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Physicochemical basis of the Na-K-Ca geothermometer

Description: Regular changes in solution composition were observed experimentally during granite reaction with dilute NaCl (+CaCl/sub 2/) solutions; these changes closely follow the empirical Na-K-Ca geothermometer relationship. Initial minerals forming the granite (quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and biotite) were etched by the reactions. Alteration phases formed include calcium-zeolite at <300/sup 0/C, feldspar overgrowths at >300/sup 0/C, and minor amounts of clay and calcsilicate at all temperatures. A… more
Date: August 1, 1986
Creator: Janecky, D. R.; Charles, R. W.; Bayhurst, Gregory K. & Benjamin, T. M.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Geochemical studies at four northern Nevada hot spring areas. [Kyle Hot Springs, Leach Hot Springs, Buffalo Hot Springs, and Beowave Hot Springs]

Description: Water samples from both hot and cold sources in the hydrologic areas surrounding the hot springs were collected and analyzed. Analyses of major, trace, and radio-element abundances of the water samples and of associated rock samples are presented. From this study it is possible that trace- and major-element abundances and/or ratios may be discerned which are diagnostic as chemical geothermometers, complementing those of silica and alkali elements that are presently used. Brief discussions of mi… more
Date: August 1, 1977
Creator: Wollenberg, H.; Bowman, H. & Asaro, F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Improvements in geothermometry. Final technical report. Rev

Description: Alkali and alkaline earth geothermometers are useful for estimating geothermal reservoir temperatures, though a general theoretical basis has yet to be established and experimental calibration needs improvement. Equilibrium cation exchange between feldspars provided the original basis for the Na-K and Na-K-Ca geothermometers (Fournier and Truesdell, 1973), but theoretical, field and experimental evidence prove that neither equilibrium nor feldspars are necessary. Here, evidence is summarized in… more
Date: August 1, 1982
Creator: Potter, J.; Dibble, W.; Parks, G. & Nur, A.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Chemical and isotopic data for water from thermal springs and wells of Oregon

Description: The thermal springs of Oregon range in composition from dilute NaHCO/sub 3/ waters to moderately saline CO/sub 2/-charged NaCl-NaHCO/sub 3/ waters. Most of the thermal springs are located in southeastern or southcentral Oregon, with a few in northeastern Oregon and near the contact of the Western Cascades with the High Cascades. Thermal springs in the central and northern parts of the Cascades generally issue moderately saline NaCl waters. Farther south in the Cascades, the thermal waters are h… more
Date: January 1, 1981
Creator: Mariner, R.H.; Swanson, J.R.; Orris, G.J.; Presser, T.S. & Evans, W.C.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Final Report: Phase II Geothermal Exploration and Geothermal Power Plant Update for Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean

Description: The Phase I study of the geothermal potential of Ascension Island concluded that the possibility of a geothermal resource existing under the island was excellent. This conclusion was based on the presence of young volcanic rocks (a heat source close to the surface), an ample supply of water from the sea, and high permeability of many of the rocks which make up the island. The assumption was made that the resource would be similar to geothermal systems in the Azores or Japan, and a conceptual de… more
Date: July 1, 1984
Creator: Nielson, D. L.; Sibbett, B. S.; Shane, M. K. & Whitbeck, J. F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Investigation of the Downwelling LW Differences Between the Niamey AMF Main and Supplementary Sites

Description: The overall average downwelling longwave (LW) measured at the Niamey supplementary facility (S1) is 6-8 Wm-2 less than that measured by the two instruments located at the ARM Mobile Facility (AMF) main (N1) site. Examination of all other data available at both sites does not reveal any overarching differences that suggest this should be the case. However, examination of the pyrgeometer case and dome temperatures do suggest that the S1 values are also anomalously low, which in turn would explain… more
Date: April 1, 2008
Creator: Long, CN; Gotseff, P & Dutton, EG
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Hot dry rock geothermal energy development program. Annual report, fiscal year 1980

Description: Investigation and flow testing of the enlarged Phase I heat-extraction system at Fenton Hill continued throughout FY80. Temperature drawdown observed at that time indicated an effective fracture of approximately 40,000 to 60,000 m/sup 2/. In May 1980, hot dry rock (HDR) technology was used to produce electricity in an interface demonstration experiment at Fenton Hill. A 60-kVA binary-cycle electrical generator was installed in the Phase I surface system and heat from about 3 kg/s of geothermal … more
Date: July 1, 1981
Creator: Cremer, G.M. (comp.)
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Thermodynamic model of the hydrolysis of microcline in acid-sulfate solutions

Description: A theoretical model of the hydrolysis of microcline by a hydrothermal solution has been determined for a closed system at constant temperature. Hypothetical solution compositions and temperatures were chosen to match the known geothermal system at Roosevelt Hot Springs, Utah. The calculated reaction paths indicate that the overall reaction process is an exchange of potassium from the reactant mineral, microcline, for hydrogen from the solution. Aluminum is nearly conserved among solid phases. T… more
Date: December 1, 1976
Creator: Dedolph, R.E. & Parry, W.T.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Geothermal hydrology of Warner Valley, Oregon: a reconnaissance study

Description: Warner Valley and its southern extension, Coleman Valley, are two of several high-desert valleys in the Basin and Range province of south-central Oregon that contain thermal waters. At least 20 thermal springs, defined as having temperatures of 20/sup 0/C or more, issue from Tertiary basaltic flows and tuffs in and near the valleys. Many shallow wells also produce thermal waters. The highest measured temperature is 127/sup 0/C, reported from a well known as Crump geyser, at a depth of 200 meter… more
Date: January 1, 1981
Creator: Sammel, E.A. & Craig, R.W.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Water geochemistry of the Lucero Uplift, New Mexico: geothermal investigation of low-temperature mineralized fluids

Description: A detailed geochemical investigation of 27 waters of the Lucero uplift, central New Mexico, was performed to determine if the fluids originate from a high-temperature geothermal system along the Rio Grande rift. Two types of mineralized water issue from the Lucero region: a relatively saline (high-Cl, high-SO/sub 4/) type and a relatively dilute (low-Cl, high-SO/sub 4/) type. Emergence temperatures of both types range from 12 to 26/sup 0/C. Chemical data and thermodynamic and geothermometer cal… more
Date: April 1, 1983
Creator: Goff, F.; McCormick, T.; Gardner, J.N.; Trujillo, P.E.; Counce, D.; Vidale, R. et al.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Geothermal pilot study final report: creating an international geothermal energy community

Description: The Geothermal Pilot Study under the auspices of the Committee on the Challenges of Modern Society (CCMS) was established in 1973 to apply an action-oriented approach to international geothermal research and development, taking advantage of the established channels of governmental communication provided by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). The Pilot Study was composed of five substudies. They included: computer-based information systems; direct application of geothermal energy; res… more
Date: June 1, 1978
Creator: Bresee, J.C.; Yen, W.W.S. & Metzler, J.E. (eds.)
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Water information bulletin No. 30 geothermal investigations in Idaho

Description: There are 899 thermal water occurrences known in Idaho, including 258 springs and 641 wells having temperatures ranging from 20 to 93/sup 0/C. Fifty-one cities or towns in Idaho containing 30% of the state's population are within 5 km of known geothermal springs or wells. These include several of Idaho's major cities such as Lewiston, Caldwell, Nampa, Boise, Twin Falls, Pocatello, and Idaho Falls. Fourteen sites appear to have subsurface temperatures of 140/sup 0/C or higher according to the se… more
Date: June 1, 1980
Creator: Mitchell, J. C.; Johnson, L. L.; Anderson, J. E.; Spencer, S. G. & Sullivan, J. F.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Colorado's hydrothermal resource base: an assessment

Description: As part of its effort to more accurately describe the nations geothrmal resource potential, the US Department of Energy/Division of Geothermal Energy contracted with the Colorado Geological survey to appraise the hydrothermal (hot water) geothermal resources of Colorado. Part of this effort required that the amount of energy that could possibly be contained in the various hydrothermal systems in Colorado be estimated. The findings of that assessment are presented. To make these estimates the ge… more
Date: January 1, 1981
Creator: Pearl, R.H.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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9519 biotite granodiorite reacted in a temperature gradient

Description: A biotite granodiorite from the Fenton Hill Hot Dry Rock (HDR) geothermal system was reacted in a controlled temperature gradient with initially distilled water for 60d. Polished rock prisms were located in the gradient at 72, 119, 161, 209, 270, and 310/sup 0/C. Scanning electron microscope and microprobe analyses show the appearance of secondary phases: Ca-montmorillonite at 72/sup 0/C and 119/sup 0/C; zeolite, either stilbite or heulandite, at 161/sup 0/C; and another zeolite, thomsonite, at… more
Date: October 1, 1980
Creator: Charles, R. W. & Bayhurst, Gregory K.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Improvements in geothermometry. Final technical report

Description: The following are covered: the basis of the Na-K-Ca geothermometer, geothermometry via model calculations, non ideality and complexing, and experimental calibration.
Date: July 1, 1982
Creator: Potter, J.; Dibble, W.; Parks, G. & Nur, A.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Evaluation of low-temperature geothermal potential in Cache Valley, Utah. Report of investigation No. 174

Description: Field work consisted of locating 90 wells and springs throughout the study area, collecting water samples for later laboratory analyses, and field measurement of pH, temperature, bicarbonate alkalinity, and electrical conductivity. Na/sup +/, K/sup +/, Ca/sup +2/, Mg/sup +2/, SiO/sub 2/, Fe, SO/sub 4//sup -2/, Cl/sup -/, F/sup -/, and total dissolved solids were determined in the laboratory. Temperature profiles were measured in 12 additional, unused walls. Thermal gradients calculated from the… more
Date: November 1, 1982
Creator: de Vries, J.L.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Exploration of the Upper Hot Creek Ranch Geothermal Resource, Nye County, Nevada

Description: The Upper Hot Creek Ranch (UHCR) geothermal system had seen no significant exploration activity prior to initiation of this GRED III project. Geochemical geothermometers calculated from previously available but questionable quality analyses of the UHCR hot spring waters indicated possible subsurface temperatures of +320 oF. A complex Quaternary and Holocene faulting pattern associated with a six mile step over of the Hot Creek Range near the UHCR also indicated that this area was worthy of some… more
Date: October 31, 2005
Creator: Benoit, Dick & Blackwell, David
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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A CO2-Silica Geothermometer for Low Temperature Geothermal Resource Assessment, with Application to Resources in the Safford Basin, Arizona

Description: Geothermics is the study of the earth's heat energy, it's affect on subsurface temperature distribution, it's physical and chemical sources, and it's role in dynamic geologic processes. The term, geothermometry, is applied to the determination of equilibrium temperatures of natural chemical systems, including rock, mineral, and liquid phases. An assemblage of minerals or a chemical system whose phase composition is a function of temperature and pressure can be used as a geothermometer. Thus a g… more
Date: November 1, 1983
Creator: Witcher, James C. & Stone, Claudia
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Exploration of the Upper Hot Creek Ranch Geothermal Resource, Nye County, Nevada

Description: The Upper Hot Creek Ranch (UHCR) geothermal system had seen no significant exploration activity prior to initiation of this GRED III project. Geochemical geothermometers calculated from previously available but questionable quality analyses of the UHCR hot spring waters indicated possible subsurface temperatures of +320 oF. A complex Quaternary and Holocene faulting pattern associated with a six mile step over of the Hot Creek Range near the UHCR also indicated that this area was worthy of some… more
Date: January 1, 2006
Creator: Benoit, Dick & Blackwell, David
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Phase 2 and 3 Slim Hole Drilling and Testing at the Lake City, California Geothermal Field

Description: During Phases 2 and 3 of the Lake City GRED II project two slim holes were cored to depths of 1728 and 4727 ft. Injection and production tests with temperature and pressure logging were performed on the OH-1 and LCSH-5 core holes. OH-1 was permanently modified by cementing an NQ tubing string in place below a depth of 947 ft. The LCSH-1a hole was drilled in Quaternary blue clay to a depth of 1727 ft and reached a temperature of 193 oF at a depth of 1649 ft. This hole failed to find evidence of … more
Date: October 27, 2005
Creator: Benoit, Dick; Blackwell, David; Moore, Joe & Goranson, Colin
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Magnesium correction for the Na-K-Ca chemical geothermometer

Description: Graphs and equations have been devised to correct for the adverse effects of magnesium upon the Na-K-Ca geothermometer. Either the graphs or equations can be used to determine temperature corrections when given waters have Na-K-Ca calculated temperatures above 70/sup 0/C and values of R less than 50, where R = (Mg/(Mg + Ca + K)) x 100 in equivalents. Water with values of R greater than 50 probably come from relatively cool aquifers with temperatures about equal to the measured spring temperatur… more
Date: January 1, 1978
Creator: Fournier, R. O. & Potter, R. W., II
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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Regional geothermal exploration in north central New Mexico. Final report

Description: A broad-based geothermal resource reconnaissance study covering Bernalillo, Los Alamos, Rio Arriba, San Miguel, Sandoval, Santa Fe, Taos, Torrance, and Valencia counties in north central New Mexico was conducted from June 15, 1981, through September 30, 1983. Specific activities included the compilation of actual temperature, bottom-hole temperature gradient, and geotemperature data; tabulation of water chemistry data; field collection of temperature-depth data from existing wells; and drilling… more
Date: February 1, 1984
Creator: Icerman, L. (ed.)
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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