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in creator/contributor: "Oakes, T.W."

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Application of a microprocessor system to stream monitoring

Low-level liquid wastes originating from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) are discharged, after treatment, into White Oak Creek, which is a small tributary of the Clinch River located in East Tennessee. Samples of White Oak Creek discharges are collected at White Oak Dam by a continuous digital proportional water sampler and analyzed weekly for radioactivity. The sampler contains a control system with a microprocessor that has been programmed to solve nonlinear weir equations. This syst… more

Date: January 1, 1978

Creator: Oakes, T. W. & Shank, K. E.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Gamma-ray spectral determinations with a portable analyzer

A portable sodium iodide spectrometer was used in a variety of field applications. The spectrometer is a battery-operated system complete with a 5 x 5 cm NaI(Tl) detector, 1024 channel memory divisible into four quadrants, special summation and calibration circuits, and a telemeter output for data transmittals. The portable spectrometer has been used to make in situ measurements around a radioactive waste burial ground. Typical spectra of /sup 137/Cs and /sup 60/Co were easily discernible at on… more

Date: January 1, 1978

Creator: Eldridge, J. S. & Oakes, T. W.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Radioactive waste disposal areas and associated environmental surveillance data at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Environmental surveillance data have been collected around radioactive waste disposal areas for the past thirty years at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The wealth of data collected around the ORNL radioactive waste burial grounds is presented in this review. The purpose of this paper is to describe the solid waste burial grounds in detail along with the environmental monitoring data. The various monitoring systems are reviewed, and the liquid discharge trends are discussed. Monitoring at… more

Date: December 1, 1979

Creator: Oakes, T. W. & Shank, K. E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Review of environmental surveillance data around low-level waste disposal areas at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

White Oak Creek and Melton Branch tributary surface streams flow through the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) reservation and receive treated low-level radioactive liquid waste which originates from various Laboratory operations. The streams receive additional low-level liquid waste generated by seepage of radioactive materials from solid-waste burial grounds, hydrofracture sites, and intermediate-level liquid-waste sites. Over the years, various liquid-waste treatment and disposal processe… more

Date: January 1, 1979

Creator: Oakes, T. W. & Shank, K. E.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Concentrations of radionuclides and selected stable elements in fruits and vegetables

Twenty-two types of fruits and vegetables collected from two commercial supermarkets have been analyzed for their radionuclidic and stable-element composition. A specific gamma-emitting isotope analysis was performed on each sample for /sup 40/K, /sup 60/Co, /sup 95/Zr-Nb, /sup 106/Ru, /sup 137/Cs, /sup 226/Ra, and /sup 232/Th. The concentration of the stable elements in each sample were determined using multi-element neutron-activation analysis (Al, Ag, Au, As, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, … more

Date: January 1, 1977

Creator: Oakes, T. W. & Shank, K. E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Hazardous materials management and control program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory - environmental protection

In the Federal Register of May 19, 1980, the US Environmental Protection Agency promulgated final hazardous waste regulations according to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) of 1976. The major substantive portions of these regulations went into effect on November 19, 1980, and established a federal program to provide comprehensive regulation of hazardous waste from its generation to its disposal. In an effort to comply with these regulations, a Hazardous Materials Management and … more

Date: January 1, 1982

Creator: Eisenhower, B. M. & Oakes, T. W.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Subsurface investigation of the Energy Systems Research Laboratory site at Oak Ridge National Laboratory

Subsurface soil from the site of the proposed Energy Systems Research Laboratory was examined to determine radioactive concentration levels. This study was undertaken because the proposed site is in close proximity to the former Solid Waste Storage Area-2. A total of 25 cores were taken, ranging in depth from 4 to 9 feet, and the soil samples were analyzed for gamma-, beta-, and alpha-emitting isotopes. Water taken from 13 of the core holes was analyzed to determine tritium, gross beta, and gro… more

Date: July 1, 1977

Creator: Oakes, T. W. & Shank, K. E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Design of a particulate-monitoring network for the Y-12 plant

An Air Quality Monitoring Network Design (AQMND) with multiple objectives is being developed for the Y-12 Plant production facilities. The objectives are: Y-12 facility surveillance; monitoring the transport of Y-12 generated airborne effluents towards either the Oak Ridge National Laboratory or the developed region of the City of Oak Ridge; and monitoring population exposure in residential areas close to the Y-12 Plant. A two step design process was carried out, using the Air Quality Monitor N… more

Date: January 1, 1982

Creator: Hougland, E. S.; Oakes, T. W. & Underwood, J. N.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Assessment of radiological releases to the environment from a fusion reactor power plant

This report summarizes the expected tritium and activation-product inventories and presents an assessment of the potential radiological releases from a fusion reactor power plant, hypothetically located at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Routine tritium releases and the resulting dose assessment are discussed. Uncertainties associated with the conversion of tritium gas to tritium oxide and the global tritium cycling are evaluated. The difficulties of estimating releases of activated material… more

Date: May 1, 1978

Creator: Shank, K. E.; Oakes, T. W. & Easterly, C. E.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Radionuclide accumulations in Clinch River fish

Fish samples were collected from several locations above Melton Hill Dam, which is upstream from the liquid effluent release point of the Oak Ridge National Laboratory. The sampling locations were chosen to determine the accumulation of natural and man-made radionuclides in fish from areas in the Clinch River not influenced by the Laboratory's liquid effluents. Bass, carp, crappie, shad, bluegill, and other sunfish were collected; ten fish per species were composited to form a single sample for… more

Date: January 1, 1976

Creator: Oakes, T. W.; Easterly, C. E. & Shank, K. E.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Natural and man-made radionuclide concentrations in Tennessee soils. [Radiation dose to human populations in vicinity of ERDA Oak Ridge facilities]

Soil samples from sites in eastern and central Tennessee, at distances from 35 to 210 km from the Oak Ridge National Laboratory, have been analyzed to determine their radionuclide composition. The soils were analyzed for naturally-occurring radionuclides and the now unbiquitous man-made radioisotopes /sup 60/Co, /sup 90/Sr, /sup 106/Ru, /sup 125/Sb, and /sup 137/Cs present due to fallout from weapons tests. The radioanalyses consisted of a combination of gamma-ray spectroscopy and radiochemical… more

Date: January 1, 1976

Creator: Oakes, T. W.; Shank, K. E. & Easterly, C. E.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Planning for unplanned releases. [Radiation monitoring of gaseous and liquid radioactive effluents from nuclear power plants]

Prevention of unplanned releases of airborne or liquid radioactive contaminants becomes increasingly necessary for public acceptance of nuclear power as a replacement for conventional energy sources. Environmental surveillance programs serve to prove compliance with regulations concerning radioactivity releases, and the analyses of data collected in such programs may serve as indicators of low-level unplanned releases. Analytical radiochemistry utilizing modern instrumental techniques of high-r… more

Date: January 1, 1977

Creator: Eldridge, J S; Lyon, W S & Oakes, T W

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Review of biological monitoring programs at nuclear facilities. [Monitoring of animals at DOE facilities to determine exposure pathways]

Biological monitoring programs, as well as relevant radioecological research studies, are reviewed at specific Department of Energy facilities; the program at Oak Ridge National Laboratory is discussed in detail. The biological measurements that are being used for interpreting the impact of a facility on its surrounding environment and nearby population are given. Suggestions which could facilitate interlaboratory comparison studies are presented.

Date: June 5, 1978

Creator: Quintana, L. R.; Oakes, T. W. & Shank, K. E.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Concentration of stable elements in food products

Food samples were taken from commercial markets and analyzed for stable element content. The concentrations of most stable elements (Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Hf, I, K, La, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Ta, Th, Ti, V, Zn, Zr) were determined using multiple-element neutron activation analysis, while the concentrations of other elements (Cd, Hg, Ni, Pb) were determined using atomic absorption. The relevance of the concentrations found are noted in relation to o… more

Date: January 1, 1980

Creator: Montford, M. A.; Shank, K. E.; Hendricks, C. & Oakes, T. W.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Environmental Applications for an Intrinsic Germanium Well Detector

The overall performance of an intrinsic germanium well detector for /sup 125/I measurements was investigated in a program of environmental surveillance. Concentrations of /sup 125/I and /sup 131/I were determined in thyroids of road-killed deer showing the highest activities of /sup 125/I in the animals from the near vicinity of Oak Ridge National Laboratory. This demonstrates the utility of road-killed deer as a bioindicator for radioiodine around nuclear facilities. 6 refs., 2 figs., 3 tabs.

Date: January 1, 1983

Creator: Stegnar, P.; Eldridge, J. S.; Teasley, N. A. & Oakes, T. W.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Off-site response for radiological emergencies

Environmental radiological surveillance under emergency conditions at off-site locations is one of the advisory functions provided by DOE within the ORO jurisdiction. The Department of Environmental Management of ORNL has been requested to provide sampling and analytical assistance at such emergency response activities. We have assembled and identified specific individuals and equipment to provide a rapid response force to perform field measurements for environmental radioactivity releases as a… more

Date: January 1, 1982

Creator: Eldridge, J. S.; Oakes, T. W.; Hubbard, H. M. & Hibbitts, H. W.

Item Type: Article

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Type B investigation report of curium-244 exposure at the ORNL TRU Facility, January 15, 1986

This Type B Investigative Report provides an evaluation of relevant events and activities that led to, were a part of, or resulted from the release of curium-244 in the Building 7920 facility at ORNL in January 1986. Impacts have been evaluated with respect to employee exposures and the costs and loss of productivity resulting from increased bioassay analyses and activities of investigative committees. Management systems evaluated include (1) training of employees performing lab analyses, (2) a… more

Date: April 1, 1986

Creator: Love, G. L.; Butler, H. M.; Duncan, D. T. & Oakes, T. W.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Current waste-management practices and operations at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 1982

The need for efficient management of industrial chemical wastes, especially those considered hazardous or radioactive, is receiving increased attention in the United States. During the past five years, several federal laws have addressed the establishment of stronger programs for the control of hazardous and residual wastes. At a facility such as Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), an efficient waste management program is an absolute necessity to ensure protection of human health and complian… more

Date: September 1, 1982

Creator: Eisenhower, B. M.; Oakes, T. W.; Coobs, J. H. & Weeter, D. W.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Congenital malformation and fetal mortality trends in counties surrounding Oak Ridge

Stillbirth and congenital malformation death data have been evaluated for counties surrounding the Oak Ridge nuclear facilities. The observed values were compared with expected values, based on state of Tennessee and East Tennessee rates, for three time periods: prior to the existence of the nuclear facilities; the early years of operation; and the later years of operation. Oak Ridge, which is the closest city to the nuclear facilities, had significantly fewer stillbirths and no difference in c… more

Date: December 1, 1979

Creator: Shank, K. E.; Easterly, C. D. & Oakes, T. W.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Radiological assessment of residences in the Oak Ridge area. Volume 1. Background information for ORNL environmental impact statement

Measurements of exposure rates using thermoluminescent dosimeters placed within residences in the Oak Ridge/Knoxville area are presented. The objective of this investigation was to determine the radiation component acquired by Oak Ridge National Laboratory employee personnel dosimeter-security badges during residential badge storage and to develop a model to predict the radiation exposure rate in Oak Ridge/Knoxville-area homes. The exposure rates varied according to building material used and g… more

Date: October 1, 1980

Creator: Tsakeres, F. S.; Shank, K. E.; Chaudhry, M. Y.; Ahmad, S.; DiZillo-Benoit, P. M. & Oakes, T. W.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Report on the Oak Ridge sewage sludge land-farming experience. Part II. Pathways analysis

The data presented in Part I was used to analyze the potential hazard to humans from the transport of radioactive material from the sludge disposal area into the surrounding environment. A number of environmental pathways were examined to determine the possible radiation dose that humans might incur if radionuclides from the disposal site were concentrated in an environmental medium other than soil. Subsequent to the data assessment, calculations were made to delineate the potential dose receiv… more

Date: August 1, 1984

Creator: Oakes, T. W.; Ohnesorge, W. F.; Daniels, K. L.; Braunstein, H. M.; Kitchings, J. T. & Alexander, W. A.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Report on the Oak Ridge sewage sludge land-farming experience. Part 1. Data presentation

Disposal of sludge from the City of Oak Ridge's sewage treatment facility on a 65-acre site on the Department of Energy's Oak Ridge Reservation was initiated in November 1983. On March 22, 1984, DOE and the City determined that the sludge contained radioactive materials. Application of sludge on the Reservation was suspended on March 25 and a comprehensive survey and sampling plan was instituted to radiologically characterize the disposal site. By April 1, a radiation walkover survey had been c… more

Date: August 1, 1984

Creator: Oakes, T. W.; Braunstein, H. M.; Daniels, K. L.; Ohnesorge, W. F.; Kitchings, J. T. & Alexander, W. A.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Technical background information for the environmental and safety report, Volume 4: White Oak Lake and Dam

This report has been prepared to provide background information on White Oak Lake for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory Environmental and Safety Report. The paper presents the history of White Oak Dam and Lake and describes the hydrological conditions of the White Oak Creek watershed. Past and present sediment and water data are included; pathway analyses are described in detail.

Date: March 1, 1982

Creator: Oakes, T. W.; Kelly, B. A.; Ohnesorge, W. F.; Eldridge, J. S.; Bird, J. C.; Shank, K. E. et al.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department

open access

Technical background information for the environmental and safety report, Volume 5: the 1977 Clinch River sediment survey - data presentation

This study determined the fate and distribution of nuclides in the Clinch River by analyzing selected cores for transuranic radionuclide activity and examined the effect of the altered flow regime in the Clinch River on the distribution of the fission product activity. Cores were collected along the full length of the Clinch River from the WOC outfall (CRM 20.8) to locations in the Tennessee River on either side of the junction of the two rivers. The sampling was concentrated around CRM 20.8 an… more

Date: November 1, 1982

Creator: Oakes, T. W.; Ohnesorge, W. F.; Eldridge, J. S.; Scott, T. G.; Parsons, D. W.; Hubbard, H. M. et al.

Item Type: Report

Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department