fueled vehicles

Description: Liquid hydrogen is a possible fuel for transportation applications in the future. Such use of liquid hydrogen will require a refueling station analogous to today's service station for gasoline and diesel fuels. The cryogenic nature of liquid hydrogen and concerns for safety indicate the desirability of a refueling system that is automated as completely as possible and incorporates sufficient redundancy for safe and reliable operation. A refueling system designed on the basis of previous experie… more
Date: January 1, 1984
Creator: Stewart, W.F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Effect of Parasitic Refrigeration on the Efficiency of Magnetic Liquefiers

Description: Our studies have shown that magnetic refrigerators have the potential to liquefy cryogens very efficiently. High efficiency is especially important for liquid hydrogen and natural gas applications where the liquefaction costs are a significant fraction of the total liquid cost. One of the characteristics of magnetic refrigerators is the requirement for a high-field superconducting magnet. Providing a 4.2-K bath for this magnet will require a small amount of parasitic refrigeration at 4.2 K even… more
Date: January 1, 1982
Creator: Barclay, J. A. & Stewart, W. F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Safety aspects of large-scale handling of hydrogen

Description: Since the decade of the 1950s, there has been a large increase in the quantity of hydrogen, especially liquid hydrogen, that has been produced, transported, and used. The technology of hydrogen, as it relates to safety, has also developed at the same time. The possible sources of hazards that can arise in the large-scale handling of hydrogen are recognized, and for the most part, sufficiently understood. These hazard sources are briefly discussed. 26 refs., 4 figs.
Date: January 1, 1988
Creator: Edeskuty, F. J. & Stewart, W. F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Experiment to Determine Properties of Packed Particle Beds and Regenerators at Cryogenic Temperatures

Description: The testing of the properties of packed-particle beds and regenerators at cryogenic temperatures as low as 4 K is an essential part of the magnetic refrigeration research and development program at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. We envision magnetic refrigeration and heat pump systems operating in various ranges from 4 K to ambient temperature and above. Only pressurized helium gas appears suitable as the heat exchange fluid for the low-temperature applications. Because published data on t… more
Date: January 1, 1983
Creator: Barclay, J. A.; Overton, W. C. Jr.; Stewart, W. F. & Sarangi, S.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Development of a cryogenic heat pipe

Description: Heat pipe operating characteristics can be used to advantage in cryogenic systems. Diode operation of the heat pipe, the ability to conduct heat in one direction only, is useful in protecting the heat load if the heat sink temperature rises above the load temperature. Because of this, the heat pipe can be made to act as a thermal switch. A screened-wick, inverted-artery, cryogenic heat pipe was designed, fabricated, and tested. The tests were first conducted with hydrogen and then with oxygen a… more
Date: August 1, 1993
Creator: Prenger, F. C.; Stewart, W. F. & Runyan, J. E.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Safe venting of hydrogen

Description: The disposal of hydrogen is often required in the operation of an experimental facility that contains hydrogen. Whether the vented hydrogen can be discharged to the atmosphere safely depends upon a number of factors such as the flow rate and atmospheric conditions. Calculations have been made that predict the distance a combustible mixture can extend from the point of release under some specified atmospheric conditions. Also the quantity of hydrogen in the combustible cloud is estimated. These … more
Date: January 1, 1990
Creator: Stewart, W.F.; Dewart, J.M. & Edeskuty, F.J.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Experimental results on a low-temperature magnetic refrigerator

Description: A Carnot-cycle magnetic refrigerator has been designed, built, and tested in the temperature range of approx.4 K to approx.15 K. Gadolinium gallium garnet in the rim of a wheel is the refrigerant. The wheel rim rotates through a gap between two superconducting Helmholtz coils that produce a magnetic field of up to 6 T. Helium gas is used as the heat-transfer fluid in the hot and cold regions of the wheel. The refrigerator performance has been measured in an open-cycle flow system because no sui… more
Date: January 1, 1985
Creator: Barclay, J. A.; Stewart, W. F.; Overton, W. C.; Candler, R. J. & Harkleroad, O. D.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Apparatus to Determine the Heat Capacity and Thermal Conductivity of a Material From 1 to 300 K in Magnetic Fields Up to 9 T

Description: Magnetic refrigeration is a new technology that potentially offers refrigeration efficiencies > 50% of Carnot, compactness, and high reliability. Studies indicate that approx. 35% of Carnot efficiency is generally the best that is now possible for gas compression/expansion systems and, at that, only for very large plants; for smaller machines, the fraction of Carnot efficiency can become very small, e.g., 1-W refrigerators generally operate at 2 to 8% of Carnot efficiency. For magnetic refriger… more
Date: January 1, 1983
Creator: Barclay, J. A.; Stewart, W. F.; Overton, W. C.; Chesebrough, R.; McCray, M. & McMillan, D.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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High Temperature Superconductors for Power Transmission Application

Description: The advent of high temperature superconductors has stimulated interest in their utilization in electric power utility applications. A study of their impact upon power transmission and generation was sponsored by the Electric Power Research Institute. The investigation of the use of a high temperature superconductor in a superconducting power transmission line is reported here. The results of this investigation show that the use of a high temperature superconductor to replace a low temperature s… more
Date: January 1, 1988
Creator: Edeskuty, F.J.; Stewart, W.F.; Williamson, K.D. & Trocki, L.K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Cryogenic cooling system for the ground test accelerator

Description: A cryogenic cooling system has been designed, built and tested for the Ground Test Accelerator (GTA) at the Los Alamos National Laboratory. Major components of the GTA require cooling to less than 50 K to reduce rf-heating and to increase thermal stability. The cooling system is capable of cooling (at an acceptable rate for thermal stresses) the cryogenically cooled components and then maintaining them at their operating temperature during accelerator testing for all modes and power levels of o… more
Date: June 1, 1993
Creator: Edeskuty, F. J.; Stewart, W. F.; Moeller, J.; Durham, F. & Spulgis, I.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Magnetic separation for soil decontamination

Description: High gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) is a physical separation process that is used to extract magnetic particles from mixtures. The technology is used on a large scale in the kaolin clay industry to whiten or brighten kaolin clay and increase its value. Because all uranium and plutonium compounds are slightly magnetic, HGMS can be used to separate these contaminants from non-magnetic soils. A Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) was signed in 1992 between Los Alamos Nation… more
Date: February 1, 1993
Creator: Avens, L. R.; Worl, L. A.; deAguero, K. J.; Padilla, D. D.; Prenger, F. C.; Stewart, W. F. et al.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Magnetic separation for soil decontamination

Description: High gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) is a physical separation process that is used to extract magnetic particles from mixtures. The technology is used on a large scale in the kaolin clay industry to whiten or brighten kaolin clay and increase its value. Because all uranium and plutonium compounds are slightly magnetic, HGMS can be used to separate these contaminants from non-magnetic soils. A Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA) was signed in 1992 between Los Alamos Nation… more
Date: January 1, 1993
Creator: Avens, L. R.; Worl, L. A.; deAguero, K. J.; Padilla, D. D.; Prenger, F. C.; Stewart, W. F. et al.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Tank waste remediation system milestone report magnetic separation of tank waste: Surrogate system separations report

Description: High-level radioactive waste (HLW) has been stored in large underground storage tanks (UST) at the US Department of Energy`s Hanford Site since 1944. More than 253,000 m{sup 3} of waste have been accumulated in 177 tanks. The waste consists of many different chemicals and are in the form of liquids, slurries, salt cakes and sludges. A magnetic separation effort at Los Alamos National Laboratory is funded through the Tank Waste Remediation System (TWRS) to explore the use of high-gradient magnet… more
Date: January 14, 1994
Creator: Avens, L. R.; Worl, L. A.; Schake, A. R.; Padilla, D. D.; de Aguero, K. J.; Prenger, F. C. et al.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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High gradient magnetic separation applied to environmental remediation

Description: High Gradient Magnetic Separation (HGMS) is an application of superconducting magnet technology to the separation of magnetic solids from other solids, liquids, or gases. The production of both high magnetic fields (>4 T) and large field gradients using superconducting magnet technology has made it possible to separate a previously unreachable but large family of paramagnetic materials. This is a powerful technique that can be used to separate widely dispersed contaminants from a host material … more
Date: August 1, 1993
Creator: Prenger, F. C.; Stewart, W. F.; Hill, D. D.; Avens, L. R.; Worl, L. A.; Schake, A. et al.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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