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Using mathematical models to understand the AIDS spidemic. [None]

Description: The most urgent public health problem today is to devise effective strategies to minimize the destruction caused by the AIDS epidemic. This complex problem will involve medical advances and new public health and education initiatives. Mathematical models based on the underlying transmission mechanisms of the AIDS virus can help the medical/scientific community understand and anticipate its spread in different populations and evaluate the potential effectiveness of different approaches for bring… more
Date: January 1, 1987
Creator: Hyman, J.M. & Stanley, E.A.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Political side of risk: a new approach

Description: The resolution of many of the Nation's most-serious problems today is hampered by our apparent inability to systematically deal with the socio-political dimensions of the societal acceptance of risks in areas of technical development, decision making, and policy formulation. Nowhere is this more apparent than in the energy field. The nature of public hazards has changed drastically during the past half century or so, driving public considerations of risk into the political realm. This has given… more
Date: January 1, 1980
Creator: Sorenson, J.B. & Trauth, C.A. Jr.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

When is a dose not a dose

Description: Although an enormous amount of progress has been made in the fields of radiation protection and risk assessment, a number of significant problems remain. The one problem which transcends all the rest, and which has been subject to considerable misunderstanding, involves what has come to be known as the 'linear non-threshold hypothesis', or 'linear hypothesis'. Particularly troublesome has been the interpretation that any amount of radiation can cause an increase in the excess incidence of cance… more
Date: January 1, 1991
Creator: Bond, V.P.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Evaluation of energy related risk acceptance (APHA energy task force)

Description: Living in a technological society with large energy requirements involves a number of related actities with attendant health risks, both to the working and to the general public. Therefore, the formulation of some general principles for risk acceptance is necessary. In addition to maximizing benefits and minimizing risk, relevant considerations must be made about the perception of risk as voluntary or involuntary, the number of persons collectively at risk at any one occasion, and the extent to… more
Date: January 1, 1977
Creator: Hull, A.P.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Decision-making and radiological protection at Three Mile Island: response of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare

Description: Decision-making by decision-makers during the nuclear accident at Three Mile Island all had to do in some way, and impacted on the public health and safety, the health and safety of the workers, and emergency preparedness and health care. This paper reviews the activities of only one federal agency during the accident, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW), and its effectiveness in its role as the leading institution responsible for protecting the public health during the first… more
Date: February 1, 1982
Creator: Fabrikant, Jacob I.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Safety aspects of the US advanced LMR (liquid metal reactor) design

Description: The cornerstones of the United States Advanced Liquid Metal Cooled Reactor (ALMR) program sponsored by the Department of Energy are: the plant design program at General Electric based on the PRISM (Power Reactor Innovative Small Module) concept, and the Integral Fast Reactor program (IFR) at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL). The goal of the US program is to produce a standard, commercial ALMR, including the associated fuel cycle. This paper discusses the US regulatory framework for design of a… more
Date: January 1, 1989
Creator: Pedersen, D.R.; Gyorey, G. L.; Marchaterre, J. F.; Rosen, S. (Argonne National Lab., IL (USA); General Electric Co., San Jose, CA (USA); Argonne National Lab., IL (USA) et al.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Greater-confinement disposal of low-level radioactive wastes

Description: Low-level radioactive wastes include a broad spectrum of wastes that have different radionuclide concentrations, half-lives, and physical and chemical properties. Standard shallow-land burial practice can provide adequate protection of public health and safety for most low-level wastes, but a small volume fraction (about 1%) containing most of the activity inventory (approx.90%) requires specific measures known as ''greater-confinement disposal'' (GCD). Different site characteristics and differ… more
Date: January 1, 1985
Creator: Trevorrow, L. E.; Gilbert, T. L.; Luner, C.; Merry-Libby, P. A.; Meshkov, N. K. & Yu, C.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Examination of DEHP filter test methods and alternative methods in light of suspected DOP carcinogenicity

Description: The QA test could be simplified and possibly provide more information about filter performance if a polydisperse aerosol is used. There are several difficulties associated with the monodisperse generator. The generator used to produce large quantities of monodisperse aerosol is an expensive part of the equipment required for QA tests. The generator also requires diligent operation to provide consistent performance. The generation of a consistent polydisperse aerosol would be an easier task. Mod… more
Date: January 1, 1982
Creator: Tillery, M.I.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Environmental surveillance for low-level waste disposal sites. [Shallow-land burial]

Description: All nuclear facilities, including waste disposal sites, are expected to evaluate their effect on the environment. This paper describes a multidisciplinary approach to the design of environmental surveillance programs for near-surface disposal sites. Surveillance is broadly considered to include burial trench and other on-site measurements as well as offsite monitoring, and to include both radiological and non-radiological measurements. The objectives of a surveillance program are: to determine … more
Date: January 1, 1984
Creator: Sedlet, J.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Comparison of observed and predicted normalized air concentrations for 56-m releases of fluorescein particles

Description: Centerline ground-level normalized air concentration measurements made at Hanford, Washington, for the short-term release of fluorescein particles from a height of 56 m were compared with a Gaussian plume atmospheric dispersion model using two different sets of dispersion parameters and two different methods of classifying atmospheric stability. The ratio of the predicted air concentration to the observed air concentration is strongly dependent on the downwind distance being considered. All fou… more
Date: January 1, 1980
Creator: Miller, C. W.; Little, C. A. & Cotter, S. J.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Environmental boundaries to energy development

Description: Public concern about the environment, health and safety consequences of energy technology has been growing steadily for more than two decades in the United States. This concern forms an important boundary condition as the United States seeks to develop a new National Energy Strategy. Furthermore, the international aspects of the energy/environment interface such as acid rain global climate change and stratospheric ozone depletion are very prominent in US thinking. In fact, the energy systems of… more
Date: January 1, 1989
Creator: Trivelpiece, A.W.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

An approach for selecting safety class items

Description: DOE Order 6430.1A, General Design Criteria, requires that DOE facilities be evaluated with regard to safety class items.'' Safety class items are defined as systems, components, and structures, including portions of process systems, whose failure could adversely affect the environment or safety and health of the public. Determination of safety classification is based on analysis of potential abnormal and accidental scenario consequences as presented in the Safety Analysis Report.'' Although the… more
Date: January 1, 1990
Creator: Low, J.M.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Performance assessment review for Department of Energy

Description: The United State Department of Energy (US DOE) disposes of low-level radioactive waste in near-surface disposal facilities. Safety of the disposal operations is evaluated for operational safety as well as long-term safety. Operational safety is evaluated based on the perceived level of hazard of the operation and may vary from a simple safety assessment to a safety analysis report. Long-term safety of all low-level waste disposal systems is evaluated through the conduct of a radiological perfor… more
Date: January 1, 1992
Creator: Wilhite, E.L.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Innovative safety features of the modular HTGR

Description: In this document the innovative safety features of the MHTGR are reviewed by examining the safety response to events challenging the functions relied on to retain radionuclides within the coated fuel particles. A broad range of challenges to core heat removal are examined, including a loss of helium pressure and a simultaneous loss of forced cool of the core.
Date: April 1, 1992
Creator: Silady, F. A. & Simon, W. A.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Initial emission assessment of hazardous-waste-incineration facilities

Description: Health and Safety Research Division, sponsored by EPA, conducted a study to quantify emission factors from stacks, spills, fugitives, storage, and treatment for a typical hazardous waste incinerator facility. Engineering participated in preparing flowsheets and providing calculations for fugitive emissions. Typical block-flow diagrams were developed two types of hazardous waste incinerators (rotary kiln and liquid-injector) and for three capacities (small: 1 MM Btu/hr, median: 10 MM Btu/hr, and… more
Date: January 1, 1982
Creator: Harrington, E. S.; Holton, G. A. & O'Donnell, F. R.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Radiation carcinogenesis in man: influence of dose-response models and risk projection models in the estimation of risk coefficients following exposure to low-level radiation

Description: The somatic effects of concern in human populations exposed to low doses and low dose rates of ionizing radiations are those that may be induced by mutation in individual cells, singly or in small numbers. The most important of these is considered to be cancer induction. Current knowledge of the carcinogenic effect of radiation in man has been reviewed in two recent reports: the 1977 UNSCEAR Report; and the 1980 BEIR-III Report. Both reports emphasize that cancers of the breast, thyroid, hemato… more
Date: February 1, 1982
Creator: Fabrikant, Jacob I.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

BEIR-III report and its implications for radiation protection and public health policy

Description: A general background is given of the implications the BEIR-III Report may have on societal decision-making in the regulation of activities concerned with the health effects of low-level radiation. The scientific basis for establishing appropriate radiation protection guides are discussed. (ACR)
Date: March 1, 1980
Creator: Fabrikant, Jacob I.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Impact of the 1980 BEIR-III report on low-level radiation risk assessment, radiation protection guides, and public health policy

Description: The author deals with the scientific basis for establishing appropriate radiation protection guides, and this effect on evaluation of societal activities concerned with the health effects in human populations exposed to low-level radiation. Methodology is discussed for estimating risks of radio-induced cancer and genetically related ill-health in man, the sources of data, the dose-response models used, and the precision ascribed to the process. (PSB)
Date: June 1, 1981
Creator: Fabrikant, Jacob I.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Demonstration of a computer model for residual radioactive material guidelines, RESRAD

Description: A computer model was developed to calculate residual radioactive material guidelines for the US Department of Energy (DOE). This model, called RESRAD, can be run on IBM or IBM-compatible microcomputer. Seven potential exposure pathways from contaminated soil are analyzed, including external radiation exposure and internal radiation exposure from inhalation and food digestion. The RESRAD code has been applied to several DOE sites to derive soil cleanup guidelines. The experience gained indicates… more
Date: January 1, 1989
Creator: Yu, C.; Yuan, Y. C.; Zielen, A. J.; Wallo III, A. (Argonne National Lab., IL (USA) & USDOE, Washington, DC (USA))
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Environmental radiation standards and risk limitation

Description: The Environmental Protection Agency and Nuclear Regulatory Commission have established environmental radiation standards for specific practices which correspond to limits on risk to the public that vary by several orders of magnitude and often are much less than radiation risks that are essentially unregulated, e.g., risks from radon in homes. This paper discusses a proposed framework for environmental radiation standards that would improve the correspondence with limitation of risk. This frame… more
Date: January 1, 1987
Creator: Kocher, David C.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Dynamics of Adipocyte Turnover in Humans

Description: Obesity is increasing in an epidemic fashion in most countries and constitutes a public health problem by enhancing the risk for cardiovascular disease and metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes. Owing to the increase in obesity, life expectancy may start to decrease in developed countries for the first time in recent history. The factors determining fat mass in adult humans are not fully understood, but increased lipid storage in already developed fat cells is thought to be most important… more
Date: July 16, 2007
Creator: Spalding, K; Arner, E; Westermark, P; Bernard, S; Buchholz, B; Bergmann, O et al.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Workshop Characterization of Pathogenicity, Virulence and Host-Pathogen Interactions

Description: The threats of bio-terrorism and newly emerging infectious diseases pose serious challenges to the national security infrastructure. Rapid detection and diagnosis of infectious disease in human populations, as well as characterizing pathogen biology, are critical for reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with such threats. One of the key challenges in managing an infectious disease outbreak, whether through natural causes or acts of overt terrorism, is detection early enough to initia… more
Date: August 30, 2006
Creator: Krishnan, A.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Determining important parameters related to cyanobacterial alkaloid toxin exposure

Description: Science-based decision making required robust and high-fidelity mechanistic data about the system dynamics and impacts of system changes. Alkaloid cyanotoxins have the characteristics to warrant consideration for their potential threat. Since insufficient information is available to construct a systems model for the alkaloid cyanotoxins, saxitoxins, anatoxins, and anatoxin-a(S), an accurate assessments of these toxins as a potential threat for use for intentional contamination is not possible. … more
Date: September 16, 2005
Creator: Love, A H
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
open access

Public health and economic impact of dampness and mold

Description: The public health risk and economic impact of dampness and mold exposures was assessed using current asthma as a health endpoint. Individual risk of current asthma from exposure to dampness and mold in homes from Fisk et al. (2007), and asthma risks calculated from additional studies that reported the prevalence of dampness and mold in homes were used to estimate the proportion of U.S. current asthma cases that are attributable to dampness and mold exposure at 21% (95% confidence internal 12-29… more
Date: June 1, 2007
Creator: Mudarri, David & Fisk, William J.
Partner: UNT Libraries Government Documents Department
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