2026-04-17T12:37:55Z https://digital.library.unt.edu/oai/

info:ark/67531/metacrs370 2017-02-13T17:17:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion Procedures Stith-Coleman, Irene Abortion Abortion procedures - Law and legislation Law The Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act of 1997, H.R. 1122 was vetoed by President Clinton on October 10, 1997. This legislation would have made it a federal crime, punishable by fine and/or incarceration, for a physician to perform a partial birth abortion unless it was necessary to save the life of a mother whose life is endangered by a physical disorder, illness, or injury. The partial-birth abortion legislation has stimulated a great deal of controversy. This report provides a brief overview of the abortion methods currently in use for which data have been published and some positions on the partial birth abortion legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-11-17 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 95-1101 SPR local-cont-no: 95-1101 SPR 1997-11-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs370/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs370 English Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs1359 2017-02-10T12:04:49Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview Lewis, Karen J. Shimabukuro, Jon O. Abortion Supreme Court decisions Unborn children (law) Law Children This report offers an overview of the development of abortion law from 1973 to the present. Beginning with a brief discussion of the historical background, the report analyzes the leading Supreme Court decisions over the past twenty-eight years, emphasizing particularly the landmark decisions in Roe and Doe, the Court’s shift in direction in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services and Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v. Casey, and the Court’s most recent decision on abortion, Stenberg v. Carhart. The Court’s decisions on the constitutionality of restricting public funding for abortion are also discussed. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-02 Report 18 pages. Text crs: 95-724 A local-cont-no: 95-724 A 2001-01-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1359/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1359 English 2001 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2075 2017-02-10T19:07:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion: Legislative Response Lewis, Karen J. Shimabukuro, Jon O. Ely, Dana Abortion Government spending reductions Supreme Court decisions Law The primary purpose of this issue brief is to focus on the current legislative action in the 107th Congress with respect to abortion; however, understanding that legislation requires a review of the U. S. Supreme Court’s leading decisions concerning a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a detailed discussion of the case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-17 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB95095 local-cont-no: IB95095 2002-06-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2075/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2075 English 2002 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2076 2017-02-10T19:06:41Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion: Legislative Response Lewis, Karen J. Shimabukuro, Jon O. Ely, Dana Abortion Government spending reductions Supreme Court decisions Law The primary purpose of this issue brief is to focus on the current legislative action in the 107th Congress with respect to abortion; however, understanding that legislation requires a review of the U. S. Supreme Court’s leading decisions concerning a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a detailed discussion of the case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-19 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB95095 local-cont-no: IB95095 2002-07-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2076/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2076 English 2002 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2077 2017-02-10T19:06:38Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion: Legislative Response Lewis, Karen J. Shimabukuro, Jon O. Ely, Dana Abortion Government spending reductions Supreme Court decisions Law The primary purpose of this issue brief is to focus on the current legislative action in the 107th Congress with respect to abortion; however, understanding that legislation requires a review of the U. S. Supreme Court’s leading decisions concerning a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a detailed discussion of the case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-20 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB95095 local-cont-no: IB95095 2002-09-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2077/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2077 English 2002 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2078 2017-02-10T19:06:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion: Legislative Response Lewis, Karen J. Shimabukuro, Jon O. Ely, Dana Abortion Government spending reductions Supreme Court decisions Law The primary focus of this issue brief is legislative action in the 107th Congress with respect to abortion. However, discussion of those legislative proposals necessarily involves a brief discussion of the leading U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a more detailed discussion of the relevant case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-06 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB95095 local-cont-no: IB95095 2002-12-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2078/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2078 English 2002 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3686 2017-02-10T19:07:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion: Legislative Response Lewis, Karen J. Shimabukuro, Jon O. Ely, Dana Abortion Government spending reductions Supreme Court decisions Law The primary focus of this issue brief is legislative action in the 107th Congress with respect to abortion. However, discussion of those legislative proposals necessarily involves a brief discussion of the leading U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a more detailed discussion of the relevant case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-07 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB95095 local-cont-no: IB95095 2003-01-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3686/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3686 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3687 2017-02-10T19:06:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion: Legislative Response Lewis, Karen J. Shimabukuro, Jon O. Ely, Dana Abortion Government spending reductions Supreme Court decisions Law The primary focus of this issue brief is legislative action in the 108th Congress with respect to abortion. However, discussion of those legislative proposals necessarily involves a brief discussion of the leading U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a more detailed discussion of the relevant case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-20 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB95095 local-cont-no: IB95095 2003-03-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3687/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3687 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3688 2017-02-10T19:07:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion: Legislative Response Lewis, Karen J. Shimabukuro, Jon O. Ely, Dana Abortion Government spending reductions Supreme Court decisions Law The primary focus of this issue brief is legislative action in the 108th Congress with respect to abortion. However, discussion of those legislative proposals necessarily involves a brief discussion of the leading U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a more detailed discussion of the relevant case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-28 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB95095 local-cont-no: IB95095 2003-03-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3688/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3688 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3689 2017-02-10T19:07:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion: Legislative Response Lewis, Karen J. Shimabukuro, Jon O. Ely, Dana Abortion Government spending reductions Supreme Court decisions Law The primary focus of this issue brief is legislative action in the 108th Congress with respect to abortion. However, discussion of those legislative proposals necessarily involves a brief discussion of the leading U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a more detailed discussion of the relevant case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-09 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB95095 local-cont-no: IB95095 2003-05-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3689/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3689 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3690 2017-02-10T19:06:52Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion: Legislative Response Lewis, Karen J. Shimabukuro, Jon O. Ely, Dana Abortion Government spending reductions Supreme Court decisions Law The primary focus of this issue brief is legislative action in the 108th Congress with respect to abortion. However, discussion of those legislative proposals necessarily involves a brief discussion of the leading U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a more detailed discussion of the relevant case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-06 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB95095 local-cont-no: IB95095 2003-06-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3690/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3690 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3691 2017-02-10T19:06:48Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion: Legislative Response Lewis, Karen J. Shimabukuro, Jon O. Ely, Dana Abortion Government spending reductions Supreme Court decisions Law The primary focus of this issue brief is legislative action in the 108th Congress with respect to abortion. However, discussion of those legislative proposals necessarily involves a brief discussion of the leading U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a more detailed discussion of the relevant case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-29 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB95095 local-cont-no: IB95095 2003-07-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3691/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3691 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3692 2017-02-10T19:06:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion: Legislative Response Lewis, Karen J. Shimabukuro, Jon O. Ely, Dana Abortion Government spending reductions Supreme Court decisions Law The primary focus of this issue brief is legislative action in the 108th Congress with respect to abortion. However, discussion of those legislative proposals necessarily involves a brief discussion of the leading U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a more detailed discussion of the relevant case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-10-01 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB95095 local-cont-no: IB95095 2003-10-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3692/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3692 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3693 2017-02-10T19:06:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion: Legislative Response Lewis, Karen J. Shimabukuro, Jon O. Ely, Dana Abortion Government spending reductions Supreme Court decisions Law The primary focus of this issue brief is legislative action in the 108th Congress with respect to abortion. However, discussion of those legislative proposals necessarily involves a brief discussion of the leading U.S. Supreme Court decisions concerning a woman’s right to choose whether to terminate her pregnancy. For a more detailed discussion of the relevant case law, see CRS Report 95-724, Abortion Law Development: A Brief Overview. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-10-03 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB95095 local-cont-no: IB95095 2003-10-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3693/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3693 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2079 2017-02-15T19:47:48Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Partial-Birth Abortion: Recent Developments in the Law Shimabukuro, Jon O. Abortion Abortion procedures - Law and legislation Law Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-19 Report Text crs: RL30415 local-cont-no: RL30415 2002-07-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2079/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2079 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3694 2017-02-15T19:47:38Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Partial-Birth Abortion: Recent Developments in the Law Shimabukuro, Jon O. Abortion Abortion procedures - Law and legislation Law Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-07 Report Text crs: RL30415 local-cont-no: RL30415 2003-01-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3694/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3694 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3695 2017-02-15T19:47:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Partial-Birth Abortion: Recent Developments in the Law Shimabukuro, Jon O. Abortion Abortion procedures - Law and legislation Law Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-06 Report Text crs: RL30415 local-cont-no: RL30415 2003-06-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3695/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3695 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3696 2017-02-15T19:47:41Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Partial-Birth Abortion: Recent Developments in the Law Shimabukuro, Jon O. Abortion Abortion procedures - Law and legislation Law Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-10-03 Report Text crs: RL30415 local-cont-no: RL30415 2003-10-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3696/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3696 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs5726 2017-02-15T19:47:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Partial-Birth Abortion: Recent Developments in the Law Shimabukuro, Jon O. Abortion Abortion procedures - Law and legislation Law Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-10-26 Report Text crs: RL30415 local-cont-no: RL30415 2004-10-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5726/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5726 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1360 2017-02-07T18:59:16Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Abortion: Termination of Early Pregnancy with RU-486 (Mifepristone) Johnson, Judith A. Abortion RU 486 (Drug) On September 28, 2000, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the drug mifepristone, also known as RU-486, for the termination of early pregnancy. Because RU-486 is an abortion agent, the process of moving it out of the lab and into mainstream medicine has been fraught with controversy. Since its discovery, the pro-life movement has been adamantly against the use of this drug for abortion. This report discusses the procedure of obtaining and using the drug, as well as the ongoing debate regarding its usage and related legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-02-23 Report 25 pages. Text crs: RL30866 local-cont-no: RL30866 2001-02-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1360/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1360 English 2001 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs1046 2022-08-11T10:09:49Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Older Americans Act: Programs and Funding O'Shaughnessy, Carol Graney, Paul J. Thomas, Cristal A. Federal aid to the aged social services Report on the programs and funding for social and nutrition services for older persons, including a list of the programs, grants, elder rights, and more. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-08-31 Report Text crs: 95-917 EPW local-cont-no: 95-917 EPW 2000-08-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1046/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1046 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs371 2026-04-02T20:47:29Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Older Americans Act: 105th Congress Issues 105th Congress O'Shaughnessy, Carol Age and employment Old age assistance This report addresses the Older American Act and the 105th Congress controversies. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-10-28 Report 8 pages Text crs: 96-976 EPW local-cont-no: 96-976 EPW 1997-10-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs371/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs371 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs372 2020-05-21T14:15:44Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare: Payments to HMOs and Other Private Plans Under the Medicare+Choice Program Smith, Madeleine T. Aged Prospective payment systems (Medical care) Medicare Health Policy This report describes how payments will be calculated under the Medicare+Choice program established under the new law. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-09-18 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-859 local-cont-no: 97-859_1997Sep18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs372/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs372 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs373 2016-03-02T21:44:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare: Private Contracts O'Sullivan, Jennifer Echeverria, Cecilia O Aged Medicare Health Policy This report discusses private contracting for medicare,which is the term used to describe situations where a physician and a patient agree not to submit a claim for a service which would otherwise be covered and paid for by Medicare. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-10-21 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-944 local-cont-no: 97-944_1997Oct21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs373/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs373 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs501 2016-03-03T19:21:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare: Financing the Part A Hospital Insurance Program O'Sullivan, Jennifer Aged Medicare - Finance Finance Health Policy This report discusses Medicare, which consists of two distinct parts — Part A (Hospital Insurance (HI)) and Part B (Supplementary Medical Insurance (SMI)). Part A is financed primarily through payroll taxes levied on current workers and their employers. Income from these taxes is credited to the HI trust fund. Part B is financed through a combination of monthly premiums paid by current enrollees and general revenues. Income from these sources is credited to the SMI trust fund. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-05 Report 7 pages. Text crs: 98-457 local-cont-no: 98-457_1998-05-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs501/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs501 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs502 2020-05-21T14:15:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare Expansion: President Clinton's Proposals to Allow Coverage Before Age 65 Lyke, Bob Fuchs, Beth C. O'Sullivan, Jennifer Smith, Madeleine T. Aged Retiree health benefits Medicare Health Policy This report discusses medicare expansion; President Clinton's proposal to allow people ages 62 through 64 to buy into Medicare if they do not have access to employer-sponsored or federal health insurance. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-03-31 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 98-73 local-cont-no: 98-73_1998Mar31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs502/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs502 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs503 2016-03-02T19:12:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare: Payments to Physicians O'Sullivan, Jennifer Aged Prospective payment systems (Medical care) Medicare Health Policy This report discusses payments for physicians services under Medicare that are made on the basis of a fee schedule. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-01-28 Report 23 pages. Text crs: 98-75 local-cont-no: 98-75_1998Jan28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs503/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs503 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1048 2016-03-02T21:31:44Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare: Prescription Drug Proposals O'Sullivan, Jennifer Aged Prescription pricing Drugs Medicare Consumers Medicine Health Policy This report provides an overview of the President’s plan and the legislation introduced to date in the 106th Congress. It Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-06-08 Report 47 pages. Text crs: RL30250 local-cont-no: RL30250_2000Jun08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1048/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1048 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1047 2020-06-01T22:55:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare Beneficiary Access to Care: The Effects of New Prospective Payment Systems on Outpatient Hospital Care, Home Health Care, and Skilled Nursing Facility Care Merck, Carolyn L. Aged Medical care Medicare Health Policy This report discusses the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA 97), which required that prospective payment systems replace retrospective cost-based reimbursement systems for Medicare beneficiaries receiving care in hospital outpatient departments, from home health care agencies, and in skilled nursing facilities. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-02-02 Report 22 pages. Text crs: RL30300 local-cont-no: RL30300_2000Feb02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1047/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1047 English United States

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Medicare: Changes to Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (BBA 97, P.L. 105-33) Provisions O'Sullivan, Jennifer Merck, Carolyn L. Smith, Madeleine T. Tilson, Sibyl Aged Prospective payment systems (Medical) Medicare - Law and legislation Health Policy This report summarizes the major provisions of the agreement between the by House and Senate negotiators on the Medicare provisions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-11-19 Report 25 pages. Text crs: RL30347 local-cont-no: RL30347_1999Nov19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs829/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs829 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1049 2016-02-09T17:38:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Military Technicians: The Issue of Mandatory Retirement for Non-Dual-Status Technicians Kapp, Lawrence Aged Military personnel Mandatory retirement Defense policy Labor This report describes the mandatory retirement provisions for certain “non-dual-status” military technicians contained in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2000 (P.L. 106-65), discusses the stated rationale behind the policy, and quantifies the impact it will likely have on individual technicians. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-03-28 Report 32 pages. Text crs: RL30487 local-cont-no: RL30487_2000Mar28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1049/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1049 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1051 2022-08-11T10:19:16Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare: Selected Prescription Drug Proposals O'Sullivan, Jennifer older persons Prescription pricing Drugs Medicare consumers Business, Economics and Finance - Medicine Report on selected prescription drug proposals in the Medicare program, including a cost benefits analysis, summary of proposals, background of the issues, and more. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-09-14 Report Text crs: RL30584 local-cont-no: RL30584 2000-09-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1051/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1051 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2080 2026-03-25T20:53:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare+Choice Payments Chaikind, H. R. Morgan, Paulette C. Aged Prospective payment systems (Medical care) Medicare Health Policy This report discusses the M+C program that established new rules for beneficiary and plan participation. This report focuses on M+C payments. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-08 Report 19 pages. Text crs: RL30587 local-cont-no: RL30587_2002May08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2080/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2080 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3697 2026-03-25T20:53:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare+Choice Payments Chaikind, H. R. Morgan, Paulette C. Aged Prospective payment systems (Medical care) Medicare Health Policy This report discusses the M+C program that established new rules for beneficiary and plan participation. This report focuses on M+C payments. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-22 Report 20 pages. Text crs: RL30587 local-cont-no: RL30587_2003Jan22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3697/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3697 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1050 2026-04-17T02:07:12Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare: Side-by-Side Comparison of Selected Prescription Drug Bills O'Sullivan, Jennifer Yacker, Heidi G. older persons Drug law and legislation Medicare Business, Economics and Finance - Medicine consumers Report comparing prescription drug bills in the Medicare program, including an examination of the covered population, benefits, deductibles, premiums, and more. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-09-20 Report Text crs: RL30593 local-cont-no: RL30593 2000-09-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1050/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1050 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1361 2025-08-25T11:20:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Older Workers: Employment and Retirement Trends Purcell, Patrick J. Aged Labor supply Older workers Labor This report analyzes the aging labor force as Baby Boomers approach retirement age. It summarizes long-term trends among older workers and policy responses to the aging population. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-10-26 Report 23 pages Text crs: RL30629 local-cont-no: RL30629 2001-10-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1361/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1361 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1363 2026-03-31T19:51:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare Provisions in the Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act of 2000 (BIPA, P.L. 106-554) Chaikind, H. R. Tilson, Sibyl O'Sullivan, Jennifer Merck, Carolyn L. Smith, Madeleine T. Aged Federal budgets Medicare - Law and legislation Budgets Health Policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-05-24 Report Text crs: RL30707 local-cont-no: RL30707 2001-05-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1363/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1363 English 1997~/2001-05

info:ark/67531/metacrs1362 2017-02-16T15:49:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicaid, SCHIP, and Other Health Provisions in H.R. 5661: Medicare, Medicaid, and SCHIP Benefits Improvement and Protection Act of 2000 Hearne, Jean P. Herz, Elicia J. Baumrucker, Evelyne P. Aged Federal budgets Medicare - Law and legislation Budgets Health Policy This report discusses Medicaid and the State Children’s Health Insurance Program (SCHIP). The report also discusses other major health provisions provisions of H.R. 5661 are incorporated, by reference into H.R. 4577, the Consolidated Appropriations Act 2001. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-04 Report 30 pages. Text crs: RL30718 local-cont-no: RL30718_2001Jan04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1362/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1362 English United States

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Medicare Structure Reform: Background and Options O'Sullivan, Jennifer Chaikind, H. R. Tilson, Sibyl Aged Executive reorganization Medicare - Law and legislation Executive departments Health Policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-07-24 Report Text crs: RL31058 local-cont-no: RL31058 2001-07-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1365/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1365 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1364 2026-04-17T01:13:18Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Summary of the Medicare Regulatory and Contracting Reform Act of 2001 (H.R. 3391) Tilson, Sibyl Aged Executive reorganization Medicare - Law and legislation Executive departments Health Policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-12-03 Report Text crs: RL31203 local-cont-no: RL31203 2001-12-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1364/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1364 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2081 2026-03-31T19:50:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Major Provisions of the Medicare Modernization and Prescription Drug Act of 2002, H.R. 4954, as Passed by the House O'Sullivan, Jennifer Chaikind, H. R. Tilson, Sibyl Medicare Long-term, rehabilitative, and terminal care health policy Document describing the bill that made major revisions to Medicare. It includes information on drug provisions, providers, beneficiaries, administrative, and procedural changes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-05 Report 27 pages Text crs: RL31462 local-cont-no: RL31462 2002-07-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2081/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2081 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3698 2020-06-02T12:36:21Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare: Beneficiary Cost-Sharing Under Prescription Drug Legislation Peterson, Chris L. Aged Prescription pricing - Law and legislation Medicare Medicine Consumers Health Policy This report provides an analysis of how the cost-sharing and premium provisions under the Prescription Drug and Medicare Improvement Act of 2003 (S. 1) and the Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003 (H bill would affect the amount that a beneficiary would pay annually for prescription drugs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-25 Report 21 pages. Text crs: RL31525 local-cont-no: RL31525_2003Jul25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3698/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3698 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3699 2020-06-02T12:36:27Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare: Beneficiary Cost-Sharing Under Proposed Prescription Drug Benefits Peterson, Chris L. Aged Prescription pricing - Law and legislation Medicare Medicine Consumers Health Policy This report examines these proposals as well as the “Medicare Rx Drug Benefit and Discount Act of 2003,” which was introduced by Representative Charles Rangel, the ranking member of the House Ways and Means Committee. Specifically, this report provides background on how the cost-sharing and premium provisions under each bill would affect the amount that a beneficiary pays annually for prescription drugs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-17 Report 15 pages. Text crs: RL31525 local-cont-no: RL31525_2003Jun17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3699/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3699 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3700 2020-06-02T12:36:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare: Beneficiary Cost-Sharing Under Proposed Prescription Drug Benefits Peterson, Chris L. Aged Prescription pricing - Law and legislation Medicare Medicine Consumers Health Policy This report provides background on how the cost-sharing and premium provisions under each bill would affect the amount that a beneficiary pays annually for prescription drugs. In addition, this report gives examples of how annual cost-sharing would differ for beneficiaries with various levels of total prescription drug spending in 2006 under the plans. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-26 Report 15 pages. Text crs: RL31525 local-cont-no: RL31525_2003Jun26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3700/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3700 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3701 2026-03-31T19:51:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare Prescription Drug and Reform Legislation O'Sullivan, Jennifer Chaikind, H. R. Tilson, Sibyl Boulanger, Jennifer Morgan, Paulette C. Aged Prescription pricing - Law and legislation Medicare - Law and legislation Medicine Consumers Health Policy This report describes the major features of S. 1, as ordered reported, and the measure to be considered by the House Ways and Means Committee, H.R. 2473, as ordered reported. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-19 Report 27 pages. Text crs: RL31966 local-cont-no: RL31966_2003Jun19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3701/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3701 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3702 2026-04-17T01:02:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Overview of the Medicare Prescription Drug and Reform Legislation O'Sullivan, Jennifer Chaikind, H. R. Tilson, Sibyl Boulanger, Jennifer Morgan, Paulette C. Aged Prescription pricing - Law and legislation Medicare - Law and legislation Medicine Consumers Health Policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-07 Report Text crs: RL31966 local-cont-no: RL31966 2003-08-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3702/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3702 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5727 2026-03-31T19:51:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Overview of the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 O'Sullivan, Jennifer Chaikind, H. R. Tilson, Sibyl Boulanger, Jennifer Morgan, Paulette C. Aged Medicine Consumers Health Policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-04-21 Report Text crs: RL31966 local-cont-no: RL31966 2004-04-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5727/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5727 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3704 2016-03-02T21:35:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare Prescription Drug Provisions of S.1, as Passed by the Senate, and H.R. 1, as Passed by the House O'Sullivan, Jennifer Aged Prescription pricing - Law and legislation Medicare - Law and legislation Medicine Consumers Health Policy This report discusses differences in the specifics of the prescription drug provisions in S. 1 and H.R. 1 and provides a side-by-side comparison of the Title I provisions of both bills. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-11 Report 39 pages. Text crs: RL31992 local-cont-no: RL31992_2003Jul11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3704/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3704 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1366 2017-02-07T16:30:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medicare's Skilled Nursing Facility Benefit Yacker, Heidi G. Aged Nursing homes Medicare Medicine Health Policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-04-16 Report Text crs: RS20386 local-cont-no: RS20386 2001-04-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1366/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1366 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1052 2026-03-25T20:53:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Trends in Medicare Spending: Fact Sheet Chaikind, H. R. Aged Government spending Medicare Budgets Health Policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-03-03 Report Text crs: RS20484 local-cont-no: RS20484 2000-03-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1052/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1052 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs21 2017-02-07T18:05:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Economics of Agricultural Policy Carr, A. Barry Agriculture Agricultural policies - Economic aspects Agricultural economics An English Act of 1663 imposed a duty on grain imported from abroad whenever the domestic price was below a legislatively set price floor. The English farmer enjoyed a virtual monopoly in the domestic market. By the same token, he was allowed to export grain whenever the domestic price exceeded the price floor, and, after 1673, was granted a bounty (subsidy) on grain exports. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1992-02-20 Report Text crs: 92-198 ENR local-cont-no: 92-198 ENR 1992-02-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs21/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs21 English Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs43 2026-04-16T01:26:02Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Aquaculture and the Federal Role Buck, Eugene H. Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Aquaculture Aquaculture is broadly defined as the production of fish, shellfish, and aquatic plants in a controlled environment. This report discusses the growth of U.S. aquaculture in the decade preceding 1993, and the subsequent debate about what role, if any, the Federal Government should play in supporting the industry. Relevant legislation and policies are also discussed. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1993-09-09 Report Text crs: 93-798 ENR local-cont-no: 93-798 ENR 1993-09-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs43/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs43 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs91 2026-04-17T01:35:29Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

An Introduction to Farm Commodity Programs Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Agricultural policies Farm produce - Federal aid programs Budgets The U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) is required to provide assistance to 20 specified agricultural commodities, to achieve three primary objectives: to support prices, supplement incomes, and manage supplies. Supporters contend that financial help to the farm sector also ensures consumers an abundant supply of reasonably priced food. But critics believe that basic U.S. farm policies, conceived in the 1930s, no longer meet the needs of modern agriculture or society as a whole. This report discusses the various programs available for different commodities. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1994-07-20 Report Text crs: 94-577ENR local-cont-no: 94-577ENR_1994Jul20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs91/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs91 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs504 2020-05-21T18:00:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Tobacco Price Support: An Overview of the Program Womach, Jasper Agriculture Agricultural price supports Tobacco Medicine Over 93% of U.S. tobacco production is flue-cured and burley (both being cigarette tobacco types). These crops are particularly important to the agriculture of North Carolina (where flue-cured is grown) and Kentucky (where burley is grown). Together, these two states produce 65% of the total U.S. tobacco crop. The federal tobacco price support program is designed to support and stabilize prices for farmers. It operates through a combination of mandatory marketing quotas and nonrecourse loans. Marketing quotas limit the amount of tobacco each farmer can sell, which indirectly raises market prices. The loan program establishes guaranteed minimum prices. The law requires that the loan program operate at no net cost to the federal government. Apart from year-to-year budget impacts, no-net-cost provisions of the law are intended to assure that all loan principal plus interest will be recovered Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-07-06 Report Text crs: 95-129 local-cont-no: 95-129 1998-07-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs504/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs504 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs93 2016-02-02T19:27:07Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Legal Issues Related to Livestock Watering in Federal Grazing Districts Baldwin, Pamela Agriculture Water use Range management Grazing Water resources This report discusses proposed regulations related to livestock watering in federal grazing districts. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1994-08-30 Report 14 pages. Text crs: 94-688 A local-cont-no: 94-688_1994Aug30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs93/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs93 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs173 2026-04-17T01:44:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sustainable Agriculture Rawson, Jean M. Sustainable agriculture The term "sustainable agriculture" is used to designate both a reduced-chemical approach to farming and an alternative political viewpoint on the distribution of economic and social benefits in the farm sector. In practice, sustainable agriculture is characterized by the substitution of more intensive farm resource management--generally involving more labor--for purchased inputs of fertilizers and pesticides. It comprises a range of practices that include integrated pest management (which may include pesticide applications), nonintensive livestock production, crop rotations for pest, disease, and erosion control, and alternative tillage and planting practices to reduce soil erosion. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1995-10-25 Report Text crs: 95-1062 ENRD local-cont-no: 95-1062 ENRD 1995-10-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs173/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs173 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs277 2017-02-07T15:09:29Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal Farm Promotion ("Check-off") Programs Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Agriculture - Economic aspects Farm produce This report discusses legislation establishing national generic promotion ("check-off') programs for 20 specified farm commodities. Thirteen of the 20 authorized programs are now in effect. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-05-03 Report Text crs: 95-353ENR local-cont-no: 95-353ENR_1996May03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs277/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs277 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3703 2017-01-26T13:10:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Tobacco Price Support: An Overview of the Program Womach, Jasper Agriculture Agricultural price supports Tobacco Medicine Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-11-03 Report Text crs: 95-129 ENR local-cont-no: 95-129 ENR 2003-11-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3703/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3703 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs92 2026-04-17T01:24:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Conservation Reserve Program: Policy Issues for the 1995 Farm Bill Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Agricultural law and legislation Agricultural conservation - Federal aid programs Budgets The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), enacted in 1985, enables producers to bid to retire highly erodible or environmentally sensitive crop land for 10 years (or longer under certain circumstances). Successful bidders receive annual rental payments, and cost-sharing and technical assistance to install approved plantings. The program was to enroll between 40 and 45 million acres before 1996. Program goals are to reduce erosion and excess production, and more recently, to provide other environmental benefits. To date, about 36.5 million acres have been enrolled. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1994-12-19 Report Text crs: 95-8 ENR local-cont-no: 95-8 ENR 1994-12-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs92/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs92 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs278 2026-04-17T01:23:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The 1996 Farm Bill: Comparisons of Selected Provisions with Previous Law Library of Congress. Environment and Natural Resources Policy Division. Food and Agriculture Section. Agriculture and Food Agricultural law and legislation Final congressional approval was given to H.R. 2854, the Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act, otherwise known as the "1996 farm bill," on March 28, 1996. President Clinton signed the bill into law on April 4, 1996 (P.L. 104-127). In tabular format, this CRS report lays out in descriptive, rather than legislative language, the major provisions of the new farm bill in contrast to preceding law. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-04-04 Report Text crs: 96-304 ENR local-cont-no: 96-304 ENR 1996-04-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs278/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs278 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs279 2026-04-10T01:58:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Wheat, Feed Grains, Cotton, Rice, and Oilseeds Provisions of the Enacted 1996 Farm Bill Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Agricultural price supports - Law and legislation - U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-05-20 Report Text crs: 96-351 ENR local-cont-no: 96-351 ENR 1996-05-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs279/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs279 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs280 2017-02-07T16:47:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Marketing and Regulatory Provisions of the 1996 Farm Bill Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Agricultural law and legislation Marketing of farm produce - Law and legislation - U.S. The Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-127), signed into law on April 4, for the first time grants the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) broad-based authority to establish national generic promotion ("check-off") programs for virtually any agricultural commodity. Formerly, individual programs first had to be authorized expressly by Congress. The new law also explicitly authorizes the establishment of new check-off programs for rapeseed and canola, kiwifruit, and popcorn. Other provisions require USDA to establish a new meat and poultry inspection advisory committee; deal with the collection of user fees for the inspection of agricultural imports; and authorize new guidelines to protect horses being transported to slaughter facilities, among other things. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-04-30 Report Text crs: 96-381 ENR local-cont-no: 96-381 ENR 1996-04-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs280/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs280 English 1996 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs281 2015-11-24T17:53:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Grazing Fees: An Overview Cody, Betsy A. Agriculture Grazing Public lands Natural resources This report briefly discusses charging fees for grazing private livestock on federal lands, which is a long-standing but contentious practice. Generally, livestock producers who use federal lands want to keep fees low, while conservation groups and others believe fees should be raised to approximate "fair market value." Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-05-21 Report Text crs: 96-450ENR local-cont-no: 96-450ENR_1996May21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs281/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs281 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs505 2017-02-07T18:05:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Conservation Compliance for Agriculture: Status and Policy Issues Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Agricultural conservation This program, known as "conservation compliance," was amended in 1990 and 1996. This paper reviews the compliance concept, the program requirements, and the implementation record. It also introduces three policy topics: the effect of compliance on erosion rates and patterns; the effectiveness and flexibility of implementation; and the possible impact of changes to commodity policies enacted in the 1996 farm bill. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-04-10 Report Text crs: 96-648 ENR local-cont-no: 96-648 ENR 1998-04-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs505/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs505 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs282 2020-06-16T20:20:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Pesticide Legislation: Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 Schierow, Linda-Jo Agriculture Food safety - Law and legislation Pesticide regulation - Law and legislation - U.S. Food Hazardous substances The 104th congress enacted significant changes to the Federal Insecticide, fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), governing U.S. sale and use of pesticide products, and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), which limits pesticide residues on food. The vehicle of these changes was H.R. 1627, the "Food Quality Protection Act of 1996" (FQPA), enacted August 3, 1996, as Public Law 104-170. Under FIFRA, the new law will facilitate registrations and reregistrations of pesticides for special (so-called"minor") uses and authorize collection of maintenance fees of support pesticide reregistration. Food safety provisions will establish a single standard of safety for pesticide residue on raw and processed foods; provide information through large food retail stores to consumers about the health risks of pesticide residues and how to avoid them; preempt state and local food safety laws if they are based on concentrations of pesticide residues below recently established federal residue limits(called"tolerances"); and ensure that tolerances protect the health of infants and children. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-09-11 Report Text crs: 96-759 ENR local-cont-no: 96-759 ENR 1996-09-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs282/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs282 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs374 2017-02-07T18:05:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Conservation Reserve Program: Status and Policy Issues Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Agricultural conservation - Federal aid programs Budgets The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), enacted in 1985, enables producers to bid to retire highly erodible or environmentally sensitive cropland, usually for 10 years. Participants receive annual rental and cost-sharing payments, and technical assistance to install approved plantings. Up to 36.4 million acres have been enrolled; current enrollment is estimated to be 32.9 million acres. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-02-24 Report Text crs: 96-760 ENR local-cont-no: 96-760 ENR 1997-02-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs374/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs374 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs830 2017-02-07T15:09:44Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm Commodity Legislation: Chronology, 1933-98 Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Agricultural price supports Agricultural law and legislation - History - U.S. Farm commodity programs were a product of the Great Depression. This report discusses the history of farm commodity legislation. Since 1933, Congress has required the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC) to administer a variety of programs providing price support and income protection for the nations farmers. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-09 Report Text crs: 96-900ENR local-cont-no: 96-900ENR_1999Feb09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs830/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs830 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs283 2020-06-24T13:41:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Survey of Grazing Programs in Western States Baldwin, Pamela Cody, Betsy A. Agriculture Grazing Public lands Natural resources This report sets out in chart form a survey of grazing programs on state-owned lands in 16 western states. It presents information on acreage, numbers of permits or leases, and fees for state grazing programs. It also contains information on state policies relating to various features such as non-use, range improvements, and subleasing. The Report is based on telephone interviews with state grazing program officials. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-01-30 Report Text crs: 96-97 A local-cont-no: 96-97 A 1996-01-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs283/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs283 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs375 2017-02-07T16:47:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Research, Education, Extension and Economics Programs: A Primer Rawson, Jean M. Agriculture Agricultural economics Agricultural experiment stations Agricultural education Agricultural research The 105th Congress is undertaking a thorough review of federal laws and policies affecting the nationwide system of federal and state agricultural research laboratories and agencies, the land grant Colleges of Agriculture and related schools of forestry and veterinary medicine, and the continuing education programs of the Cooperative Extension System. In preparation for hearings and subsequent debate on these subjects, this report provides an overview of all the components of the system, its major programs, and its funding. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-03-04 Report Text crs: 97-325 ENR local-cont-no: 97-325 ENR 1997-03-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs375/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs375 English Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs506 2026-04-10T17:48:02Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Tobacco-Related Programs and Activities of the U.S. Department of Agriculture: Operation and Cost Womach, Jasper Agriculture Tobacco - Agricultural policies Medicine The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) has long operated programs that directly assist farmers and others with the production and marketing of numerous crops, including tobacco. In most cases, the programs themselves are not controversial. Increasingly, however, where tobacco is involved, the use of federal funds is being called into question. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-07-06 Report Text crs: 97-417 ENR local-cont-no: 97-417 ENR 1998-07-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs506/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs506 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs831 2017-02-14T13:20:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Managing Farm Risk in a New Policy Era Chite, Ralph M. Jickling, Mark Agriculture Agricultural credit Finance This report discusses the enhancements to the crop insurance and revenue insurance programs that are expected to be considered by the 106th Congress in order to improve the farm financial safety net and preclude the need for ad hoc legislative assistance. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-22 Report 5 pages. Text crs: 97-572 local-cont-no: 97-572_1999Jan22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs831/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs831 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs376 2017-02-07T18:05:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Conservation Reserve Program - Preliminary Results from the 15th Signup Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Agricultural conservation - Federal aid programs Budgets This report includes a table listing, by state, the: Number of bids, or offers, received; Total acres offered for enrollment; Acres offered that are currently enrolled in the CRP; Acres offered are not currently enrolled in the CRP; Acres on which contracts expire on September 30, 1997; Percentage of acres currently in the program that were offered for reenrollment; and Percentage of acres offered that are not currently enrolled in the CRP. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-04-18 Report Text crs: 97-470 ENR local-cont-no: 97-470 ENR 1997-04-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs376/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs376 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs832 2020-10-03T02:12:16Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Tobacco-Related Activities and Programs in the Federal Government: A Summary Redhead, C. Stephen Agriculture Tobacco Executive departments Medicine Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-10 Report Text crs: 97-64 local-cont-no: 97-64 1999-02-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs832/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs832 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs507 2026-04-11T00:47:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP): Status and Issues Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Federal aid programs Agriculture - Environmental aspects Agricultural conservation - Government spending Budgets The Environmental Quality Incentives Program (EQIP) provides farmers with financial and technical assistance to plan and implement soil and water conservation practices. EQIP was enacted in 1996 and most recently amended by the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (Section 2301 of P.L. 107-171). It is a mandatory spending program (i.e., not subject to annual appropriations), administered by the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). EQIP is guaranteed a total of $6.1 billion from FY2002 through FY2007 from the Commodity Credit Corporation (CCC), making it the largest conservation cost-sharing program. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-03-02 Report Text crs: 97-616 ENR local-cont-no: 97-616 ENR 1998-03-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs507/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs507 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1053 2017-02-14T15:01:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Conservation Reserve Program: Status and Current Issues Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Agricultural conservation The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), enacted in 1985, enables producers to retire highly erodible or environmentally sensitive cropland, usually for 10 years. Congress reauthorized and amended the CRP in the 1996 Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act (P.L. 104-127; 16 U.S.C. 3811, et seq.). The law caps enrollment at 36.4 million acres and makes funding mandatory through the commodity Credit Corporation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-05-23 Report Text crs: 97-673 local-cont-no: 97-673 2000-05-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1053/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1053 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1367 2017-02-14T15:01:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Conservation Reserve Program: Status and Current Issues Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Agricultural conservation The Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), enacted in 1985, enables producers to retire highly erodible or environmentally sensitive cropland, usually for 10 years. Congress reauthorized and amended the CRP in the 1996 Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act (P.L. 104-127; 16 U.S.C. 3811, et seq.). The law caps enrollment at 36.4 million acres and makes funding mandatory through the commodity Credit Corporation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-05-08 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-673 ENR local-cont-no: 97-673 ENR 2001-05-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1367/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1367 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs377 2017-02-10T12:17:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Attorneys' Fees in the State Tobacco Litigation Cases Contrubis, John Agriculture Class actions (Civil procedure) - Legal fees Tobacco industry Law Consumers Business In the past few years, many states have filed complaints against the tobacco industry in state court to recover Medicaid costs paid by the states to treat their citizens for tobacco related illnesses. The states are also attempting to recover other damages, such as punitive damages, against the tobacco industry. For various reasons, the states have hired private attorneys to assist the state Attorneys General in prosecuting these cases. In most cases, the retention of private counsel has included a fee agreement specifying the amount of compensation that these attorneys will receive for their services. These agreements are not uniform among the states, but most tend to provide some form of contingency fee arrangement. Some of these states have developed a sliding scale contingency fee schedule which varies with the amount of time spent on the litigation and whether a trial has begun. This report briefly summarizes the different fee agreements that the states have with private counsel. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-09-23 Report 20 pages. Text crs: 97-883 A local-cont-no: 97-883 A 1997-09-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs377/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs377 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs379 2026-04-17T01:39:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agriculture: A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws Womach, Jasper Agriculture Agriculture - Dictionaries This report includes a glossary of approximately 1,700 agriculture and related terms (e.g., food programs, conservation, forestry, environmental protection, etc.). Besides defining terms and phrases with specialized meanings for agriculture, the glossary also identifies acronyms, agencies, programs, and laws related to agriculture. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-10-01 Report 172 pages. Text crs: 97-905 ENR local-cont-no: 97-905 ENR 1997-10-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs379/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs379 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs378 2020-05-27T23:25:52Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: Methyl Bromide Control Measures Morrissey, Wayne A. Agriculture Ozone layer depletion Methyl bromide - Environmental risk assessment Air pollution This report is intended to help the reader follow changes over time in regulations domestic and international - governing methyl bromide for its potential ozone-depleting effects. Methyl bromide, like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), has been implicated by scientists in contributing to stratospheric ozone depletion, which may pose health threats to living organisms due to increased exposure to harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Methyl bromide is currently used widely as a pesticide in international agricultural commerce. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-10-16 Report Text crs: 97-940 STM local-cont-no: 97-940 STM 1997-10-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs378/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs378 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs380 2026-04-17T00:25:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Exports: Technical Barriers to Trade Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade Trade Technical barriers to trade (TBTs) are widely divergent measures that countries use to regulate rnarkets, protect their consumers, and preserve natural resources, but which can also discriminate against imports in favor of domestic products. Most TBTs in agriculture are sanitary and phytosanitary (SPS) measures designed to protect humans, animals, and plants from contaminants, diseases, and pests. In the wake of new trade agreements aimed at reducing tariffs, import quotas, and other trade barriers, TBTs have become more prominent concerns for agricultural exporters and policymakers. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-10-21 Report 1 document Text crs: 97-952 ENR local-cont-no: 97-952 ENR 1997-10-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs380/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs380 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs508 2026-04-13T14:59:11Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Tobacco Advertising: The Constitutionality of Limiting its Tax Deductibility Cohen, Henry Agriculture Freedom of speech Tobacco - Advertising - Law and legislation - U.S. Civil liberties Consumers Communications Medicine Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-03-04 Report Text crs: 98-189 A local-cont-no: 98-189 A 1998-03-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs508/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs508 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1054 2026-04-16T23:54:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

U.S. Agricultural Trade: Trends, Composition, Direction, and Policy Hanrahan, Charles E. Dunkley, Mary L. Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade Trade Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-10-24 Report Text crs: 98-253 ENR local-cont-no: 98-253 ENR 2000-10-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1054/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1054 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs509 2026-04-02T20:50:16Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Tobacco Marketing and Advertising Restrictions in S. 1648, 105th Congress: First Amendment Issues 105th Congress Cohen, Henry Agriculture Freedom of speech Tobacco - Advertising - Law and legislation - U.S. Civil liberties Consumers Communications Medicine Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-04-08 Report Text crs: 98-343 A local-cont-no: 98-343 A 1998-04-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs509/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs509 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs510 2020-07-12T14:51:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Tobacco Issues: National Public Opinion Coleman, Kevin J. Agriculture Tobacco - U.S. - Public opinion Communications Medicine Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-14 Report Text crs: 98-363 GOV local-cont-no: 98-363 GOV 1998-05-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs510/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs510 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs511 2015-09-09T16:47:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm Commodity Programs: Sugar Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Commodity prices - Sugar Agricultural law and legislation This report discusses the federal sugar program, which authorized by the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 seeks to ensure the viability of the U.S. sugar producing sector primarily by supporting the incomes of sugar beet and sugarcane producers and of those firms that process each crop into sugar. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-04-24 Report Text crs: 98-403ENR local-cont-no: 98-403ENR_1998Apr24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs511/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs511 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs512 2026-04-02T20:49:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Tobacco Marketing and Advertising Restrictions in S. 1415, 105th Congress: First Amendment Issues 105th Congress Cohen, Henry Agriculture Freedom of speech Tobacco - Advertising - Law and legislation - U.S. Civil liberties Consumers Communications Medicine Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-15 Report Text crs: 98-466 A local-cont-no: 98-466 A 1998-05-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs512/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs512 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs514 2020-05-20T20:28:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

U.S. Agriculture and the International Monetary Fund Hanrahan, Charles E. Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade International Monetary Fund Trade Congress is considering legislation to provide supplemental resources to the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to strengthen its ability to deal with future financial crises like those currently in Asia and in 1994-95 in Mexico. many in U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-07-06 Report Text crs: 98-589 ENR local-cont-no: 98-589 ENR 1998-07-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs514/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs514 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs513 2017-02-13T19:36:26Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The U.S. Tobacco Industry in Domestic and World Markets Knight, Edward Ayers, Patricia C. Mayer, Gerald Agriculture Tobacco industry - Foreign trade Trade Business Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-06-09 Report Text crs: 98-506 E local-cont-no: 98-506 E 1998-06-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs513/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs513 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs516 2026-04-02T20:49:11Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Tobacco Legislation in the 105th Congress: Side-by-Side Comparison of S. 1415, S. 1530, S. 1638, S. 1889, H.R. 3474, and H.R. 3868 105th Congress Redhead, C. Stephen Austin-Lane, Joy Agriculture Tobacco - Government regulation - U.S. Tobacco settlement Tobacco - Law and legislation - U.S. Economic policy Consumers Business Medicine Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-08-19 Report Text crs: 98-6 STM local-cont-no: 98-6 STM 1998-08-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs516/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs516 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs515 2020-05-12T19:33:23Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Tobacco Control: Enforcement and Effectiveness of Federal and State Youth Access Laws Redhead, C. Stephen Austin-Lane, Joy Agriculture Tobacco - Government regulation Economic policy Medicine This report reviews recent efforts to limit youth access to cigarettes through enforcement of federal and state laws prohibiting tobacco sales to minors. Under the federal Synar Amendment, states must conduct compliance checks and enforce their minimum age-of-sale laws or risk losing block grant funds Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-08-19 Report Text crs: 98-678 local-cont-no: 98-678 1998-08-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs515/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs515 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs517 2026-04-17T01:39:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

U.S. Farm Income: Recent National and Regional Changes and the Federal Response Heykoop, Jerry Jones, Jean Yavis Agriculture Farm income Major segments of U.S. agriculture are experiencing declining farm income and financial difficulty. The degree of decline, however, differs among regions and commodities. In 1996, the overall farm sector experienced record high income that declined 6.7% in 1997, and is forecast to decline by another 3.6% in 1998. Several factors are responsible for the recent drop in farm income. Reduced export demand and large global supplies have reduced crop prices Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-12-15 Report Text crs: 98-743 local-cont-no: 98-743 1998-12-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs517/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs517 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs518 2020-05-12T02:39:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

U.S.-European Agricultural Trade: Food Safety and Biotechnology Issues Hanrahan, Charles E. Agriculture Food safety Agricultural biotechnology Agriculture in foreign trade Trade The European Union (EU) is the second largest market for U.S. agricultural exports. The EU's ban on meat produced using growth-promoting hormones is a food safety issue that has been particularly contentious in U.S.-EU agricultural trade relations. EU policy on bio-engineered products has also been an issue. A World Trade Organization dispute settlement panel has ruled that the ban contravenes the EU's international obligations under the WTO, but left open the option to the EU to conduct a risk assessment of hormone-treated meat. Rules governing trade in bio-engineered products may become an issue in WTO agricultural trade negotiations scheduled to begin in 1999. This report will be updated as events warrant. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-10-21 Report Text crs: 98-861 ENR local-cont-no: 98-861 ENR 1998-10-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs518/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs518 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1368 2024-02-09T10:02:51Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

U.S. European Agricultural Trade: Food Safety and Biotechnology Issues Hanrahan, Charles E. General agriculture matters Food supply, safety, and labeling Agricultural trade Agricultural practices and innovations Trade agreements and negotiations Trade restrictions International organizations and cooperation growth-promoting hormones meats This report discusses the differences over food safety measures and biotechnology between U.S. and European Union (EU) in agricultural trade, particularly the EU's ban on meat produced using growth-promoting hormones and resulting contention in the World Trade Organization (WTO). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-17 Report 6 pages Text crs: 98-861 local-cont-no: 98-861 2001-01-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1368/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1368 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs833 2026-04-17T01:40:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Animal Agriculture: Issues for the 106th Congress 106th Congress Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Livestock Agricultural law and legislation Animals This report discusses a variety of animal agriculture issues that generated debate during the 106th Congress, including low livestock prices, especially for hogs. Economic difficulties have revived questions such as the impacts of consolidation in the livestock industry, and the price effects of animal imports from Canada and Mexico. This report also discusses a number of legislative proposals to assist livestock producers and enforce sanitary and phytosanitary standards, as well as continuing trade disputes and negotiations with China, the European Union, New Zealand, and Australia. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-09-02 Report Text crs: IB10021 local-cont-no: IB10021 1999-09-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs833/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs833 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1055 2017-01-26T19:11:38Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Trade Issues in the 106th Congress 106th Congress Becker, Geoffrey S. Hanrahan, Charles E. Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade Trade Agricultural interests have been following trade policy developments against a backdrop of weak foreign demand and large world supplies of agricultural products. The U.S. Department of Agriculture reports that the value of U.S. agricultural exports fell between FY1996 (a record year) and FY1999 by almost $11 billion. USDA forecasts agricultural exports at $50.5 billion in FY2000 and $51.5 billion in FY2001. However, the projected agricultural trade surpluses for those years, of $11.5 billion and $12 billion, would be less than half the FY1996 surplus of $27.2 billion. Many agricultural groups and their supporters in Congress believe that the sector's future prosperity depends upon such U.S. trade policies as: 1) encouraging China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO), with its binding rules and responsibilities; 2) exempting agriculture from U.S. unilateral economic sanctions; 3) fully using export and food aid programs; and 4) aggressively battling foreign-imposed barriers to the movement of U.S. farm products. A few U.S. farm groups are wary of such approaches. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-11-27 Report Text crs: IB10040 local-cont-no: IB10040 2000-11-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1055/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1055 English China 2000 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs1057 2017-02-07T15:08:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm Economic Relief: Issues and Options for Congress Womach, Jasper Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Agricultural subsidies Appropriations This report discusses issues regarding Agriculture funding, specifically the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act (P.L. 104-127), which prescribed farm commodity support policy through 2002. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-12-06 Report Text crs: IB10043 local-cont-no: IB10043_2000Dec06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1057/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1057 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1056 2017-02-07T15:08:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm Economic Relief: Issues and Options for Congress Womach, Jasper Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Agricultural subsidies Appropriations This report discusses issues regarding Agriculture funding and subsidies. In response to low prices, natural disasters, and other farm-related problems, Congress has, over 3 successive years, provided a total of about $23 billion in supplemental aid – in addition to funds already programmed through the 1996 farm bill (P.L. 104-127). The most recent aid was attached to a crop insurance reform bill signed into law on June 22, 2000 (P.L. 106-224). This Agriculture Risk Protection Act of 2000 includes $7.113 billion for additional farm income and related assistance, of which $5.5 billion is to be spent in FY2000. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-08-22 Report 15 Pages. Text crs: IB10043 local-cont-no: IB10043_2000Aug22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1056/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1056 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1369 2026-04-17T01:40:41Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Animal Agriculture: Current Issues Heykoop, Jerry Segarra, Alejandro E. Agriculture Livestock Agricultural law and legislation Animals A variety of animal agriculture issues, including low livestock prices, the impact of consolidation in the meat packing industry, trade, and the environmental impacts of large feedlots, generated interest in the 106th and 107th Congresses. This report addresses this issues in detail. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-04-16 Report Text crs: IB10063 local-cont-no: IB10063 2001-04-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1369/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1369 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2082 2026-04-17T01:40:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Animal Agriculture: Issues in the 107th Congress CRS issue brief 107th Congress Heykoop, Jerry Agriculture Livestock Agricultural law and legislation Animals A variety of animal agriculture issues, including prices, the impact of consolidation in the meat production/packing industry, trade, and the environmental impacts of large feedlots, continue to generate interest in Congress. This issue brief discusses these issues, as well as the 2002 farm bill, which contains several provisions affecting animal agriculture, including protections for contract growers, disaster assistance, country-of-origin labeling, and increased funding for conservation purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-03-28 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10063 local-cont-no: IB10063 2002-03-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2082/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2082 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2083 2026-04-17T01:40:46Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Animal Agriculture: Issues in the 107th Congress CRS issue brief 107th Congress Heykoop, Jerry Agriculture Livestock Agricultural law and legislation Animals A variety of animal agriculture issues, including prices, the impact of consolidation in the meat production/packing industry, trade, and the environmental impacts of large feedlots, continue to generate interest in Congress. This issue brief discusses these issues, as well as the 2002 farm bill, which contains several provisions affecting animal agriculture, including protections for contract growers, disaster assistance, country-of-origin labeling, and increased funding for conservation purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-24 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10063 local-cont-no: IB10063 2002-05-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2083/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2083 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2084 2026-04-17T01:40:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Animal Agriculture: Issues in the 107th Congress CRS issue brief 107th Congress Heykoop, Jerry Agriculture Livestock Agricultural law and legislation Animals A variety of animal agriculture issues, including prices, the impact of consolidation in the meat production/packing industry, trade, and the environmental impacts of large feedlots, continue to generate interest in Congress. This issue brief discusses these issues, as well as the 2002 farm bill, which contains several provisions affecting animal agriculture, including protections for contract growers, disaster assistance, country-of-origin labeling, and increased funding for conservation purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-18 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10063 local-cont-no: IB10063 2002-07-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2084/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2084 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2085 2026-04-17T01:40:48Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Animal Agriculture: Issues in the 107th Congress CRS issue brief 107th Congress Heykoop, Jerry Agriculture Livestock Agricultural law and legislation Animals A variety of animal agriculture issues, including prices, the impact of consolidation in the meat production/packing industry, trade, and the environmental impacts of large feedlots, continue to generate interest in Congress. This issue brief discusses these issues, as well as the 2002 farm bill, which contains several provisions affecting animal agriculture, including protections for contract growers, disaster assistance, country-of-origin labeling, and increased funding for conservation purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-17 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10063 local-cont-no: IB10063 2002-09-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2085/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2085 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2086 2026-04-17T01:40:49Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Animal Agriculture: Issues in the 107th Congress CRS issue brief 107th Congress Heykoop, Jerry Agriculture Livestock Agricultural law and legislation Animals A variety of animal agriculture issues, including prices, the impact of consolidation in the meat production/packing industry, trade, and the environmental impacts of large feedlots, continue to generate interest in Congress. This issue brief discusses these issues, as well as the 2002 farm bill, which contains several provisions affecting animal agriculture, including protections for contract growers, disaster assistance, country-of-origin labeling, and increased funding for conservation purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-17 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10063 local-cont-no: IB10063 2002-10-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2086/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2086 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3705 2026-04-17T01:40:50Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Animal Agriculture: Issues in the 107th Congress CRS issue brief 107th Congress Heykoop, Jerry Agriculture Livestock Agricultural law and legislation Animals A variety of animal agriculture issues, including prices, the impact of consolidation in the meat production/packing industry, trade, and the environmental impacts of large feedlots, continue to generate interest in Congress. This issue brief discusses these issues, as well as the 2002 farm bill, which contains several provisions affecting animal agriculture, including protections for contract growers, disaster assistance, country-of-origin labeling, and increased funding for conservation purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-02 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10063 local-cont-no: IB10063 2003-01-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3705/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3705 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3706 2026-04-17T01:40:51Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Animal Agriculture: Issues in the 107th Congress CRS issue brief 107th Congress Heykoop, Jerry Agriculture Livestock Agricultural law and legislation Animals A variety of animal agriculture issues, including prices, the impact of consolidation in the meat production/packing industry, trade, and the environmental impacts of large feedlots, continue to generate interest in Congress. This issue brief discusses these issues, as well as the 2002 farm bill, which contains several provisions affecting animal agriculture, including protections for contract growers, disaster assistance, country-of-origin labeling, and increased funding for conservation purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-29 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10063 local-cont-no: IB10063 2003-01-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3706/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3706 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1370 2026-04-17T00:25:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Trade Issues in the 107th Congress 107th Congress Hanrahan, Charles E. Jurenas, Remy Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade Trade The 107th Congress will consider and seek to influence trade issues with implications for the U.S. agricultural sector. Trade in agricultural commodities and food products affects farm income and rural employment, and it also generates economic activity beyond the farm gate. With agricultural export sales accounting for one-quarter of farm income, policymakers view U.S. efforts to develop market opportunities overseas as vital to the sector's financial health. Decisions taken by the Bush Administration, and actions taken by Congress, thus will affect the outlook for agricultural trade. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-05-25 Report Text crs: IB10077 local-cont-no: IB10077 2001-05-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1370/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1370 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2087 2026-04-17T00:25:41Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Trade Issues in the 107th Congress CRS issue brief 107th Congress Hanrahan, Charles E. Becker, Geoffrey S. Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade Trade The 107th Congress is considering trade issues with implications for the U.S. agricultural sector. Trade in agricultural commodities and food products affects farm income and rural employment, and it also generates economic activity beyond the farm gate. With agricultural export sales the equivalent of one-quarter of farm income, some policymakers view U.S. efforts to develop market opportunities overseas as vital to the sector’s financial health. Decisions taken by the Bush Administration, and actions taken by Congress, thus will affect the outlook for agricultural trade. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-03-13 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10077 local-cont-no: IB10077 2002-03-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2087/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2087 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2088 2024-02-06T14:29:07Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Trade Issues in the 107th Congress 107th Congress Hanrahan, Charles E. Becker, Geoffrey S. Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade Trade The 107th Congress is considering trade issues with implications for the U.S. agricultural sector. Trade in agricultural commodities and food products affects farm income and rural employment, and it also generates economic activity beyond the farm gate. With agricultural export sales the equivalent of one-quarter of farm income, some policymakers view U.S. efforts to develop market opportunities overseas as vital to the sector’s financial health. Decisions taken by the Bush Administration, and actions taken by Congress, thus will affect the outlook for agricultural trade. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-03 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10077 local-cont-no: IB10077 2002-05-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2088/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2088 English United States 1981~/2007 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2089 2026-04-17T00:25:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Trade Issues in the 107th Congress CRS issue brief 107th Congress Hanrahan, Charles E. Becker, Geoffrey S. Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade Trade The 107th Congress is considering trade issues with implications for the U.S. agricultural sector. Trade in agricultural commodities and food products affects farm income and rural employment, and it also generates economic activity beyond the farm gate. With agricultural export sales the equivalent of one-quarter of farm income, some policymakers view U.S. efforts to develop market opportunities overseas as vital to the sector’s financial health. Decisions taken by the Bush Administration, and actions taken by Congress, thus will affect the outlook for agricultural trade. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-24 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10077 local-cont-no: IB10077 2002-06-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2089/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2089 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2090 2026-04-17T00:25:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Trade Issues in the 107th Congress CRS issue brief 107th Congress Hanrahan, Charles E. Becker, Geoffrey S. Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade Trade The 107th Congress is considering trade issues with implications for the U.S. agricultural sector. Trade in agricultural commodities and food products affects farm income and rural employment, and it also generates economic activity beyond the farm gate. With agricultural export sales the equivalent of one-quarter of farm income, some policymakers view U.S. efforts to develop market opportunities overseas as vital to the sector’s financial health. Decisions taken by the Bush Administration, and actions taken by Congress, thus will affect the outlook for agricultural trade. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-09 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10077 local-cont-no: IB10077 2002-08-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2090/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2090 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2091 2026-04-17T00:25:44Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Trade Issues in the 107th Congress CRS issue brief 107th Congress Hanrahan, Charles E. Becker, Geoffrey S. Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade Trade The 107th Congress is considering trade issues with implications for the U.S. agricultural sector. Trade in agricultural commodities and food products affects farm income and rural employment, and it also generates economic activity beyond the farm gate. With agricultural export sales the equivalent of one-quarter of farm income, some policymakers view U.S. efforts to develop market opportunities overseas as vital to the sector’s financial health. Decisions taken by the Bush Administration, and actions taken by Congress, thus will affect the outlook for agricultural trade. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-24 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10077 local-cont-no: IB10077 2002-09-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2091/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2091 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2092 2017-01-26T19:18:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Trade Issues in the 107th Congress 107th Congress Hanrahan, Charles E. Becker, Geoffrey S. Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade Trade The 107th Congress is considering trade issues with implications for the U.S. agricultural sector. Trade in agricultural commodities and food products affects farm income and rural employment, and it also generates economic activity beyond the farm gate. With agricultural export sales the equivalent of one-quarter of farm income, some policymakers view U.S. efforts to develop market opportunities overseas as vital to the sector’s financial health. Decisions taken by the Bush Administration, and actions taken by Congress, thus will affect the outlook for agricultural trade. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-07 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10077 local-cont-no: IB10077 2002-11-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2092/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2092 English 2002 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3707 2017-01-26T19:18:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Trade Issues in the 107th Congress 107th Congress Hanrahan, Charles E. Becker, Geoffrey S. Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade Trade The 107th Congress is considering trade issues with implications for the U.S. agricultural sector. Trade in agricultural commodities and food products affects farm income and rural employment, and it also generates economic activity beyond the farm gate. With agricultural export sales the equivalent of one-quarter of farm income, some policymakers view U.S. efforts to develop market opportunities overseas as vital to the sector’s financial health. Decisions taken by the Bush Administration, and actions taken by Congress, thus will affect the outlook for agricultural trade. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-17 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10077 local-cont-no: IB10077 2003-01-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3707/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3707 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs174 2017-02-14T15:01:34Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Farm Bill: Soil and Water Conservation Issues Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Agricultural conservation - Law and legislation Agricultural law and legislation This report discusses resource conservation topics, which are a part of the farm bill debate. Debate on existing programs focuses on reauthorization of the Conservation Reserve Program and possible amendments to the reserve, swampbuster, and conservation compliance. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1995-12-29 Report Text crs: IB95027 local-cont-no: IB95027_1995Dec29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs174/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs174 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs284 2020-06-30T13:58:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Pesticide Policy Issues Schierow, Linda-Jo Agriculture Pesticides policy - Law and legislation Hazardous substances On August 3, 1996, President Clinton signed P.L. 104-170, which contains significant amendments to the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA). Although it does not repeal the Delaney Clause, the new law removes pesticide residues from its purview. It requires EPA to set "safe" tolerances for residues of pesticides on both raw and processed food to provide "a reasonable certainty of no harm" from exposure to the pesticide residue, other dietary residues, and non-food sources. It also will expedite pesticide registration under FIFRA for minor uses; improve data collection on the effect of pesticides in children's diets; and prohibit states from regulating food based on pesticide residue concentrations below recently established federal tolerances. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-12-04 Report Text crs: IB95016 local-cont-no: IB95016 1996-12-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs284/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs284 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs285 2024-09-16T17:14:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The 1995 Farm Bill: Research, Education, and Extension Issues Rawson, Jean M. Department of Agriculture Agricultural education Agricultural research The House Agriculture Committee has proposed extending Title XVI of the 1990 farm act (P.L. 101-624) for two years. Currently, the title will expire at the end of 1995. The title includes funding authority for the U.s. Department of Agriculture's (USDA) in-house research programs, as well as federal support for cooperative research, higher education, extension programs in the States, and several research grant programs. This report discusses efforts underway to extend this title and reform future legislation. It also outlines federal spending in these areas. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-11-30 Report Text crs: IB95101 local-cont-no: IB95101 1996-11-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs285/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs285 English United States 1862/1995

info:ark/67531/metacrs1371 2026-04-17T00:42:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sugar Policy Issues Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agricultural policies Sugar Food Food supply, safety, and labeling Food industry and services U.S. Department of Agriculture USDA This report examines federal support for the sugar industry and the economic consequences of excess sugar production in the early 2000s, which resulted in lower sugar prices due to supply and demand dynamics. The report summarizes differing policy perspectives for production in the domestic sugar industry. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-04-13 Report 1 document Text crs: IB95117 local-cont-no: IB95117 2001-04-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1371/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1371 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2093 2026-04-17T00:42:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sugar Policy Issues CRS issue brief Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agricultural policies Sugar Food Food supply, safety, and labeling Food industry and services This report discusses federal support for the domestic sugar industry and the economic consequences to the market caused by fluctuating levels of sugar prices and sugar production. This includes an examination of the stakeholder and legislative contention over U.S. sugar subsidization policy. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-04-05 Report 16 pages Text crs: IB95117 local-cont-no: IB95117 2002-04-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2093/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2093 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2094 2026-04-17T00:27:27Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sugar Policy Issues CRS issue brief Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agricultural policies Sugar Food Food industry and services Food supply, safety, and labeling This report discusses the debate between domestic sugar growers and processors about U.S. programs that subsidize the sugar industry. It examines the different areas of the USDA program, how they are evolving, and their impact on the market. These areas include sugar inventory, sugar import quotas, and sugar supply and price prospects. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-12 Report 16 pages Text crs: IB95117 local-cont-no: IB95117 2002-07-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2094/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2094 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2095 2026-04-17T00:34:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sugar Policy Issues CRS issue brief Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agricultural policies Sugar Food Food industry and services Food supply, safety, and labeling This report discusses the debate between domestic sugar growers and processors about U.S. programs that subsidize the sugar industry. It examines the different areas of the USDA program, how they are evolving, and their impact on the market. These areas include sugar inventory, sugar import quotas, and sugar supply and price prospects. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-16 Report 16 pages Text crs: IB95117 local-cont-no: IB95117 2002-09-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2095/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2095 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2096 2026-04-17T00:27:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sugar Policy Issues CRS issue brief Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agricultural policies Sugar Food Food industry and services Food supply, safety, and labeling This report discusses U.S. sugar policy, including its main features. The report also examines developments that have impacted the domestic sugar industry, market, and program, including issues relating to both the broader sugar trade and domestic contention relating to sugar subsidy legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-18 Report 16 pages Text crs: IB95117 local-cont-no: IB95117 2002-10-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2096/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2096 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2097 2026-04-17T00:27:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sugar Policy Issues CRS issue brief Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agricultural policies Sugar Food Food industry and services Food supply, safety, and labeling This report discusses U.S. sugar policy, including its main features. The report also examines developments that have impacted the domestic sugar industry, market, and program, including issues relating to both the broader sugar trade and domestic contention relating to sugar subsidy legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-22 Report 7 pages Text crs: IB95117 local-cont-no: IB95117 2002-11-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2097/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2097 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2098 2026-04-17T00:27:24Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sugar Policy Issues CRS issue brief Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agricultural policies Sugar Food Food industry and services Food supply, safety, and labeling This report discusses U.S. sugar policy, including its main features. The report also examines developments that have impacted the domestic sugar industry, market, and program, including issues relating to both the broader sugar trade and domestic contention relating to sugar subsidy legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-20 Report 16 pages Text crs: IB95117 local-cont-no: IB95117 2002-12-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2098/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2098 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3708 2026-04-17T00:27:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sugar Policy Issues CRS issue brief Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agricultural policies Sugar Food Food industry and services Food supply, safety, and labeling This report discusses U.S. sugar policy, including its main features. The report also examines developments that have impacted the domestic sugar market and program, including issues relating to the international sugar trade with Mexico. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-05 Report 16 pages Text crs: IB95117 local-cont-no: IB95117 2003-02-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3708/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3708 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3709 2026-04-17T00:27:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sugar Policy Issues CRS issue brief Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agricultural policies Sugar Food Food industry and services Food supply, safety, and labeling This report discusses U.S. sugar policy, including its main features. The report also examines developments that have impacted the domestic sugar market and program, including issues relating to the international sugar trade with Mexico. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-27 Report 16 pages Text crs: IB95117 local-cont-no: IB95117 2003-03-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3709/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3709 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3710 2026-04-17T00:27:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sugar Policy Issues CRS issue brief Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agricultural policies Sugar Food Food industry and services Food supply, safety, and labeling This report discusses domestic contention over U.S. programs that subsidize the sugar industry. It examines the different areas of the USDA program, how they are evolving, and their impact on the market. These areas include sugar inventory, sugar import quotas, and sugar supply and price prospects. Finally, the influence of the 2002 Farm Bill and sugar trade issues with Mexico are also considered. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-29 Report 16 pages Text crs: IB95117 local-cont-no: IB95117 2003-05-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3710/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3710 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3711 2026-04-17T00:27:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sugar Policy Issues CRS issue brief Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agricultural policies Sugar Food Food industry and services Food supply, safety, and labeling This report discusses domestic contention over U.S. programs that subsidize the sugar industry. It examines the different areas of the USDA program, how they are evolving, and their impact on the market. These areas include sugar inventory, sugar import quotas, and sugar supply and price prospects. Finally, the influence of the 2002 Farm Bill and sugar trade issues with Mexico are also considered. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-14 Report Text crs: IB95117 local-cont-no: IB95117 2003-07-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3711/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3711 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3712 2026-04-17T00:27:21Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sugar Policy Issues CRS issue brief Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agricultural policies Sugar Food Food industry and services Food supply, safety, and labeling This report discusses domestic contention over U.S. programs that subsidize the sugar industry. It examines the different areas of the USDA program, how they are evolving, and their impact on the market. These areas include sugar inventory, sugar import quotas, and sugar supply and price prospects. Finally, the influence of the 2002 Farm Bill and sugar trade issues with Mexico are also considered. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-29 Report 16 pages Text crs: IB95117 local-cont-no: IB95117 2003-08-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3712/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3712 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs519 2015-11-25T16:12:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Grazing Fees and Rangeland Management Cody, Betsy A. Baldwin, Pamela Agriculture Range management Grazing Public lands Natural resources The Bureau of Land Management (BLM, Department of the Interior) and the Forest Service (Department of Agriculture) manage approximately 70% of the 650 million acres of land owned by the federal government and many of these lands are classified as rangeland. Both agencies have well-established programs permitting private livestock grazing. The Administration issued new, controversial BLM rangeland management rules effective in August 1995. Supporters contended that the Administration's new rules were a step forward in sound resource management, but some believed they did not go far enough to protect rangelands and riparian areas. Many in the ranching community opposed the new rules, believing that they would ultimately reduce private livestock activity on federal lands, and increase operating costs. This report examines the debate over federal grazing management. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-12-04 Report Text crs: IB96006 local-cont-no: IB96006_1998Dec04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs519/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs519 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1058 2026-04-17T00:48:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-08-28 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2000-08-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1058/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1058 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1372 2026-04-17T00:47:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-22 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2001-01-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1372/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1372 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1373 2026-04-17T00:47:52Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-08-20 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2001-08-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1373/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1373 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2099 2026-04-17T00:47:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-03-15 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2002-03-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2099/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2099 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2100 2026-04-17T00:47:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-17 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2002-05-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2100/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2100 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2101 2026-04-17T00:47:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-05 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2002-07-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2101/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2101 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2102 2026-04-17T00:47:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-28 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2002-08-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2102/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2102 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2103 2026-04-17T00:48:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-08 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2002-10-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2103/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2103 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3713 2026-04-17T00:48:07Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-07 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2003-01-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3713/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3713 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3714 2026-04-17T00:48:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-03 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2003-03-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3714/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3714 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3715 2026-04-17T00:48:11Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-14 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2003-04-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3715/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3715 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3716 2026-04-17T00:48:12Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-27 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2003-05-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3716/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3716 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3717 2026-04-17T00:48:16Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-08 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2003-07-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3717/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3717 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3718 2026-04-17T00:48:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-02 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2003-09-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3718/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3718 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5728 2026-04-17T00:48:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Soil and Water Conservation Issues CRS issue brief Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Water conservation Soil conservation Water resources Natural resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-09-16 Report Text crs: IB96030 local-cont-no: IB96030 2004-09-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5728/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5728 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1059 2017-02-14T13:19:52Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Three major dairy policy issues captured the attention of the 106th Congress, and are expected to remain issues of concern to the 107th Congress-- federal financial assistance for dairy farmers; implementation by USDA of changes to federal farm milk pricing regulations; and regional debates over the market effects of dairy compacts. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-08-01 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2000-08-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1059/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1059 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1374 2017-02-14T13:19:46Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Three major dairy policy issues captured the attention of the 106th Congress, and are expected to remain issues of concern to the 107th Congress-- federal financial assistance for dairy farmers; implementation by USDA of changes to federal farm milk pricing regulations; and regional debates over the market effects of dairy compacts. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-04-02 Report Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2001-04-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1374/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1374 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2104 2017-02-14T13:20:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-04-09 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2002-04-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2104/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2104 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2105 2017-02-14T13:19:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-28 Report 14 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2002-06-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2105/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2105 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2106 2017-02-14T13:20:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-20 Report 14 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2002-08-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2106/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2106 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2107 2017-02-14T13:20:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-27 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2002-09-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2107/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2107 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2108 2017-02-14T13:20:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-01 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2002-11-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2108/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2108 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2109 2017-02-14T13:20:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Several dairy issues that were debated during the 108th Congress are expected to continue as issues of interest in the 109th Congress. Separate bills were introduced in the 108th Congress to extend authority for both the Milk Income Loss Contract (MILC) Program and the dairy forward pricing pilot program, and to address dairy producer concerns about the importation of milk protein concentrates. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-22 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2002-11-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2109/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2109 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2110 2017-02-14T13:19:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Several major dairy policy issues are addressed in the context of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (P.L. 107- 171, the 2002 farm bill), which was signed into law on May 13, 2002. Included in the enacted 2002 farm bill are a reauthorization of the dairy price support program for an additional 5 ½ years, and new authorization for direct payments to dairy farmers through September 2005, triggered whenever the market price of farm milk falls below a target price level. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-20 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2002-12-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2110/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2110 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3719 2017-02-14T13:19:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Several major dairy policy issues are addressed in the context of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (P.L. 107- 171, the 2002 farm bill), which was signed into law on May 13, 2002. Included in the enacted 2002 farm bill are a reauthorization of the dairy price support program for an additional 5 ½ years, and new authorization for direct payments to dairy farmers through September 2005, triggered whenever the market price of farm milk falls below a target price level. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-05 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2003-02-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3719/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3719 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3720 2017-02-14T13:19:38Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Several major dairy policy issues are addressed in the context of the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002 (P.L. 107- 171, the 2002 farm bill), which was signed into law on May 13, 2002. Included in the enacted 2002 farm bill are a reauthorization of the dairy price support program for an additional 5 ½ years, and new authorization for direct payments to dairy farmers through September 2005, triggered whenever the market price of farm milk falls below a target price level. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-17 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2003-03-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3720/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3720 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3721 2017-02-14T13:19:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Many dairy farmer groups are concerned that imports of milk protein concentrates (MPCs) are displacing domestic dairy ingredients and thus depressing farm milk prices. S.560 and H.R. 1160 would impose tariff rate quotas on certain MPCs, and S. 40 would prohibit the use of dry MPC in domestic cheese production. Dairy processor groups are opposed to these bills. A dairy producer group challenged the Customs Service classification of MPCs, but Customs ruled that current classifications are correct. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-18 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2003-04-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3721/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3721 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3722 2017-02-14T13:19:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Many dairy farmer groups are concerned that imports of milk protein concentrates (MPCs) are displacing domestic dairy ingredients and thus depressing farm milk prices. S.560 and H.R. 1160 would impose tariff rate quotas on certain MPCs, and S. 40 would prohibit the use of dry MPC in domestic cheese production. Dairy processor groups are opposed to these bills. A dairy producer group challenged the Customs Service classification of MPCs, but Customs ruled that current classifications are correct. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-13 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2003-06-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3722/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3722 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3723 2017-02-14T13:19:44Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Many dairy farmer groups are concerned that imports of milk protein concentrates (MPCs) are displacing domestic dairy ingredients and thus depressing farm milk prices. S.560 and H.R. 1160 would impose tariff rate quotas on certain MPCs, and S. 40 would prohibit the use of dry MPC in domestic cheese production. Dairy processor groups are opposed to these bills. A dairy producer group challenged the Customs Service classification of MPCs, but Customs ruled that current classifications are correct. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-30 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2003-07-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3723/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3723 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3724 2017-02-14T13:19:41Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dairy Policy Issues Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Dairy industry Business Many dairy farmer groups are concerned that imports of milk protein concentrates (MPCs) are displacing domestic dairy ingredients and thus depressing farm milk prices. S.560 and H.R. 1160 would impose tariff rate quotas on certain MPCs, and S. 40 would prohibit the use of dry MPC in domestic cheese production. Dairy processor groups are opposed to these bills. A dairy producer group challenged the Customs Service classification of MPCs, but Customs ruled that current classifications are correct. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-09 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB97011 local-cont-no: IB97011 2003-09-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3724/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3724 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs520 2026-04-07T21:45:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Food and Agriculture Issues in the 105th Congress 105th Congress Jones, Jean Yavis Agriculture Agricultural law and legislation Budgets Appropriation This report examines various budget issues regarding food and agriculture in the 105th Congress, examining recent developments and then taking a look a the context of those developments. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-12-28 Report Text crs: IB97050 local-cont-no: IB97050_1998Dec28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs520/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs520 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1375 2017-01-25T16:38:48Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs Hanrahan, Charles E. Agriculture Food relief Agriculture in foreign trade Trade This report discusses projected agricultural imports and exports for FY2001, as well as legislation that deals with federal programs in support of agricultural exports and federal aid dedicated to farms and agricultural reform. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-05-30 Report Text crs: IB98006 local-cont-no: IB98006 2001-05-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1375/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1375 English 2001 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2111 2017-01-25T16:38:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs Hanrahan, Charles E. Agriculture Food relief Agriculture in foreign trade Trade This report discusses projected agricultural imports and exports for FY2002, as well as legislation that deals with federal programs in support of agricultural exports and federal aid dedicated to farms and agricultural reform. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-14 Report 14 pages. Text crs: IB98006 local-cont-no: IB98006 2002-06-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2111/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2111 English 2002 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2112 2017-01-25T16:38:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs Hanrahan, Charles E. Agriculture Food relief Agriculture in foreign trade Trade This report discusses projected agricultural imports and exports for FY2002, as well as legislation that deals with federal programs in support of agricultural exports and federal aid dedicated to farms and agricultural reform. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-31 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB98006 local-cont-no: IB98006 2002-07-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2112/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2112 English 2002 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2113 2017-01-25T16:38:29Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs Hanrahan, Charles E. Agriculture Food relief Agriculture in foreign trade Trade This report discusses projected agricultural imports and exports for FY2003, as well as legislation that deals with federal programs in support of agricultural exports and federal aid dedicated to farms and agricultural reform. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-16 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB98006 local-cont-no: IB98006 2002-09-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2113/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2113 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2114 2017-01-25T16:38:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs Hanrahan, Charles E. Agriculture Food relief Agriculture in foreign trade Trade This report discusses projected agricultural imports and exports for FY2003, as well as legislation that deals with federal programs in support of agricultural exports and federal aid dedicated to farms and agricultural reform. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-30 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB98006 local-cont-no: IB98006 2002-10-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2114/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2114 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3725 2017-01-25T16:38:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs Hanrahan, Charles E. Agriculture Food relief Agriculture in foreign trade Trade This report discusses projected agricultural imports and exports for FY2003, as well as legislation that deals with federal programs in support of agricultural exports and federal aid dedicated to farms and agricultural reform. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-09 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB98006 local-cont-no: IB98006 2003-01-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3725/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3725 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3726 2017-01-25T16:38:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs Hanrahan, Charles E. Agriculture Food relief Agriculture in foreign trade Trade This report discusses projected agricultural imports and exports for FY2003, as well as legislation that deals with federal programs in support of agricultural exports and federal aid dedicated to farms and agricultural reform. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-10 Report 14 pages. Text crs: IB98006 local-cont-no: IB98006 2003-03-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3726/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3726 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3727 2017-01-25T16:38:13Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs Hanrahan, Charles E. Agriculture Food relief Agriculture in foreign trade Trade This report discusses projected agricultural imports and exports for FY2003, as well as legislation that deals with federal programs in support of agricultural exports and federal aid dedicated to farms and agricultural reform. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-17 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB98006 local-cont-no: IB98006 2003-04-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3727/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3727 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3728 2017-01-25T16:38:16Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs Hanrahan, Charles E. Agriculture Food relief Agriculture in foreign trade Trade This report discusses projected agricultural imports and exports for FY2003, as well as legislation that deals with federal programs in support of agricultural exports and federal aid dedicated to farms and agricultural reform. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-11 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB98006 local-cont-no: IB98006 2003-06-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3728/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3728 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3729 2017-01-25T16:38:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs Hanrahan, Charles E. Agriculture Food relief Agriculture in foreign trade Trade This report discusses projected agricultural imports and exports for FY2003, as well as legislation that deals with federal programs in support of agricultural exports and federal aid dedicated to farms and agricultural reform. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-24 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB98006 local-cont-no: IB98006 2003-07-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3729/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3729 English 2003 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3730 2017-01-25T16:38:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Export and Food Aid Programs Hanrahan, Charles E. Agriculture Food relief Agriculture in foreign trade Trade This report discusses projected agricultural imports and exports for FY2004, as well as legislation that deals with federal programs in support of agricultural exports and federal aid dedicated to farms and agricultural reform. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-10 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB98006 local-cont-no: IB98006 2003-09-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3730/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3730 English 2004 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs835 2017-02-13T13:18:23Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Food Biotechnology in the United States: Science, Regulation, and Issues Vogt, Donna U. Parish, Mickey Agriculture Agricultural biotechnology - Government regulation Transgenic plants This report provides basic information on the science of food biotechnology. It discusses regulatory policies and issues of concern about the use of biotechnology to modify foods through genetic engineering. It describes the scientific processes used and current products available. It explains how all three major federal agencies - the Food and Drug Administration, the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the Environmental Protection Agency - regulate these foods. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-06-02 Report Text crs: RL30198 local-cont-no: RL30198_1999Jun02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs835/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs835 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs834 2020-05-21T18:32:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The 'Terminator Gene' and Other Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (GURTs) in Crops Segarra, Alejandro E. Rawson, Jean M. Agriculture Agricultural biotechnology Plant Genetic Use Restriction Technologies (GURTs) are a group of complex genetic transformations that insert a genetic "on-off switch" in plants to prevent the unauthorized use of genetic traits contained within. GURTs are one of the latest bioengineering products developed for agriculture, with over 30 patents issued in the United States and Europe since 1997. The current state of biotechnology may allow GURTs to be introduced into the commercial seed market in the next 5 to 7 years Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-10-21 Report Text crs: RL30278 local-cont-no: RL30278 1999-10-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs834/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs834 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1376 2017-02-13T13:18:38Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Food Biotechnology in the United States: Science, Regulation, and Issues Vogt, Donna U. Parish, Mickey Agriculture Agricultural biotechnology Government regulation Transgenic plants This report discusses the science of food biotechnology, and the federal structure by which it is regulated. Because U.S. farmers are adopting this technology at a rapid rate, some observers advocate a more active role for the federal government to ensure that farmers have equal access to this technology. Others believe that federal officials should play a more active role in protecting the environment, funding more research, and participating in international trade negotiations to ensure that trade continues to expand for genetically engineered crops. Trading partners often label food products that have been genetically modified as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). Many of those partners have labeling requirements for GMOs to allow consumers the “right to know” their food content. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-19 Report 30 Pages. Text crs: RL30198 local-cont-no: RL30198_2001Jan19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1376/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1376 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1060 2026-04-17T01:40:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agriculture: A List of Websites Canada, Carol Agriculture World Wide Web This list provides a sampling of the rapidly proliferating number of agricultural resources available on the Internet. It is not intended to be exhaustive. It is divided into 27 categories. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-01-18 Report 29 pages. Text crs: RL30313 local-cont-no: RL30313 2000-01-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1060/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1060 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs1377 2026-04-17T01:40:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agriculture: A List of Websites Canada, Carol Agriculture World Wide Web This list provides a sampling of the rapidly proliferating number of agricultural resources available on the Internet. It is not intended to be exhaustive. It is divided into 24 main categories and 15 subcategories. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-02-08 Report 30 pages. Text crs: RL30313 local-cont-no: RL30313 2001-02-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1377/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1377 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2115 2026-04-17T01:40:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agriculture: A List of Websites Canada, Carol Agriculture World Wide Web This list provides a sampling of the rapidly proliferating number of agricultural resources available on the Internet. It is not intended to be exhaustive. It is divided into 24 main categories and 16 subcategories. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-15 Report 31 pages. Text crs: RL30313 local-cont-no: RL30313 2002-08-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2115/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2115 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs836 2017-02-14T15:01:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Conservation Spending in Agriculture: Trends and Implications Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Agricultural conservation - Government spending Budgets Conservation spending under various federal agricultural statutes has increased since the early 1980s, and the mix of activities that are funded has changed during this time period. These funds have become an increasingly important source of income to farmers. This report examines conservation program funding since FY1983 in the context of both changing conservation policies and programs, and other farm program sources of income to farmers. This report will be updated if events warrant. Conservation Spending in Agriculture: Trends and Implications Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-10-06 Report Text crs: RL30331 local-cont-no: RL30331 1999-10-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs836/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs836 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1378 2015-09-08T15:09:18Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm Labor Shortages and Immigration Policy Levine, Linda Agriculture Immigration policy Alien labor Agricultural labor - Labor supply Immigration Labor This report first explains why the nexus between farm labor shortages and immigration policy has again arisen. It next examines the composition of the seasonal agricultural labor force and presents the arguments of grower and farmworker advocates concerning its adequacy relative to employer demand. The report closes with an analysis of the trends in (un)employment, time worked and wages of legal and illegal farmworkers to determine if they are consistent with the existence of a nationwide shortage of domestically available farmworkers. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-09-06 Report 20 Pages. Text crs: RL30395 local-cont-no: RL30395_2001Sep06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1378/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1378 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5729 2015-09-08T15:47:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm Labor Shortages and Immigration Policy Levine, Linda Agriculture Immigration policy Alien labor Agricultural labor - Labor supply Immigration Labor This report first explains the connection made over the past several years between farm labor and immigration policies. It next examines the composition of the seasonal agricultural labor force and presents the arguments of grower and farmworker advocates concerning its adequacy relative to employer demand. The report closes with an analysis of the trends in employment, unemployment, time worked and wages of authorized and unauthorized farmworkers to determine whether they are consistent with the existence of a nationwide shortage of domestically available farmworkers. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-02-09 Report 20 Pages. Text crs: RL30395 local-cont-no: RL30395_2004Feb09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5729/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5729 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1379 2017-02-07T15:09:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm Support Programs and World Trade Commitments Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Trade adjustment assistance Agriculture in foreign trade Trade Congress is now debating reauthorization of omnibus farm legislation, as most commodityprice support provisions expire in 2002. This report discusses this debate, specifically aspects relating to commitments that the U.S. has as a World Trade Organization (WTO) member. Because of the interrelationships between trade and domestic support policies, lawmakers are interested in what the Agreement on Agriculture stipulates with regard to domestic supports, and how not only the United States but also other countries are meeting their Agreement commitments. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-07-20 Report 24 Pages. Text crs: RL30612 local-cont-no: RL30612_2001Jul20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1379/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1379 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1061 2026-04-17T01:44:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Precision Agriculture and Site-Specific Management: Current Status and Emerging Policy Issues Cowan, Tadlock Agriculture National policy Agricultural research Precision agriculture (PA) is a suite of information technologies that can support a farm-based and site-specific crop management system in agricultural production. PA is not a single technology or farming system, but rather a cluster of different techniques. PA uses advanced information technologies to identify and to evaluate temporal and spatial variation in cropland Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-08-07 Report Text crs: RL30630 local-cont-no: RL30630 2000-08-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1061/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1061 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1062 2017-01-26T19:11:20Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Trade in the 106th Congress: A Review of Issues 106th Congress Becker, Geoffrey S. Hanrahan, Charles E. Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade Trade The 106th Congress considered a number of trade policy developments against a backdrop of weak foreign demand and large world supplies of agricultural commodities. The U.S. Department of Agriculture reports that the value of U.S. agricultural exports fell between FY1996 (a record year) and FY1999 by almost $11 billion, to $49.2 billion. Agricultural exports did climb back to $50.9 billion in FY2000, and are now projected at $53 billion in FY2001. However, the pace of recovery concerned many agricultural groups and their supporters in Congress. Although they recognize that many world economic, farm production, political, and weather factors influence exports, many of these groups believe that the agricultural sector's future prosperity also depends upon such U.S. trade policies as: 1) encouraging China's entry into the World Trade Organization (WTO), with its binding rules and responsibilities; 2) exempting agricultural exports from U.S. unilateral economic sanctions; 3) fully using export and food aid programs; and 4) aggressively battling foreign-imposed barriers to the movement of U.S. farm products. A few U.S. farm groups are wary of such approaches. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-12-29 Report Text crs: RL30789 local-cont-no: RL30789 2000-12-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1062/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1062 English China 2000 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs1380 2017-02-08T12:13:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm Economic Relief and Policy Issues in the 106th Congress: A Retrospective 106th Congress Womach, Jasper Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Agricultural subsidies Agricultural policies This report discusses issues regarding Agriculture funding, specifically the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act (P.L. 104-127), which prescribed farm commodity support policy through 2002. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-08 Report 21 Pages. Text crs: RL30794 local-cont-no: RL30794_2001Jan08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1380/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1380 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1381 2024-10-07T17:33:07Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Immigration of Agricultural Guest Workers: Policy, Trends, and Legislative Issues Wasem, Ruth Ellen Collver, Geoffrey K. Agriculture Immigration policy Alien labor Agricultural labor Immigration Labor This report discusses the revision of U.S. immigration policy on agricultural guest workers that are coming from various perspectives, and several major bills have already been introduced in the 107th Congress Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-02-15 Report 3 pages. Text crs: RL30852 local-cont-no: RL30852_2001Feb15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1381/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1381 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1382 2024-10-07T17:33:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Immigration of Agricultural Guest Workers: Policy, Trends, and Legislative Issues Wasem, Ruth Ellen Collver, Geoffrey K. Agriculture Immigration policy Alien labor Agricultural labor Immigration Labor This report discusses the revision of U.S. immigration policy on agricultural guest workers that are coming from various perspectives, and several major bills have already been introduced in the 107th Congress Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-08-23 Report 19 pages. Text crs: RL30852 local-cont-no: RL30852_2001Aug23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1382/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1382 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3731 2024-10-07T17:33:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Immigration of Agricultural Guest Workers: Policy, Trends, and Legislative Issues Wasem, Ruth Ellen Collver, Geoffrey K. Agriculture Immigration policy Alien labor Agricultural labor Immigration Labor This report discusses the revision of U.S. immigration policy on agricultural guest workers that are coming from various perspectives, and several major bills have already been introduced in the 107th Congress. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-24 Report 20 pages. Text crs: RL30852 local-cont-no: RL30852_2003Jan24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3731/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3731 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1383 2026-04-10T01:58:20Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

What Is a Farm Bill? Jones, Jean Yavis Hanrahan, Charles E. Womach, Jasper Agriculture Agricultural policies - Law and legislation A farmbill is a collection of new laws and amendmentsto longstanding lawsthat sets the overall direction of federal food and farm policy for a specified number of years. Farm bills typically contain not only commodity price and income support provisions, but also provisions on agricultural trade, rural development, domestic food assistance, foreign food aid, conservation, crop insurance, farm credit, forestry, and agricultural research. The many issues covered by farm bills make it possible to form a broad coalition ofsupport among common, and sometimes conflicting interestsfor policies and programs that individually might not be enacted. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-05-05 Report Text crs: RL30956 local-cont-no: RL30956 2001-05-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1383/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1383 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2116 2020-10-06T03:19:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The 2002 Farm Bill: Overview and Status Becker, Geoffrey S. Womach, Jasper Department of Agriculture Agricultural education The Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform, or FAIR, Act of 1996 (commonly known as the "farm bill"), which was due to expire in 2002, is expected to be extended for another six years when President Bush signs the bill into law. This report discusses the provisions of the new "farm bill," including the federal spending involved. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-03 Report 30 pages. Text crs: RL31195 local-cont-no: RL31195 2002-05-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2116/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2116 English United States 1996/2002

info:ark/67531/metacrs2117 2026-04-08T18:15:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The 2002 Farm Bill: Overview and Status Becker, Geoffrey S. Womach, Jasper Department of Agriculture Agricultural education This report discusses the provisions of the 1996 farm bill, which was due to expire in 2002 but was extended (P.L. 107-171) for an additional 6 years on May 13, 2002. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-03 Report 32 pages. Text crs: RL31195 local-cont-no: RL31195 2002-06-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2117/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2117 English United States 1997/2002

info:ark/67531/metacrs2119 2026-04-08T18:15:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The 2002 Farm Bill: Overview and Status Becker, Geoffrey S. Womach, Jasper Department of Agriculture Agricultural education This report discusses the provisions of the 1996 farm bill, which was due to expire in 2002 but was extended for an additional 6 years on May 13, 2002 by President Bush (P.L. 107-171). The new law is called the "Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (FSRIA) of 2002. The new law generally supersedes the previous omnibus farm bill, the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-127). The new farm law has attracted widespread criticism both in the U.S. and abroad. This report discusses these criticisms as well as the defenses of the law's proponents. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-03 Report 47 pages. Text crs: RL31195 local-cont-no: RL31195 2002-09-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2119/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2119 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1384 2020-06-11T22:45:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agroterrorism: Options in Congress Segarra, Alejandro E. Agriculture Terrorism Agricultural production Criminal Justice Although U.S. intelligence agencies have not identified any terrorist acts targeting agricultural production (i.e., agroterrorism) in the United States to date, the events of September 11, 2001 have awakened the nation to their possibility. Some experts estimate that a single agroterrorist attack using a highly contagious livestock disease could cost between $10 billion and $30 billion to the U.S. economy. This report examines the potential threats to America’s agriculture from a deliberate biological attack, describes the current defense structure and capabilities available to respond to agroterrorism, and analyzes current congressional proposals to address the threat of biological weapons to U.S. agriculture. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-12-19 Report 23 pages. Text crs: RL31217 local-cont-no: RL31217 2001-12-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1384/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1384 English Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2118 2020-06-11T22:45:09Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agroterrorism: Options in Congress Segarra, Alejandro E. Agriculture Terrorism Agricultural production Criminal Justice Although U.S. intelligence agencies have not identified any terrorist acts targeting agricultural production (i.e., agroterrorism) in the United States to date, the events of September 11, 2001 have awakened the nation to their possibility. Some experts estimate that a single agroterrorist attack using a highly contagious livestock disease could cost between $10 billion and $30 billion to the U.S. economy. This report examines the potential threats to America’s agriculture from a deliberate biological attack, describes the current defense structure and capabilities available to respond to agroterrorism, and analyzes current congressional proposals to address the threat of biological weapons to U.S. agriculture. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-17 Report 26 pages. Text crs: RL31217 local-cont-no: RL31217 2002-07-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2118/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2118 English Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2120 2026-04-17T01:23:26Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Resource Conservation Title: Comparison of Current Law with Farm Bills Passed by the House and Senate Zinn, Jeffrey A. Agriculture Agricultural law and legislation Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-02-28 Report Text crs: RL31255 local-cont-no: RL31255 2002-02-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2120/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2120 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3732 2017-01-25T16:39:12Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Trade in a U.S.-Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) Jurenas, Remy Agriculture Trade agreements - Central American countries - U.S. Trade agreements - U.S. - Central American countries Agriculture in foreign trade Trade As part of its overall trade strategy, the Bush Administration over the last year began negotiating bilateral free trade area (FTA) agreements with four regional blocs or countries. Negotiations on a U.S.-Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) involving Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua began in late January 2003 and are currently scheduled to conclude this December. While negotiators have reportedly made progress in a number of areas, efforts to formulate a framework for handling agricultural trade have been slow. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-10-31 Report 15 pages. Text crs: RL32110 local-cont-no: RL32110 2003-10-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3732/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3732 English Central America and Caribbean Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Honduras Nicaragua Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs5731 2017-01-25T19:06:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agroterrorism: Threats and Preparedness Monke, Jim Agriculture Terrorism Agriculture - Security measures Although U.S. intelligence agencies have not identified any terrorist acts targeting agricultural production (i.e., agroterrorism) in the United States to date, the events of September 11, 2001 have awakened the nation to their possibility. Some experts estimate that a single agroterrorist attack using a highly contagious livestock disease could cost between $10 billion and $30 billion to the U.S. economy. This report addresses the use of biological weapons against agriculture, rather than the threat of terrorists using agricultural inputs for other purposes. It also focuses more on agricultural production than food processing and distribution. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-08-13 Report 45 pages. Text crs: RL32521 local-cont-no: RL32521 2004-08-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5731/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5731 English Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs837 2015-11-24T17:01:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Hog Prices: Questions and Answers Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Agricultural prices Swine Animals This report discusses price changes in the pork industry. In late 1998, the lowest hog prices in decades created a crisis in the pork industry and prompted the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) and Congress to take a series of actions to assist producers, including direct cash payments, and the purchase of extra pork products to reduce market supplies. The industry sought additional aid as low prices persisted into 1999. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-12-15 Report Text crs: RS20032 local-cont-no: RS20032_1999Dec15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs837/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs837 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs838 2020-06-16T20:20:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Pesticide Residue Regulation: Analysis of Food Quality Protection Act Implementation Schierow, Linda-Jo Agriculture Pesticide regulation Hazardous substances The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) amended the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act, governing U.S. registration, sale, and use of pesticide products, and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, under which the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets allowable pesticide residue levels for food (tolerances). The FQPA directs EPA to ensure a "reasonable certainty of no harm" due to pesticide exposure and requires reevaluation of 33% of existing tolerances against this new safety standard by August 1999, 66% by August 2002, and 100% by August 2006. The Act direct Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-08-03 Report Text crs: RS20043 local-cont-no: RS20043 1999-08-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs838/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs838 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1385 2024-02-09T09:52:34Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Pesticide Residue Regulation: Analysis of Food Quality Protection Act Implementation Schierow, Linda-Jo General agriculture matters Pest management Hazardous wastes and toxic substances Agricultural conservation and pollution Food supply, safety, and labeling pesticides insecticides This report discusses the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) which amened the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), governing U.S. registration, sale, and use of pesticide products, and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) under which the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets allowable pesticide residue levels for food (tolerances). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-04-20 Report 7 pages Text crs: RS20043 local-cont-no: RS20043 2001-04-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1385/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1385 English Pesticide Residue Regulation: Analysis of Food Quality Protection Act Implementation, ark:/67531/metacrs2121/

info:ark/67531/metacrs2121 2024-02-09T09:52:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Pesticide Residue Regulation: Analysis of Food Quality Protection Act Implementation Schierow, Linda-Jo General agriculture matters Pest management Hazardous wastes and toxic substances Agricultural conservation and pollution Food supply, safety, and labeling pesticides insecticides This report discusses the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 (FQPA) which amened the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), governing U.S. registration, sale, and use of pesticide products, and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA) under which the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets allowable pesticide residue levels for food (tolerances). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-04 Report 6 pages Text crs: RS20043 local-cont-no: RS20043 2002-11-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2121/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2121 English Pesticide Residue Regulation: Analysis of Food Quality Protection Act Implementation, ark:/67531/metacrs1385/

info:ark/67531/metacrs839 2017-02-07T15:09:34Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm and Food Support Under USDA's Section 32 Program Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture U.S. Department of Agriculture - Appropriations Agricultural subsidies This report discusses "Section 32", which is a permanent appropriation that since 1935 has earmarked the equivalent of 30% of annual customs receipts to support the farm sector through a variety of activities. Today, most of this sizeable appropriation (now about $5.7 billion per year) is simply transferred directly into the U.S. Department of Agriculture's (USDA's) child nutrition account to fund school feeding and other programs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-06-22 Report Text crs: RS20235 local-cont-no: RS20235_1999Jun22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs839/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs839 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1386 2023-06-21T11:15:50Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Livestock Mandatory Price Reporting Heykoop, Jerry Agriculture Agricultural prices Livestock Animals This report summarizes the steps taken by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) to execute the Livestock Mandatory Price Reporting (LMPR) law which was enforced to provide more information and disclosure on pricing. Updated August 15, 2001. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-08-15 Report 6 pages Text crs: RS20079 local-cont-no: RS20079 2001-08-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1386/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1386 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs840 2026-04-11T00:58:13Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Emergency Funding for Agriculture: A Brief History of Congressional Action, 1988-June 1999 Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Agricultural appropriations Budgets Between 1988 and June 1999, thirteen emergency supplemental or farm disaster acts provided a total of $17 billion in emergency funding for U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs. The vast majority of this amount has gone directly to farmers, primarily in the form of disaster payments ($12.2 billion) to any farmer suffering a significant crop loss caused by a natural disaster, and "market loss" payments ($3.1 billion) to help grain, cotton, and dairy farmers recover from low farm commodity prices. The remaining $1.7 billion has gone to a wide array of other USDA programs, including those for other forms of farm disaster assistance, farm loans, and overseas food aid. Congress is expected to consider a multi-billion financial assistance package for farmers sometime this year. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-07-19 Report Text crs: RS20269 local-cont-no: RS20269 1999-07-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs840/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs840 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs841 2020-06-16T20:20:26Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act (PACA) Branaman, Brenda Agriculture Agricultural law and legislation Farm produce The Perishable Agricultural Commodities Act (PACA) of 1930 was enacted in 1930 to promote fair trading practices in the fruit and vegetable industry. Sellers must ship the quantity and quality of produce specified in their contracts, and buyers must accept shipments that meet contract specifications. PACA protections benefit not only growers who are generally sellers , but also a range of parties who are both buyers and sellers, including truckers, packers, processors, Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-10-26 Report Text crs: RS20378 local-cont-no: RS20378 1999-10-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs841/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs841 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1063 2026-04-11T00:58:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Emergency Funding for Agriculture: A Brief History of Congressional Action, FY1989-FY2001 Chite, Ralph M. Agriculture Agricultural appropriations Budgets From FY1989 through FY2001 (to date), nineteen appropriations or farm disaster acts have provided $38 billion in emergency funding for U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) programs. Nearly $27 billion, or about 70 percent of the total amount, has been provided for FY1999-FY2001 alone. Since FY1989, the vast majority of the funds has been paid directly to farmers, primarily in the form of “market loss payments” (just under $17 billion, all since FY1999) to compensate for low farm commodity prices, and disaster payments($15.6 billion) paid to any producer who experienced a major crop loss caused by a natural disaster. The remaining $5.4 billion has funded a wide array of other USDA programs, including other forms of farm disaster assistance, farm loans, overseas food aid, food and nutrition programs, and rural development assistance. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-12-11 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20269 local-cont-no: RS20269 2000-12-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1063/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1063 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs842 2017-02-15T19:38:02Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

IMF and World Bank: U.S. Contributions and Agency Budgets Sanford, Jonathan E. Agriculture World Trade Organization - American economic assistance International Monetary Fund - American economic assistance Foreign aid This paper shows how much the United States has contributed to these international agencies in recent years. It also shows how much the international agencies budget (and the source of those funds) for their administrative expenses and their operational budgets. This report will be updated periodically. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-12-09 Report Text crs: RS20413 local-cont-no: RS20413_1999Dec09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs842/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs842 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1065 2015-09-22T14:16:02Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal Grazing Regulations: Public Lands Council v. Babbitt Baldwin, Pamela Agriculture Grazing Livestock Public lands Natural resources Animals This report discusses new regulations on livestock grazing on lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management became effective August 21, 1995. Many aspects of the new regulations were challenged in Public Lands Council v. Babbitt. A federal district court upheld many of the regulations, but struck down four of them and enjoined their implementation. At the appellate level, only the new regulation allowing conservation use to the exclusion of livestock grazing for the full term of a permit was held invalid. The Supreme Court has agreed to hear the case and argument has been set for March 1, 2000. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-02-01 Report Text crs: RS20453 local-cont-no: RS20453_2000Feb01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1065/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1065 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1064 2026-04-17T01:40:13Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agriculture and the 106th Congress: A Summary of Major Issues 106th Congress Jones, Jean Yavis Agriculture Agricultural law and legislation Most congressional interest in agriculture in the 106th Congress was focused on persistent low prices for major commodities and proposals to redress declining farm income. Six emergency farm aid bills were approved, increasing agricultural spending by nearly $27 billion for fiscal years 1999-2001. These bills provided disaster relief along with short term “market loss payments”to farmers to shore up farm income. Some longer term changes also were enacted as part of emergency farm legislation, which this report discusses in brief. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-12-15 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20452 local-cont-no: RS20452 2000-12-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1064/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1064 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs1066 2020-07-09T15:33:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Conservation Reserve Payments and Self-Employment Taxes Morris, Marie B. Agriculture Internal revenue law Agricultural conservation Taxation Farmers enrolling their land in the Department of Agriculture's Conservation Reserve Program (CRP) receive payments for refraining from farming their property and for engaging in certain conservation practices mandated by the Department of Agriculture. These payments are described in the contract with the Department of Agriculture as "rental payments." Farmers would like to treat the income as "rental income" because it would not be subject to self-employment taxes, but the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) insists that under certain conditions, the payments are income from the trade or business of farming and thus subject to self-employment taxes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-05-01 Report Text crs: RS20564 local-cont-no: RS20564 2000-05-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1066/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1066 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1387 2017-02-13T16:35:11Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

StarLink™ Corn Controversy: Background Segarra, Alejandro E. Rawson, Jean M. Agriculture Plant genetics Agricultural biotechnology Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-10 Report Text crs: RS20732 local-cont-no: RS20732 2001-01-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1387/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1387 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1388 2026-04-17T01:40:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agriculture: Prospective Issues for the 107th Congress 107th Congress Jones, Jean Yavis Agricultural trade Agricultural prices, subsidies, credit Persistent low farm prices and 3 years of multi-billion dollar ad hoc additions to federal spending for farmers are expected to put pressure on the 107th Congress for an early review of federal farm policy. Farm policy is governed by a variety of laws, many of which are incorporated into an omnibus, multi-year farm bill. Most of the provisions of the current farm bill, the Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform (FAIR) Act of 1996, expire after the 2002 crop year. Key issues are the responsiveness of current policy to low commodity prices and farm income, factors influencing low prices, and options for improving prices and/or providing automatic relief to farmers when prices fall. Increased concentration in the agriculture industry, trade, and environmental regulations affecting agriculture are likely to be part of the debate. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-29 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20765 local-cont-no: RS20765 2001-01-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1388/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1388 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs1389 2017-02-07T15:09:21Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm Program Spending: What's Permitted Under the Uruguay Round Agreements Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Government spending Agricultural price supports Budgets This report discusses farm income and commodity price support proposals that might succeed the programs due to expire in 2002. A key question being asked of virtually every new proposal is how it will affect U.S. commitments under the 1994 Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA), which commitsthe United States to spend no more than $19.1 billion annually on domestic farm supports most likely to distort trade. The URAA spells out the rules for countries to determine whether their policies are potentially trade distorting, and to calculate the costs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-13 Report 6 Pages. Text crs: RS20840 local-cont-no: RS20840_2001Mar13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1389/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1389 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1390 2017-02-07T15:09:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm Commodity Programs: A Short Primer Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Federal aid programs Agricultural price supports Farm produce Budgets This report briefly discusses programs designed to provide income support, price support, and/or supply management for approximately 20 specified agricultural commodities. USDA farm support programs represent the heart of U.S. farm policy, by virtue of their longevity – they have existed since the early 1930s – and their cost. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-09-14 Report 6 Pages. Text crs: RS20848 local-cont-no: RS20848_2001Sep14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1390/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1390 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2122 2020-04-07T14:56:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm Commodity Programs: A Short Primer Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Federal aid programs Agricultural price supports Farm produce Budgets farm bills This report briefly discusses programs designed to provide income support, price support, and/or supply management for approximately 20 specified agricultural commodities. It specifically addresses the proposed farm bill legislation, meant to expand existing services and add new programs, in part to avert ad hoc measures to fill gaps. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-20 Report 6 pages Text crs: RS20848 local-cont-no: RS20848_2002Jun20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2122/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2122 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2123 2017-02-07T15:09:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm "Counter-Cyclical Assistance" Becker, Geoffrey S. Womach, Jasper Agriculture Agricultural subsidies Agricultural law and legislation This report discusses the reauthorization of major farm income and commodity price support programs that expire after crop year 2002. Many agricultural interests expect that a new “counter-cyclical assistance” program will be an integral component of future farm policy. The intent of counter-cyclical assistance is to provide more government support when farm prices and/or incomes decline, and less support when they improve. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-03-07 Report 6 Pages. Text crs: RS20913 local-cont-no: RS20913_2002Mar07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2123/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2123 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2124 2017-02-07T15:09:16Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm "Counter-Cyclical Assistance" Becker, Geoffrey S. Womach, Jasper Agriculture Agricultural subsidies Agricultural law and legislation This report discusses recently approved legislation reauthorizing major farm income and commodity price support programs through crop year 2007. This legislation includes new “counter-cyclical assistance” programs for grains, cotton, oilseeds, peanuts, and milk. The intent of counter-cyclical assistance is to provide more government support when farm prices and/or incomes decline, and less support when they improve. In fact, farmers have, for many years, been eligible for various forms of counter-cyclical assistance. At issue has been the need for, and potential impacts of, another counter-cyclical program. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-31 Report 6 Pages. Text crs: RS20913 local-cont-no: RS20913_2002May31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2124/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2124 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2125 2017-02-07T15:09:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm Bill Trade and Food Aid Provisions Becker, Geoffrey S. Agriculture Agriculture in foreign trade Agricultural law and legislation This report discusses the trade provisions of omnibus farm legislation, passed in May 2002. The measure includes a trade title reauthorizing, through 2007, the major foreign food aid and agricultural export programs. It also contains other provisions affecting agricultural trade, including new country-of-origin labeling requirements for meat, seafood, and produce; and increased domestic farm subsidies with possible implications for U.S. trade relations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-08 Report 6 Pages. Text crs: RS20997 local-cont-no: RS20997_2002May08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2125/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2125 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2126 2015-09-22T11:40:20Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Farm Commodity Payment Limits: Comparison of Proposals Womach, Jasper Agriculture Agricultural subsidies Agricultural law and legislation This report discusses U.S. policy regard farm commodities. Greater public awareness of the size of commodity program payments reaching a comparatively small number of very large farms has focused the attention of Congress on payment limits. Limits on commodity program payments have been imposed since 1970. As part of the emergency economic assistance packages enacted each of the past three years, the payment limits have been doubled. In addition, a mechanism has been developed that allows farms to circumvent the limit on loan deficiency payments, namely commodity certificates Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-04-26 Report 6 Pages. Text crs: RS21138 local-cont-no: RS21138_2002Apr26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2126/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2126 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2127 2020-05-23T04:50:11Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The 2002 Farm Law at a Glance Becker, Geoffrey S. General agriculture matters farm On May 13, 2002, President Bush signed the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act (FSRIA) of 2002 into law (P.L. 107-171). FSRIA is the latest in a long line of omnibus, multi-year farm bills. The 2002 law is the successor to the last omnibus measure, the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-127). This report, to be updated if events warrant, provides selected highlights. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-07 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS21233 local-cont-no: RS21233 2002-06-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2127/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2127 English 2002

info:ark/67531/metacrs45 2017-02-07T18:28:12Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Air Quality: Impacts of Trip Reduction Programs on States and Affected Employers Flechtner, Maura K. Mayer, Susan L. Air pollution Federal-state relations Motor vehicle pollution control Air quality - Law and legislation - U.S. Environmental protection Law This report discusses employer trip reduction (ETR) programs, which would require large employers to implement certain transportation control measures as part of a national effort to combat air pollution, largely as a direct result of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1993-08-18 Report Text crs: 93-745 ENR local-cont-no: 93-745 ENR 1993-08-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs45/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs45 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs44 2026-04-06T15:48:44Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Ethanol and Clean Air: The "Reg-Neg" Controversy and Subsequent Events Segal, Migdon R. Air pollution Alcohol Air quality - Government regulation The Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA), enacted in 1990, called for cleaner automotive fuels in order to upgrade air quality. This appeared to provide new market potential for ethanol, which is obtained from corn grown in the midwestern United States, and which is already in large-scale use in a blend of ten percent ethanol to ninety percent gasoline. The CAAA left specific details of the clean fuels program to be worked out by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in consultation with the interested parties. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1993-06-22 Report Text crs: 93-614 SPR local-cont-no: 93-614 SPR 1993-06-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs44/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs44 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs175 2017-02-07T16:48:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

California Air Quality FIP - A Fact Sheet Mayer, Susan L. Air pollution Environmental law enforcement Air quality - California - Law and legislation Environmental protection Law On April 10, 1995, President Clinton signed P.L. 104-6, which contained a provision that rescinds the Federal air quality implementation plan (FIP) for the South Coast, Ventura, and Sacramento areas of California.(1) As a result, the FIP issued by EPA has no further force and effect, and California will continue pursuing approval of its own State implementation plan (SIP) in lieu of the FIP. Promulgation of the FIP was perceived by some within the State as having a detrimental effect on California's industries and economy resulting from costly and burdensome air pollution control measures contained in the plan. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1995-04-13 Report Text crs: 95-491 ENR local-cont-no: 95-491 ENR 1995-04-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs175/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs175 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs176 2020-08-19T19:50:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate: Marine Mammal Issues Buck, Eugene H. Air pollution control Marine mammal protection Global climate change - Oceanographic research Animals Science policy Marine resources conservation Environmental Protection After global warming became a concern in the mid-1950s, researchers proposed measuring deep ocean temperatures to reveal any significant trends in core ocean warming. Acoustic thermometry can detect changes in ocean temperature by receiving low-frequency sounds transmitted across an ocean basin because the speed of sound is proportional to water temperature. Acoustic Thermometry of Ocean Climate, or ATOC, is an international program involving 11 institutions in seven nations. It is designed as a 30-month "proof-of-concept" project to provide data on possible global climate change, with funding provided by the U.S. Department of Defense. A debate has arisen over ATOC's impact on marine mammals versus the benefits of better global warming information derived from ATOC. This report dicusses the ATOC program and related concerns. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1995-05-12 Report Text crs: 95-603 ENR local-cont-no: 95-603 ENR 1995-05-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs176/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs176 English Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs287 2017-02-07T18:04:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

A Clean Air Option: Cash for Clunkers Bearden, David M. Air pollution Motor vehicle pollution control Air quality The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 encourage states to pursue market-based approaches to improve air quality. An Accelerated Vehicle Retirement (AVR) program, commonly referred to as "Cash for Clunkers," is designed to provide an economic incentive for the owners of highly polluting vehicles to retire their automobiles permanently from use and to provide greater flexibility for private industry to reduce emissions by sponsoring such a program. The implementation of AVR programs can be controversial. This report discusses the AVR program debate and includes information on completed AVR pilot projects in selected states. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-09-16 Report Text crs: 96-766 ENR local-cont-no: 96-766 ENR 1996-09-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs287/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs287 English Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs286 2020-06-11T23:08:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Adequacy of Commitments Under the U.N. Framework Convention and the Berlin Mandate Morrissey, Wayne A. Air pollution Global climate change - Treaties International affairs Environmental protection This report discusses the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) convened July 8-19, 1996, in Geneva, Switzerland. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-10-25 Report 16 pages. Text crs: 96-699 SPR local-cont-no: 96-699_1996Oct25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs286/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs286 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs381 2026-03-21T01:00:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Nitrogen Oxides and Electric Utilities: Revising the NSPS Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Nitrogen oxides - Government regulation Economic policy Under the Clean Air Act (CAA), the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from utility boilers, combustion turbines, and combined-cycle units. The current NOx NSPS, set in 1979, does not reflect subsequent advancements in Nox control technology. As a part of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments, Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-07-25 Report Text crs: 96-737 ENR local-cont-no: 96-737 ENR 1997-07-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs381/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs381 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs382 2017-02-15T13:44:27Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change Treaty: Negotiations and Related Issues Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change - Treaties International affairs Environmental protection This report discusses the negotiations leading the Kyoto conference of the parties. The United States and other parties to the 1992 Climate Change Convention signed at the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro will meet December 1-12 in Kyoto, Japan, to conclude year-long negotiations on a legally binding protocol or amendment to reduce or stabilize emissions of greenhouse gas emissions. The U.S. proposal to reduce emissions of carbon dioxide and five other greenhouse gases to 1990 levels between 2008-2012 is less ambitious than environmentalists and many other treaty Parties urge, but represents a commitment that others, including many in business, fear could damage the economy. A key aspect of the negotiations also is what should be expected of developing nations, whose current emissions of greenhouse gases are relatively small, but are expected to increase rapidly over the next decade with economic development. A sense of the Senate resolution calls for all countries to meet scheduled reductions, and would agree to U.S. participation only if harm to the domestic economy is avoided. If agreement is reached in Kyoto, Senate approval would be required for U.S. ratification, and legislation to implement commitments would also likely be necessary. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-11-21 Report 12 Pages. Text crs: 97-1000ENR local-cont-no: 97-1000ENR_1997Nov21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs382/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs382 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs383 2016-01-15T13:25:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: The Role of U.S. Foreign Assistance Tarnoff, Curt Air pollution American economic assistance - Developing countries Global climate change - Treaties Foreign aid International affairs Environmental protection This report discusses the role of U.S. foreign assistance to reduce emissions of the greenhouse gases that most experts believe cause global warming Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-11-21 Report 4 pages. Text crs: 97-1015 local-cont-no: 97-1015_1997Nov21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs383/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs383 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs521 2026-03-21T01:16:51Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Air Quality Standards: The Decisionmaking Process Blodgett, John E. Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 McCarthy, James E. Air pollution Air quality - Standards The decisions by the Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1997 to revise the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) for ozone and particulate matter refocused attention on the criteria and the process by which these decisions are made Tracing the steps of the decision pieces, this report identifies the statutory criteria established by the Congress and summarizes the administrative procedures the Agency follows in setting these standards and in reviewing them every 5 years. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-06-24 Report Text crs: 97-722 ENR local-cont-no: 97-722 ENR 1998-06-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs521/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs521 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs522 2026-03-21T01:02:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Air Quality and the New Ozone NAAQS: The OTAG Process Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Blodgett, John E. Air pollution Ozone Air quality - Standards The Ozone Transport Assessment Group (OTAG) represented a cooperative effort between states, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and numerous stakeholders to address teh complex issue of ozone transport. However, opponents of the new ozone National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) argue that the OTAG recommendations are far too vague and ambiguous to be cited by EPA as a basis for implementation. This report provides background on the effort, and summarizes OTAG's assessment and recommendations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-07-30 Report Text crs: 97-744 ENR local-cont-no: 97-744 ENR 1998-07-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs522/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs522 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs384 2026-03-21T01:16:50Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Air Quality: EPA's Proposed New Ozone and Particulate Matter Standards Blodgett, John E. Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 McCarthy, James E. Air pollution Air quality - Standards This report discusses the contentious issue of enforcing stringent national ambient air quality standards (NAAQS) for ozone and particulate matter (PM), the opponents of which decry as harmful to the economy. The report discusses actions undertaken by the EPA, President Clinton's support of the NAAQSs, and the criticisms of opponents. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-06-27 Report Text crs: 97-8 ENR local-cont-no: 97-8 ENR 1997-06-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs384/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs384 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs843 2017-01-23T13:10:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: The Energy Tax Incentives in the President's FY2000 Budget Fiscal Year 2000 Lazzari, Salvatore Air pollution Tax incentives Global climate change Taxation Environmental protection This report discusses the FY2000 budget, which includes several energy tax incentives intended to reduce greenhouse gasses linked to possible global warming. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-04 Report Text crs: 98-193 E local-cont-no: 98-193_1999Feb04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs843/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs843 English United States

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Global Climate Change: The Energy Tax Incentives in the President's FY1999 Budget Fiscal Year 1999 Lazzari, Salvatore Air pollution Tax incentives Global climate change Taxation This report describes the Energy Tax incentives in the President's FY1999 budget regarding Global Climate Change. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-03-04 Report 6 p. Text crs: 98-193 E local-cont-no: 98-193 E 1998-03-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs523/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs523 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1067 2015-11-24T11:26:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change Treaty: The Kyoto Protocol Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection Negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were completed December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of six "greenhouse gases." This report discusses the major provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-03-06 Report Text crs: 98-2 local-cont-no: 98-2_2000Mar06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1067/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1067 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs524 2015-11-24T12:25:07Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change Treaty: The Kyoto Protocol Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection Negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were completed December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of six "greenhouse gases." This report discusses the major provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-07-31 Report 5 Pages. Text crs: 98-2ENR local-cont-no: 98-2 ENR_1998Jul31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs524/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs524 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs525 2026-03-21T01:08:51Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Reducing Greenhouse Gases - How Much from What Baseline? Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Blodgett, John E. Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection This report discusses the ways to reduce emissions of six greenhouses gases after the Kyoto meeting on Global Climate Change. Projecting the reductions that would be required if the U.S. were to ratify the treaty is difficult. While emissions of CO are fairly well established and account for 2 about 85% of total carbon equivalent emissions, emissions of the other gases, especially N O, are more uncertain. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-03-11 Report 16 pages. Text crs: 98-235 ENR local-cont-no: 98-235_1998Mar11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs525/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs525 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2128 2026-03-21T01:19:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Status, Trends, and Projections Blodgett, John E. Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection This report discusses greenhouse gas emissions and baselines in the U.S. and various aspects of future projections. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-03-12 Report 19 Pages. Text crs: 98-235ENR local-cont-no: 98-235ENR_2002Mar12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2128/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2128 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1391 2017-02-15T20:36:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Selected Legal Questions About the Kyoto Protocol Ackerman, David M. Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection This report addresses legal issues after the United States signed the Kyoto Protocol to the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The protocol is not yet in effect internationally and cannot be legally binding on the U.S. unless and until the Senate gives its advice and consent. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-10 Report Text crs: 98-349 local-cont-no: 98-349_2001Jan10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1391/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1391 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3733 2026-03-21T01:20:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions - Status, Trends, and Projections Blodgett, John E. Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection This report reviews U.S. emissions of greenhouse gases in the contexts both of domestic policy and of international obligations and proposals. On October 15, 1992, the United States ratified the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which entered into force on March 21, 1994. This committed the United States to “national policies” to limit “its anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases,” with a voluntary goal of returning “emissions of carbon dioxide [CO2] and other greenhouse gases [methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6)]” at the “end of the decade” to “their 1990 levels.” Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-15 Report 19 Pages. Text crs: 98-235ENR local-cont-no: 98-235ENR_2003Aug15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3733/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3733 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs526 2017-02-15T20:36:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Selected Legal Questions About the Kyoto Protocol Ackerman, David M. Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection This report discusses the Kyoto Protocol and whether the United States is now legally bound by the Protocol, the legal implications of signing it, whether it could be implemented as an executive agreement without submission to the Senate, and whether the Protocol could be used as the legal basis for regulation of emissions even prior to ratification. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-04-10 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 98-349 A local-cont-no: 98-349_1998Apr10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs526/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs526 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1392 2017-02-15T20:36:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Selected Legal Questions About the Kyoto Protocol Ackerman, David M. Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection This report addresses legal issues after the United States signed the Kyoto Protocol to the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The protocol is not yet in effect internationally and cannot be legally binding on the U.S. unless and until the Senate gives its advice and consent. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-29 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 98-349 local-cont-no: 98-349_2001Mar29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1392/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1392 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2129 2017-02-15T20:36:38Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Selected Legal Questions About the Kyoto Protocol Ackerman, David M. Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection This report addresses legal issues after the United States signed the Kyoto Protocol to the UnitedNations Framework Convention on Climate Change. The protocol is not yet in effect internationally and cannot be legally binding on the U.S. unless and until the Senate gives its advice and consent. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-01 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 98-349 local-cont-no: 98-349_2002Oct01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2129/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2129 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs527 2020-06-11T23:03:18Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: A Concise History of Negotiations and Chronology of Major Activities Preceding the 1992 U.N. Framework Convention Morrissey, Wayne A. Air pollution Environmental policy Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses the ongoing international policy debate regarding Global Climate Change and U.S. involvement in the issue of global climate change.The report provides an historical context of the current debate, which is important in understanding the fundamental issues about global climate change. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-05 Report Text crs: 98-431 STM local-cont-no: 98-431_1998May05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs527/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs527 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs844 2020-06-11T23:08:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Congressional Concern About "Back Door" Implementation of the 1997 U.N. Kyoto Protocol Morrissey, Wayne A. Air pollution Global climate change - Treaties International affairs Environmental protection This report discusses legislation and issues relating to global climate change, some legislation and some FY1999 appropriations bills were used as vehicles for explicit congressional direction to the executive branch about possible "back door" implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-03 Report Text crs: 98-664 local-cont-no: 98-664_1999Feb03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs844/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs844 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs528 2026-03-21T01:10:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Three Policy Perspectives Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Blodgett, John E. Air pollution Environmental policy Global climate change - Treaties International affairs Environmental protection This paper examines three reasonably distinct starting points from which a U.S. response to the 1992 U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change is being framed. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-08-31 Report Text crs: 98-738 local-cont-no: 98-738_1998Aug31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs528/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs528 English United States

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Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Morrissey, Wayne A. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses the effect of human activities on global climate change. Human activities, particularly burning of fossil fuels, have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace gases, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, and nitrous oxide. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-12-04 Report 3 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_1996Dec04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs288/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs288 English United States

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Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Morrissey, Wayne A. Justus, John R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses different perspectives used to consider issues related to the global climate change and issues related to the 1992 U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 1997 Kyoto Agreement. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-12 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2001Jan12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1393/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1393 English United States

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Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses different perspectives used to consider issues related to the global climate change and issues related to the 1992 U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 1997 Kyoto Agreement. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-08-13 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2001Aug13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1394/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1394 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1395 2026-04-10T01:09:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR collection:ESDC access_rights:public

Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses different perspectives used to consider issues related to the global climate change and issues related to the 1992 U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 1997 Kyoto Agreement. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-09-26 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2001Sep26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1395/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1395 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1396 2026-04-10T01:09:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses different perspectives used to consider issues related to the global climate change and issues related to the 1992 U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change and the 1997 Kyoto Agreement. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-12-14 Report 20 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2001Dec14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1396/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1396 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2130 2026-04-10T01:09:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report briefly reviews the status of climate science, international negotiations, and congressional activity focused specifically on climate change. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-01-30 Report 20 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2002Jan30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2130/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2130 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2131 2026-04-10T01:09:51Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report briefly reviews the status of climate science, international negotiations, and congressional activity focused specifically on climate change. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-03-27 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2002Mar27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2131/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2131 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2132 2026-04-10T01:09:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report briefly reviews the status of climate science, international negotiations, and congressional activity focused specifically on climate change. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-15 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2002May15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2132/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2132 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2133 2026-04-10T01:09:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report briefly reviews the status of climate science, international negotiations, and congressional activity focused specifically on climate change. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-22 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2002Aug22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2133/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2133 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2134 2026-04-10T01:10:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report briefly reviews the status of climate science, international negotiations, and congressional activity focused specifically on climate change. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-10 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2002Oct10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2134/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2134 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3734 2026-04-10T01:10:27Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses the effect of human activities on global climate change. Human activities, particularly burning of fossil fuels, have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace gases, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, and nitrous oxide. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-25 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2003Feb25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3734/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3734 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3735 2026-04-10T01:10:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses the effect of human activities on global climate change. Human activities, particularly burning of fossil fuels, have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace gases, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, and nitrous oxide. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-02 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2003Apr02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3735/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3735 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3736 2026-04-10T01:10:29Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses the effect of human activities on global climate change. Human activities, particularly burning of fossil fuels, have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace gases, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, and nitrous oxide. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-09 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2003Jul09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3736/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3736 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3737 2026-04-10T01:10:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses the effect of human activities on global climate change. Human activities, particularly burning of fossil fuels, have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace gases, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, and nitrous oxide. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-16 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2003Jul16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3737/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3737 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3738 2026-04-10T01:10:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses the effect of human activities on global climate change. Human activities, particularly burning of fossil fuels, have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace gases, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), methane, and nitrous oxide. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-08 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2003Sep08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3738/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3738 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5730 2026-04-10T01:10:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change CRS issue brief Justus, John R. Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Global climate change Environmental protection This report briefly reviews the status of climate science, international negotiations, and congressional activity focused specifically on climate change. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-10-29 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB89005 local-cont-no: IB89005_2004Oct29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5730/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5730 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs289 2026-03-21T01:20:13Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: Regulatory Issues Gushee, David E. Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Ozone layer depletion For two decades, scientists have been warning that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and Halons (bromine-containing fluorocarbons) may deplete the stratospheric ozone shield that screens out some of the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays and thus regulates the amounts which reach the Earth's surface. CFCs have been used as refrigerants, solvents, foam blowing agents, and outside the United States as aerosol propellants; Halons are used primarily as firefighting agents. Increased radiation could result in an increase in skin cancers, suppression of the human immune system, and decreased productivity of terrestrial and aquatic organisms, including some commercially important crops. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-11-04 Report Text crs: IB89021 local-cont-no: IB89021 1996-11-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs289/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs289 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs94 2026-03-21T00:59:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Implementing Acid Rain Legislation Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Environmental law enforcement Acid rain - Law and legislation Environmental protection This report discusses the broad-ranging provisions in Title IV of The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (P.L. 101-549), which raise myriad implementation issues, particularly with respect to the system of tradable "allowances." Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1994-11-15 Report Text crs: IB91035 local-cont-no: IB91035 1994-11-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs94/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs94 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1068 2026-03-21T01:00:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: Implementation Issues Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Ozone layer depletion For two decades, scientists have been warning that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons (bromine-containing fluorocarbons) may deplete the stratospheric ozone shield that screens out some of the Sun's harmful ultraviolet rays and thus regulates the amounts which reach the Earth's surface. CFCs have been used as refrigerants, solvents, foam blowing agents, and outside the United States, as aerosol propellants; Halons are used primarily as firefighting agents. Increased radiation could result in an increase in skin cancers, suppression of the human immune system, and decreased productivity of terrestrial and aquatic organisms, including some commercially important crops. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-07-12 Report Text crs: IB97003 local-cont-no: IB97003 2000-07-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1068/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1068 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs177 2026-03-21T00:58:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Implementing Acid Rain Legislation Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Environmental law enforcement Acid rain - Law and legislation Environmental protection This report discusses the broad-ranging provisions in Title IV of The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (P.L. 101-549), which raise myriad implementation issues, particularly with respect to the system of tradable "allowances." Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1995-04-05 Report Text crs: IB91035 local-cont-no: IB91035 1995-04-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs177/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs177 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1397 2026-03-21T00:57:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Environmental policy Greenhouse gases Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses global climate change and the possibility that human activities are releasing gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), at rates that could affect global climate change. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-04-04 Report 4 pages. Text crs: IB97057 local-cont-no: IB97057_2001Apr04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1397/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1397 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2135 2026-03-21T00:57:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Environmental policy Greenhouse gases Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses global climate change and the possibility that human activities are releasing gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), at rates that could affect global climate change. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-02 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB97057 local-cont-no: IB97057_2002May02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2135/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2135 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2136 2026-03-21T00:57:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Environmental policy Greenhouse gases Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses global climate change and the market-based strategies to reduce greenhouse gases. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-20 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB97057 local-cont-no: IB97057_2002Jun20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2136/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2136 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2137 2026-03-21T00:57:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Environmental policy Greenhouse gases Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses global climate change and the possibility that human activities are releasing gases, including carbon dioxide (CO2), at rates that could affect global climate change. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-27 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB97057 local-cont-no: IB97057_2002Aug27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2137/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2137 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2138 2026-03-21T00:57:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Environmental policy Greenhouse gases Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses global climate change and the market-based strategies to reduce greenhouse gases. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-16 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB97057 local-cont-no: IB97057_2002Dec16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2138/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2138 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3739 2026-03-21T00:58:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Environmental policy Greenhouse gases Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses global climate change and the market-based strategies to reduce greenhouse gases. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-04 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB97057 local-cont-no: IB97057_2003Feb04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3739/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3739 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3740 2026-03-21T00:58:20Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Environmental policy Greenhouse gases Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses global climate change and the market-based strategies to reduce greenhouse gases. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-01 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB97057 local-cont-no: IB97057_2003Apr01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3740/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3740 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3741 2026-03-21T00:58:21Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Environmental policy Greenhouse gases Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses global climate change and the market-based strategies to reduce greenhouse gases. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-12 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB97057 local-cont-no: IB97057_2003May12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3741/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3741 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3742 2026-03-21T00:58:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Environmental policy Greenhouse gases Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses global climate change and the market-based strategies to reduce greenhouse gases. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-25 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB97057 local-cont-no: IB97057_2003Jun25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3742/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3742 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3743 2026-03-21T00:58:23Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Environmental policy Greenhouse gases Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses global climate change and the market-based strategies to reduce greenhouse gases. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-01 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB97057 local-cont-no: IB97057_2003Aug01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3743/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3743 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs845 2017-02-07T16:47:49Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Air Quality and Vehicle Emission Standards: An Overview of the National Low Emission Vehicle Program and Related Issues Bearden, David M. Air pollution Government regulation Motor vehicle pollution control Economic policy Transportation This report provides background information on federal emission standards for motor vehicles under the Clean Air Act and stricter standards originally developed to address the severity of air quality problems in California, explains the low emission standards and flexible compliance mechanisms to which states and manufacturers have voluntarily agreed under the National Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) Program, discusses the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) estimates of the program's air quality benefits and costs, and examines regulatory issues related to its implementation including sulfur levels in gasoline and the relative stringency of emission standards for light trucks. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-04 Report Text crs: RL30005 local-cont-no: RL30005 1999-01-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs845/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs845 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3744 2026-03-21T00:58:24Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gases Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Air pollution Environmental policy Greenhouse gases Global climate change Environmental protection This report discusses global climate change and the market-based strategies to reduce greenhouse gases. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-10 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB97057 local-cont-no: IB97057_2003Sep10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3744/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3744 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs846 2022-09-29T12:34:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Carbon Emissions and End-Use Energy Demand Rowberg, Richard E. Air pollution Global climate change - Treaties International affairs Environmental protection This report presents an analysis of the potential impacts of the Kyoto Protocol on U.S. energy demand. The analysis focuses on 27 common end-uses — light duty vehicles, residential space heating, industrial direct process heat, etc. — that describe the way energy is used in the United States Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-20 Report 30 pages. Text crs: RL30036 local-cont-no: RL30036_1999Jan20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs846/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs846 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs848 2017-02-13T14:23:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: Coal Use in China and Other Asian Developing Countries Humphries, Marc Air pollution Foreign relations - China - U.S. Foreign relations - U.S. - China Global climate change - Treaties Foreign policy International affairs Environmental protection Report discussing factors behind China's planned reliance on coal for future energy growth, including background information, factors in Asian coal use trends, Asian and world energy demands, the Asian coal and world markets, CO2 emissions trends, projected energy supply and emissions from other sources, and general conclusions regarding the issues. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-06-16 Report Text crs: RL30233 local-cont-no: RL30233 1999-06-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs848/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs848 English China India Central Asia East & Southeast Asia South Asia

info:ark/67531/metacrs847 2026-03-21T01:08:50Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change Policy: Domestic Early Action Credits Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Blodgett, John E. Air pollution Global climate change - Law and legislation Environmental protection This report discusses the global climate change policy and proposals to allow credit for early actions to reduce emissions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-07-23 Report Text crs: RL30155 local-cont-no: RL30155_1999Jul23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs847/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs847 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs849 2017-02-14T15:28:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Air Quality and Motor Vehicles: An Analysis of Current and Proposed Emission Standards Bearden, David M. Air pollution Motor vehicle pollution control - Government regulation Economic policy Transportation The extent to which emissions from motor vehicles and the amount of sulfur in commercial gasoline should be regulated has become a controversial issue. The EPA is proposing national limits on gasoline sulfur levels which would become effective in 2004. This report provides background information on the regulation of vehicle emissions in the United States, analyzes key elements of the National Low Emission Vehicle (LEV) program and the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) Tier 2 proposal, summarizes major views on the proposal that have been expressed by the automobile industry, the oil refining industry, and some environmental organizations, and discusses relevant legislative activity in the 106th Congress. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-09-02 Report Text crs: RL30298 local-cont-no: RL30298 1999-09-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs849/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs849 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1069 2016-01-15T11:09:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:ESDC collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: The Role for Energy Efficiency Sissine, Fred Air pollution Energy efficiency Climate changes Energy This report reviews the role of energy efficiency in federal policies to curb CO2 emissions. In particular, it discusses targets for CO2 reductions, projected energy efficiency impacts, strategies for measuring impacts, and legislative proposals that would affect support for energy efficiency programs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-02-03 Report 16 pages. Text crs: RL30414 local-cont-no: RL30414_2000Feb03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1069/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1069 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1398 2026-04-13T18:59:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Climate Change Technology Initiative (CCTI): Research, Technology, and Related Programs Simpson, Michael M. Air pollution Research Global climate change - Government spending Science policy Budgets Environmental protection The Climate Change Technology Initiative (CCTI) was the Clinton Administration's package of R&D (to develop renewable energy sources and more energy efficient technologies), targeted tax credits (to encourage purchase and deployment of more efficient technologies), and voluntary information programs (to help businesses and schools be better informed when making purchasing and operating decisions that involve energy use and emissions). This report describes the R&D, voluntary information programs, and funding aspects of the CCTI. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-22 Report Text crs: RL30452 local-cont-no: RL30452 2001-01-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1398/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1398 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1399 2026-04-16T23:06:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Climate Change: Federal Research, Technology, and Related Programs Simpson, Michael M. Air pollution Research Global climate change - Government spending Science policy Budgets Environmental protection A major focus of efforts to address possible global climate change has been on energy use, given that carbon dioxide, the major “greenhouse gas,” is added to the atmosphere when fossil fuels are burned. Federal programs to increase energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy resources have a history that goes back well over two decades. While many of these efforts were aimed at reducing U.S. dependence on oil imports and addressing electricity needs, they also are relevant to environmental concerns, including climate change. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-10-03 Report 16 pages. Text crs: RL30452 local-cont-no: RL30452 2001-10-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1399/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1399 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1071 2020-06-11T23:07:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: A Survey of Scientific Research and Policy Reports Morrissey, Wayne A. Air pollution Research Climate changes Science policy This report is intended to guide the reader through U.S. global climate change policy from the passage of the National Climate Program Act of 1978 (P.L. 95-367) through the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, where the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC) was opened for signatures. It offers a summary of scientific research on global climate change and related U.S. policy and identifies what many consider to be important milestones in the international policy debate on global climate change. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-04-13 Report Text crs: RL30522 local-cont-no: RL30522_2000Apr13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1071/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1071 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1400 2017-02-15T13:44:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection This report discusses the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that was completed December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of six “greenhouse gases.” Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-12-17 Report 14 pages. Text crs: RL30692 local-cont-no: RL30692_2001Dec17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1400/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1400 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3745 2017-02-15T13:44:09Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection This report discusses the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that was completed December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of six “greenhouse gases.” Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-15 Report 15 pages. Text crs: RL30692 local-cont-no: RL30692_2003Jan15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3745/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3745 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3746 2017-02-15T13:44:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection This report discusses the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that was completed December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of six “greenhouse gases.” Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-08 Report 15 pages. Text crs: RL30692 local-cont-no: RL30692_2003Sep08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3746/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3746 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5732 2017-02-15T13:44:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection This report discusses the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that was completed December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of six “greenhouse gases.” Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-06-10 Report 15 pages. Text crs: RL30692 local-cont-no: RL30692_2004Jun10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5732/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5732 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5733 2017-02-15T13:44:11Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol Fletcher, Susan R. Air pollution Treaties Global climate change International affairs Environmental protection This report discusses the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) that was completed December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of six “greenhouse gases.” Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-10-27 Report 16 pages. Text crs: RL30692 local-cont-no: RL30692_2004Oct27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5733/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5733 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2139 2026-03-21T01:03:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Air Quality: Multi-Pollutant Legislation Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Blodgett, John E. Air pollution Air quality - Law and legislation - U.S. One approach being proposed to more cost-effectively achieve national air quality goals is a "multi-pollutant" strategy -- a framework based on a consistent set of emissions caps, implemented through emissions trading. This report discusses this strategy and related legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-01 Report 10 pages. Text crs: RL31326 local-cont-no: RL31326 2002-08-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2139/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2139 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2140 2026-03-21T01:03:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Air Quality: Multi-Pollutant Legislation Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Blodgett, John E. Air pollution Air quality - Law and legislation - U.S. One approach being proposed to more cost-effectively achieve national air quality goals is a "multi-pollutant" strategy -- a framework based on a consistent set of emissions caps, implemented through emissions trading. This report discusses this strategy and related legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-22 Report 11 pages. Text crs: RL31326 local-cont-no: RL31326 2002-10-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2140/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2140 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs850 2017-02-14T15:29:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

EPA's Tier 2 Proposal for Stricter Vehicle Emission Standards: A Fact Sheet Bearden, David M. Air pollution Motor vehicle pollution control Transportation The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 established "Tier 1" standards to limit tailpipe emissions from new motor vehicles, and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is required to determine if more stringent requirements are needed to attain or maintain National Ambient Air Quality Standards. EPA also must assess the availability and cost-effectiveness of technologies necessary to control emissions. In a report submitted to Congress in August 1998, EPA concluded that tougher standards are necessary and that essential technologies are available and cost-effective Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-06-24 Report Text crs: RS20247 local-cont-no: RS20247 1999-06-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs850/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs850 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs6136 2017-02-08T14:00:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Climate Change Legislation in the 108th Congress 108th Congress Yacobucci, Brent D. Powers, Kyna Air pollution Global climate change - Law and legislation Congress Environmental protection Climate change and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have been an issue in the 108th Congress, as they have been over the past decade. Bills directly addressing climate change issues range from those focused primarily on climate change research (H.R. 1578 and S. 1164) to comprehensive emissions cap and trading programs for all six greenhouse gases (S. 139 and H.R. 4067). This report briefly discusses basic concepts on which these bills are based, and compares major provisions of the bills in each of the following categories: climate change research, GHG reporting and registries, and cap and trade programs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-01-06 Report 19 pages. Text crs: RL32055 local-cont-no: RL32055 2005-01-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6136/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6136 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1070 2017-02-15T20:25:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Diesel Fuel and Engines: An Overview of New Emissions Regulations Yacobucci, Brent D. Air pollution Motor vehicle pollution control Transportation This report reviews the final regulations on diesel fuel and diesel engine emissions signed by Environmental Protection Agency Administrator Carol Browner December 21, 2000 and promulgated January 18, 2001. This report examines the rule’s potential impacts on fuel supply, summarizes the issues related to pollution controls, discusses potential impacts on the economy, and discusses issues raised by the timing and implementation schedule of the proposed rule. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-10-05 Report Text crs: RS20459 local-cont-no: RS20459 2000-10-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1070/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1070 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1401 2026-03-21T01:02:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Air Quality and Electricity: Initiatives to Increase Pollution Controls Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Blodgett, John E. Air pollution Government regulation Energy industries Air quality Energy This report discusses air quality initiatives (such as the Ozone Transport Rule) that primarily focus on reducing and enforcing emissions from coal-fired electric generating utilities in the Midwest and South. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-29 Report Text crs: RS20553 local-cont-no: RS20553 2001-03-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1401/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1401 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2141 2026-03-21T01:02:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Air Quality and Electricity: Initiatives to Increase Pollution Controls Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Blodgett, John E. Air pollution Government regulation Energy industries Air quality Energy This report discusses air quality initiatives (such as the Ozone Transport Rule) that primarily focus on reducing and enforcing emissions from coal-fired electric generating utilities in the Midwest and South. The report also addresses various legislative activity that focuses on multi-pollutant strategies as an alternative to these piecemeal initiatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-03-19 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20553 local-cont-no: RS20553 2002-03-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2141/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2141 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2142 2026-03-21T01:02:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Air Quality and Electricity: Initiatives to Increase Pollution Controls Parker, Larry, 1954-2013 Blodgett, John E. Air pollution Government regulation Energy industries Air quality Energy This report discusses air quality initiatives (such as the Ozone Transport Rule) that primarily focus on reducing and enforcing emissions from coal-fired electric generating utilities in the Midwest and South. The report also addresses various legislative activity that focuses on multi-pollutant strategies as an alternative to these piecemeal initiatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-25 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20553 local-cont-no: RS20553 2002-10-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2142/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2142 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs22 2020-06-12T21:44:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

National Wildlife Refuges: Places to Hunt? Heck, Jennifer A. Animals Hunting Wildlife refuges Public lands The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) manages the 717 units in the National Wildlife Refuge System. The system includes 500 national wildlife refuges, 166 waterfowl production areas, and 51 wildlife coordination areas. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1992-07-28 Report Text crs: 92-597 ENR local-cont-no: 92-597 ENR 1992-07-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs22/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs22 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1402 2017-02-14T15:38:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Clean Coal Technology Program: Current Prospects Behrens, Carl E. Air pollution Federal budgets Clean coal technology Budgets Energy The Clean Coal Technology (CCT) program, started in the 1980's and funded generously in the early 1990's, has completed most of its surviving projects and has not funded any new ones since 1994. However, President Bush’s FY2002 budget outline proposed spending $2 billion over 10 years on a restructured CCT program. It is not clear what kind of projects would be included in the new program. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-04-06 Report 4 pages. Text crs: RS20877 local-cont-no: RS20877 2001-04-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1402/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1402 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs23 2020-06-09T18:28:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Listing of a Species: Legal Definition and Biological Realities Corn, M. Lynne Animals Endangered species - Law and legislation - U.S. Natural resources The 103d Congress will debate the reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) 2 which expired on October 1, 1992. The Act has recently generated controversy, even though it passed in 1973 with virtually no opposition. Much of the debate concerns specific actions that would jeopardize particular species or populations. However, the controversy has been fueled by the discrepancies between two sets of legal definitions and the subtle biological realities that they approximate Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1992-12-15 Report Text crs: 92-944 ENR local-cont-no: 92-944 ENR 1992-12-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs23/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs23 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs46 2020-05-28T19:13:11Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Steel Jaw Leghold Trap: Issues and Concerns Corn, M. Lynne Animals Wildlife management Animal rights Trapping Steel jaw leghold traps are used in 47 States in the United States to capture furbearing animals (Florida and Rhode Island have prohibited use except with special permit for nuisance animals, and New Jersey has banned all uses). In addition to use by the fur industry, these traps are employed by State agencies in game management (e.g., to control predators and diseases). The leghold trap issue pits animal welfare groups opposed to the pain and suffering of trapped animals against supporters of the trap who maintain that alternatives are not cost effective and/or efficient. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1993-03-29 Report Text crs: 93-356 ENR local-cont-no: 93-356 ENR 1993-03-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs46/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs46 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs47 2026-04-15T01:04:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Mexican Spotted Owls: Federal Protection Heck, Jennifer A. Animals Endangered species Owls Natural resources Mexican spotted owls (MSOs) have the largest geographic distribution of the three spotted owl subspecies, with most occurring on National Forest lands in Arizona and New Mexico. Habitat loss and modification due to logging and fire prompted the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) to list MSOs as a threatened species in March 1993. As required in Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA), the U.S. Forest Service (FS) is consulting with the FWS on 125 timber sales proposed for the region. These consultations are to be completed in October 1993 and a critical habitat designation for the species is expected by November 1992 Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1993-06-30 Report Text crs: 93-620 ENR local-cont-no: 93-620 ENR 1993-06-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs47/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs47 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs48 2026-04-15T01:05:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Mexican Wolf: Federal Protection Corn, M. Lynne Animals Wildlife conservation Wolves Natural resources Mexican wolves were extirpated from the United States by the 1940s as part of the Predatory Animal and Rodent Control program (PARC); wild wolves are believed to exist in secluded areas in Mexico. Listed on the endangered species list in 1967, Mexican wolves exist in the United States only in captivity. The Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) is currently developing plans to reintroduce the wolves into their historic habitat. The plans are controversial, and the species' conservation may be debated during reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act (ESA). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1993-10-21 Report Text crs: 93-927 ENR local-cont-no: 93-927 ENR 1993-10-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs48/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs48 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs95 2020-06-14T22:17:46Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Northern Goshawk: Future Endangered Species? Corn, M. Lynne Animals Endangered species Natural resources The northern goshawk was listed in January 1992 as a candidate species (Category 2) for possible future listing under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) throughout its range in the United States. Category 2 species are those for which there are not adequate data to justify a listing proposal under ESA at that time. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1994-06-29 Report Text crs: 94-534 ENR local-cont-no: 94-534 ENR 1994-06-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs95/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs95 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs96 2017-02-07T18:05:24Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species: Its Past and Future Corn, M. Lynne Animals Wild animal trade Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) Endangered plants - Law and legislation Endangered species - Law and legislation - U.S. Natural resources This report discusses the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). It is divided into six sections: Introduction, Background, CITES and the Endangered Species Act, Implementation, Upcoming Events, and Appendices. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1994-08-24 Report Text crs: 94-675 ENR local-cont-no: 94-675 ENR 1994-08-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs96/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs96 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs529 2026-04-16T23:05:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Brief Summaries of Federal Animal Protection Statutes Cohen, Henry Animals Protection of animals - Law and legislation - U.S. This report contains brief summaries of federal animal protection statutes, listed alphabetically. It does not include treaties, although it does include statutes enacted to implement treaties. It includes statutes concerning animals that are not entirely, or not at all, animal protection statutes. For example, it includes a statute authorizing the eradication of predators, because one of the statute's purposes is to protect domestic and "game, animals; and it includes statutes to conserve fish, although their ultimate purpose may not be for the fishes' benefit. It also includes statutes that allow the disabled to use service animals, and even includes statutes aimed at acts of animal rights advocates (the Animal Enterprise Protection Act of 1992, and the Recreational Hunting Safety and Preservation Act of 1994). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-11-30 Report Text crs: 94-731 local-cont-no: 94-731 1998-11-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs529/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs529 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs178 2023-06-21T12:05:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Northern Right Whale Corn, M. Lynne Animals Endangered species Whales Marine resources This report summarizes the fact that northern right whale is the most endangered among all the whale species. The National Marine Fisheries Service is taking extra measures to protect these whales from any negative human interactions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1995-04-14 Report Text crs: 95-493 ENR local-cont-no: 95-493 ENR 1995-04-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs178/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs178 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs97 2017-02-07T15:45:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Marine Mammal Protection Act Amendments of 1994 Buck, Eugene H. Animals Marine mammal protection - Law and legislation - U.S. Marine resources This report summarizes provisions of the Marine Mammal Protection Act Amendments of 1994 and outlines this Act's implementation schedule for use by Members of Congress and their staff. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1994-09-28 Report Text crs: 94-751 local-cont-no: 94-751_1994Sep28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs97/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs97 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs179 2016-01-07T13:07:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Habitat Modification and the Endangered Species Act: The Sweet Home Decision Baldwin, Pamela Animals Supreme Court decisions Endangered species - Law and legislation Habitat conservation - Law and legislation - U.S. Law Natural resources This report discusses the Endangered Species Act, the regulation of the Fish and Wildlife Service defining "harm" for purposes of the "take" prohibitions of the Endangered Species Act. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1995-07-06 Report Text crs: 95-778 A local-cont-no: 95-778_1995Jul06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs179/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs179 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs290 2017-02-07T16:48:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Cattle Prices: Questions and Answers Becker, Geoffrey S. Animals Livestock industry Cattle - Prices Business Agriculture After 7 years of relatively high returns, cattle producers by 1994 were experiencing steeply falling prices--mainly caused by abundant supplies of cattle destined for U.S. feedlots. Record-high grain prices and dry pastures amplified the problem. Because of the lengthy biological cycle governing cattle production, large numbers will be coming onto the market for some time, as producers undertake the slow process of curtailing herd expansion. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-11-14 Report Text crs: 96-115 ENR local-cont-no: 96-115 ENR 1996-11-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs290/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs290 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs385 2017-02-16T16:21:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

"Mad Cow Disease" or Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy: Scientific and Regulatory Issues Johnson, Judith A. Vogt, Donna U. Animals Cattle - Government regulation Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Economic policy This report discusses the regulatory issues regarding cattle disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), and a rare, fatal human illness, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-07-09 Report 5 pages. Text crs: 96-641 SPR local-cont-no: 96-641_1997Jul09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs385/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs385 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs291 2020-06-14T22:18:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Norwegian Commercial Whaling: Issues for Congress Ek, Carl Animals Whaling - Norway Marine resources On May 16, 1996, 23 Members of Congress sent a letter to President Clinton expressing their concern over Norway's announcement that it intended to permit its whalers to kill as many as 425 minke whales that year. The co-signers urged the President "to take decisive action to prevent Norway from resuming its illicit whale harvesting," including the possible use of economic sanctions. For its 1997 hunt, Norway has increased its quota to 580 animals. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-12-31 Report Text crs: 97-55 F local-cont-no: 97-55 F 1996-12-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs291/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs291 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs387 2020-06-29T16:26:46Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Non-Indigenous Species: Government Response to the Brown Tree Snake and Issues for Congress Corn, M. Lynne Animals Endangered species Snakes Species - U.S. Natural resources Species found abundantly outside of their normal range can represent an ecological and economic hazard as great or greater than the most far-reaching efforts to protect an endangered species. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-05-02 Report Text crs: 97-507 ENR local-cont-no: 97-507 ENR 1997-05-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs387/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs387 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs386 2025-04-17T15:34:26Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Wildlife Restoration Projects Fund Talley, Louis Alan Animals Wildlife conservation - Finance Budgets Natural resources Since 1937, a cooperative program between the federal and state governments has existed for wildlife restoration. This program provides federal grants-in-aid to state agencies for conservation through land and water management for wild birds and mammals. While up to 8% of the collected revenues from excise taxes dedicated to the program may be retained by the federal government for administration, all remaining funds are apportioned to the states and territories for use either in wildlife restoration or hunter safety and education programs. Wildlife restoration programs receive all funds generated from the excise tax on firearms other than pistols and revolvers and all funds collected from shells and cartridges. Additionally, one-half of the excise taxes collected from pistols, revolvers, and archery equipment goes for wildlife restoration purposes. Hunter safety and education programs are funded from the remaining half of excise taxes collected on pistols, revolvers, and archery equipment. The states have been authorized by law to use hunter safety and education funds for wildlife restoration projects. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-05-02 Report Text crs: 97-506 E local-cont-no: 97-506 E 1997-05-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs386/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs386 English 1937/1997

info:ark/67531/metacrs388 2023-06-21T13:55:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

African Elephant Issues: CITES and CAMPFIRE Corn, M. Lynne Fletcher, Susan R. Animals Wildlife conservation Elephants - Africa Natural resources The conservation of African elephants has been controversial recently on two fronts: the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES, to which the United States is a party), and a Zimbabwean program for sustainable development called CAMPFIRE, which is partially funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Two controversies have sprung up recently about the African elephant. One is the changing status of this species under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES), of which the United States is a signatory. The other is over a program in Zimbabwe called "CAMPFIRE." The partial funding of this program by the U.S. Agency for International Development has been criticized by animal welfare groups and some conservation groups, though it has been supported by other conservation groups as well as many hunting organizations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-08-05 Report 1 document Text crs: 97-752 ENR local-cont-no: 97-752 ENR 1997-08-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs388/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs388 English Africa Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs530 2017-02-16T13:27:02Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species Act Amendments: An Analysis of S. 1180 and H.R. 2351 Baldwin, Pamela Corn, M. Lynne Animals Endangered species - Law and legislation Natural resources Because of wide-spread interest in possible amendments to the Endangered Species Act (ESA), CRS has received numerous requests for an analysis and critique of S.1180 and H.R. 2351. This report analyzes those bills. HR. 2351 was introduced on July 31, 1997 and S. 1180 on September 16, 1997. Each bill is discussed under various topic headings. The Senate bill will be described first, since it has been reported. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-03-02 Report Text crs: 98-178 A local-cont-no: 98-178 A 1998-03-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs530/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs530 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs851 2020-06-16T16:56:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Pacific Salmon and Anadromous Trout: Management Under the Endangered Species Act Buck, Eugene H. Dandelski, John R. Animals Endangered species Natural resources Along the Pacific Coast, 26 distinct population segments of Pacific salmon and anadromous (sea-run) trout are listed as either endangered or threatened under the Endangered Species Act (ESA). A variety of human activities have combined to greatly reduce or eliminate historic fish habitat, degrade remaining habitat, and otherwise harm anadromous fish populations. In addition, natural phenomena stress fish populations and contribute to their variable abundance Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-10-27 Report Text crs: 98-666 local-cont-no: 98-666 1999-10-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs851/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs851 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs531 2017-02-07T18:06:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species List Revisions: A Summary of Delisting and Downlisting Noecker, Robert J. Animals Endangered species - Law and legislation Natural resources This report outlines the process and reasons for delisting or downlisting, and summarizes the 27 species delisted due to extinction, recovery, or data revision, and the 22 species that have been downlisted from endangered to threatened status due to stabilized or improving populations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-01-05 Report 23 pages. Text crs: 98-32 ENR local-cont-no: 98-32 ENR 1998-01-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs531/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs531 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1072 2017-01-25T19:41:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Continuing Controversy Corn, M. Lynne Animals Endangered species Natural resources The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA) has been one of the most controversial of all environmental laws. Undoubtedly, the controversy stems from the strict substantive provisions of this law compared to many other environmental laws which tend to be more procedurally oriented or to permit greater administrative discretion. As a result of the ESA’s standards, the Act often plays a role in disputes in which all sides agree that a given species is not the center of the debate. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-11-21 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10009 local-cont-no: IB10009 2000-11-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1072/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1072 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1403 2026-04-10T01:29:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 108th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-09-05 Report Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2001-09-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1403/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1403 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2143 2026-04-10T01:29:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-04-03 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2002-04-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2143/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2143 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2144 2026-04-10T01:30:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-19 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2002-06-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2144/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2144 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2145 2026-04-10T01:30:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-03 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2002-07-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2145/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2145 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2146 2026-04-10T01:30:02Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-28 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2002-08-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2146/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2146 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2147 2026-04-10T01:30:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-04 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2002-10-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2147/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2147 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2148 2026-04-10T01:29:38Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-06 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2002-11-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2148/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2148 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2149 2026-04-10T01:29:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-06 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2002-12-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2149/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2149 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2150 2026-04-10T01:29:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-18 Report 19 pages Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2002-12-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2150/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2150 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3747 2026-04-10T01:33:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-07 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-01-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3747/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3747 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3748 2026-04-10T01:30:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-04 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-02-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3748/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3748 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3749 2026-04-10T01:30:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-13 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-03-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3749/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3749 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3750 2026-04-10T01:30:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-14 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-04-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3750/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3750 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3751 2026-04-10T01:30:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-07 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-05-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3751/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3751 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3752 2026-04-10T01:30:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-20 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-05-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3752/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3752 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3753 2026-04-10T01:30:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-29 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-05-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3753/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3753 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3754 2026-04-10T01:31:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 108th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-25 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-06-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3754/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3754 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3755 2026-04-10T01:31:11Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-10 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-07-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3755/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3755 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3756 2026-04-10T01:31:18Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-31 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-07-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3756/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3756 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3757 2026-04-10T01:31:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-12-08 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-08-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3757/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3757 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3758 2026-04-10T01:31:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-18 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-08-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3758/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3758 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3759 2026-04-10T01:31:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-05 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-09-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3759/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3759 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3760 2026-04-10T01:31:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-12 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-09-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3760/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3760 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3761 2026-04-10T01:31:34Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-22 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-09-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3761/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3761 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3762 2026-04-10T01:31:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-29 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-09-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3762/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3762 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3763 2026-04-10T01:31:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Buck, Eugene H. Corn, M. Lynne Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 107th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-10-06 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2003-10-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3763/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3763 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1404 2017-02-15T13:53:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: The Next Chapter Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy development Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for energy development. The report discusses arguments for and against such development and focuses especially on related pieces of legislation that directly affects the future of the ANWR. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-08-01 Report Text crs: IB10073 local-cont-no: IB10073 2001-08-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1404/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1404 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs5734 2026-04-10T01:30:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Endangered Species: Difficult Choices CRS issue brief Corn, M. Lynne Buck, Eugene H. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species Natural resources This report discusses issues debated in the 108th Congress while is considering various proposals to amend the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA). Major issues in recent years have included changing the role of science in decision-making, changing the role of critical habitat, reducing conflicts with Department of Defense activities, incorporating further protection for property owners, and increasing protection of listed species, among others. In addition, many have advocated including significant changes to ESA regulations made during the Clinton Administration in the law itself. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-10-26 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10072 local-cont-no: IB10072 2004-10-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5734/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5734 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1405 2017-02-15T13:53:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: The Next Chapter Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy development Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for energy development. The report discusses arguments for and against such development and focuses especially on related pieces of legislation that directly affects the future of the ANWR. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-12-17 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10073 local-cont-no: IB10073 2001-12-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1405/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1405 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs2151 2017-02-15T13:51:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Legislative Issues Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy policy Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for energy development. The report discusses arguments for and against such development and focuses especially on related pieces of legislation that directly affects the future of the ANWR. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-14 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10094 local-cont-no: IB10094 2002-05-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2151/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2151 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs2152 2017-02-15T13:50:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Legislative Issues Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy policy Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for energy development. The report discusses arguments for and against such development and focuses especially on related pieces of legislation that directly affects the future of the ANWR. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-27 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10094 local-cont-no: IB10094 2002-06-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2152/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2152 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs2153 2017-02-15T13:53:21Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Legislative Issues Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy policy Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for energy development. The report discusses arguments for and against such development and focuses especially on related pieces of legislation that directly affects the future of the ANWR. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-28 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10094 local-cont-no: IB10094 2002-08-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2153/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2153 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs2154 2017-02-15T13:53:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Legislative Issues Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy policy Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for energy development. The report discusses arguments for and against such development and focuses especially on related pieces of legislation that directly affects the future of the ANWR. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-22 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10094 local-cont-no: IB10094 2002-10-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2154/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2154 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs3764 2017-02-10T19:14:29Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Controversies for the 108th Congress 108th Congress Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy policy Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Environmental protection Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to approve energy development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Current law forbids energy leasing in the Refuge. This report addresses several legislative options on the issue, as well as policymakers' arguments for and against development, especially in the wake of increasing terrorism since 2000-2001. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-17 Report 13 pages. Text crs: IB10111 local-cont-no: IB10111 2003-01-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3764/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3764 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs3765 2017-02-10T19:15:51Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Controversies for the 108th Congress 108th Congress Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy policy Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Environmental protection Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to approve energy development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Current law forbids energy leasing in the Refuge. This report addresses several legislative options on the issue, as well as policymakers' arguments for and against development, especially in the wake of increasing terrorism since 2000-2001. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-21 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10111 local-cont-no: IB10111 2003-03-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3765/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3765 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs3766 2017-02-10T19:15:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Controversies for the 108th Congress 108th Congress Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy policy Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Environmental protection Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to approve energy development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Current law forbids energy leasing in the Refuge. This report addresses several legislative options on the issue, as well as policymakers' arguments for and against development, especially in the wake of increasing terrorism since 2000-2001. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-24 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10111 local-cont-no: IB10111 2003-04-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3766/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3766 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs3767 2017-02-10T19:16:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Controversies for the 108th Congress 108th Congress Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy policy Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Environmental protection Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to approve energy development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Current law forbids energy leasing in the Refuge. This report addresses several legislative options on the issue, as well as policymakers' arguments for and against development, especially in the wake of increasing terrorism since 2000-2001. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-13 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10111 local-cont-no: IB10111 2003-06-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3767/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3767 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs3768 2017-02-10T19:15:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Controversies for the 108th Congress 108th Congress Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy policy Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Environmental protection Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to approve energy development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Current law forbids energy leasing in the Refuge. This report addresses several legislative options on the issue, as well as policymakers' arguments for and against development, especially in the wake of increasing terrorism since 2000-2001. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-24 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10111 local-cont-no: IB10111 2003-07-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3768/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3768 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs3769 2017-02-10T19:16:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Controversies for the 108th Congress 108th Congress Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy policy Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Environmental protection Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to approve energy development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Current law forbids energy leasing in the Refuge. This report addresses several legislative options on the issue, as well as policymakers' arguments for and against development, especially in the wake of increasing terrorism since 2000-2001. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-19 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10111 local-cont-no: IB10111 2003-08-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3769/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3769 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs3770 2017-02-10T19:16:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Controversies for the 108th Congress 108th Congress Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy policy Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Environmental protection Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to approve energy development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Current law forbids energy leasing in the Refuge. This report addresses several legislative options on the issue, as well as policymakers' arguments for and against development, especially in the wake of increasing terrorism since 2000-2001. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-10-10 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10111 local-cont-no: IB10111 2003-10-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3770/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3770 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs5735 2017-02-10T19:16:12Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Controversies for the 108th Congress 108th Congress Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Energy policy Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Environmental protection Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to approve energy development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Current law forbids energy leasing in the Refuge. This report addresses several legislative options on the issue, as well as policymakers' arguments for and against development, especially in the wake of increasing terrorism since 2000-2001. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-06-14 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10111 local-cont-no: IB10111 2004-06-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5735/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5735 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs5736 2017-02-10T19:16:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR): Controversies for the 108th Congress 108th Congress Corn, M. Lynne Gelb, Bernard A. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Wildlife refuges - Law and legislation Environmental protection Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to approve energy development in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR). Current law forbids energy leasing in the Refuge. This report addresses several legislative options on the issue, as well as policymakers' arguments for and against development, especially in the wake of increasing terrorism since 2000-2001. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-09-29 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10111 local-cont-no: IB10111 2004-09-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5736/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5736 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs292 2017-02-10T19:09:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Corn, M. Lynne Kumins, Lawrence C. Baldwin, Pamela Animals Wildlife refuges Public lands The Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) is an area rich in fauna, flora, and oil potential, where development has been debated for over 36 years. Current law forbids oil and gas leasing. This report discusses debate over whether or not to open the ANWR up for development and includes discussion of various legislative options under consideration. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-09-05 Report Text crs: IB95071 local-cont-no: IB95071 1996-09-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs292/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs292 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs5737 2026-04-10T00:45:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Mad Cow Disease: Agricultural Issues for Congress CRS issue brief Becker, Geoffrey S. Animals Government regulation Bovine spongiform encephalopathy Economic policy This report discuses lumber imports from Canada and provides a concise historical account of the dispute, summarizes the subsidy and injury evidence, and discusses the current issues and events. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-10-27 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB10127 local-cont-no: IB10127_2004Oct27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5737/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5737 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs389 2017-02-07T18:05:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Dolphin Protection and Tuna Seining Buck, Eugene H. Animals Marine mammal protection Dolphins Marine resources From its inception in 1972, one of the goals of the Marine Mammal Protection Act (MMPA) was to reduce the incidental mortality of dolphins in the ETP tuna fishery. Regulations promulgated under MMPA authority set standards for tuna seining and motivated technological improvements that reduced dolphin mortalities in this fishery -- by 1977, annual dolphin mortality by U.S. tuna seiners had declined to about 25,450 animals. Despite the extensive mortalities, no ETP dolphin population has been listed as endangered or threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. However, two ETP dolphin stocks were listed as depleted under the MMPA. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-08-29 Report Text crs: IB96011 local-cont-no: IB96011 1997-08-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs389/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs389 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1407 2017-02-08T12:31:51Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Marine Mammal Protection Act: Reauthorization Issues for the 107th Congress 107th Congress Buck, Eugene H. Animals Marine mammal protection - law and legislation Congress Marine resources This report discusses the issues likely to be raised during any reauthorization debate, the reasons behind them, and possible proposals that could be offered to address these concerns. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-09 Report 46 pages. Text crs: RL30120 local-cont-no: RL30120_2001Jan09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1407/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1407 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs852 2020-06-30T14:13:07Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Pacific Salmon Treaty: The 1999 Agreement in Historical Perspective Waldeck, Daniel A. Buck, Eugene H. Animals Conservation of natural resources Endangered species Natural resources On June 30, 1999, after many years of diplomatic struggle to resolve disagreements over resource conservation and harvest arrangements, the United States and Canada signed an agreement for the long-term conservation and equitable sharing of their salmon resources. Most of the new fishery arrangements will be in effect for 10 years, beginning in 1999. The arrangement for Fraser River sockeye will be in effect for 12 years, also beginning in 1999. This report provides background about the Pacific Salmon Treaty, discusses issues that created difficulties in the past, and summarizes the new salmon accord. As the issues evolve, this report will be updated to include and discuss additional concerns that may arise Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-10-18 Report Text crs: RL30234 local-cont-no: RL30234 1999-10-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs852/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs852 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1406 2017-02-10T12:31:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Endangered Species Act: Consideration of Economic Factors Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species - Law and legislation - Economic aspects Natural resources The Endangered Species Act (ESA) provides for the listing and protection of species that are found to be “endangered” or “threatened” – species that might become extinct. The listing of a species as endangered triggers the prohibitions in the Act against “taking” (killing or harming) individuals of the protected species, unless a permit is obtained to take individuals incidental to an otherwise lawful proposed action, or an exemption for the proposed action is obtained. Unauthorized taking of a listed species can result in civil or criminal penalties. These prohibitions and potential penalties can affect various activities, including development and use of land, with attendant economic impacts. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-05 Report 12 pages. Text crs: RL30792 local-cont-no: RL30792 2001-01-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1406/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1406 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3771 2017-02-10T12:31:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Endangered Species Act: Consideration of Economic Factors Baldwin, Pamela Animals Endangered species - Law and legislation - Economic aspects Natural resources The Endangered Species Act (ESA) provides for the listing and protection of species that are found to be “endangered” or “threatened” – species that might become extinct. The listing of a species as endangered triggers the prohibitions in the Act against “taking” (killing or harming) individuals of the protected species, unless a permit is obtained to take individuals incidental to an otherwise lawful proposed action, or an exemption for the proposed action is obtained. Unauthorized taking of a listed species can result in civil or criminal penalties. These prohibitions and potential penalties can affect various activities, including development and use of land, with attendant economic impacts. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-15 Report 13 pages. Text crs: RL30792 local-cont-no: RL30792 2003-04-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3771/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3771 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2156 2016-02-02T19:51:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Legal Issues Related to Proposed Drilling for Oil and Gas in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge Baldwin, Pamela Animals Oil and gas leases Wildlife refuges Energy Public lands This report discusses the legal issues considered by Congress on whether to permit drilling for oil and gas in the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Alaska. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-04-26 Report 44 pages. Text crs: RL31115 local-cont-no: RL31115_2002Apr26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2156/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2156 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3773 2023-06-21T11:05:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Legal Issues Related to Proposed Drilling for Oil and Gas in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) Baldwin, Pamela Animals Oil and gas leases Wildlife refuges Energy Public lands This report outlines legal issues around permit drilling for oil and gas in the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), Alaska as background for congressional legislation. Updated March 18, 2023. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-18 Report 32 pages Text crs: RL31115 local-cont-no: RL31115 2003-03-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3773/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3773 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3774 2023-06-21T11:07:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Legal Issues Related to Proposed Drilling for Oil and Gas in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) Baldwin, Pamela Animals Oil and gas leases Wildlife refuges Energy Public lands This report outlines legal issues around permit drilling for oil and gas in the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR), Alaska as background for congressional legislation. Updated April 22, 2003 Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-22 Report 32 pages Text crs: RL31115 local-cont-no: RL31115 2003-04-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3774/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3774 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3775 2017-02-13T13:59:12Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge: Background and Issues Corn, M. Lynne Animals Energy policy Wildlife refuges Environmental protection Energy Public lands This report discusses the ongoing debate about whether or not to open the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) for energy development. The report discusses arguments for and against such development and related pieces of legislation. It does not analyze specific proposals to develop or protect the Refuge. Rather, it provides basic material for analyzing possibilities and implications of the major issues that have been the focus of the legislative debate over its fate. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-15 Report 121 pages. Text crs: RL31278 local-cont-no: RL31278 2003-05-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3775/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3775 English United States - Alaska

info:ark/67531/metacrs853 2020-07-03T22:26:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Role of Designation of Critical Habitat under the Endangered Species Act Baldwin, Pamela Animals Environmental law and legislation Habitat conservation Endangered species Environmental protection Natural resources On June 14th, 1999, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) called for public comment on its current procedures for designating critical habitat. In addition, a proposal is before the Senate (S.1100) to move the time at which critical habitat must be designated for a species under the Endangered Species Act (ESA) from being (basically) concurrent with the listing of the species to the time a recovery plan is finalized for that species. This report is written as background for considering the current legislative proposal and the FWS notice and may be updated as circumstances warrant. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-07-16 Report Text crs: RS20263 local-cont-no: RS20263 1999-07-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs853/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs853 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3772 2026-04-10T17:49:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Endangered Species Act (ESA), Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA), and Department of Defense (DOD) Readiness Activities: Current Law and Legislative Proposals Baldwin, Pamela Animals Military operations Endangered species - Law and legislation Defense policy Natural resources This report provides a brief overview of how the Endangered Species Act (ESA)1 and the Migratory Bird Treaty Act (MBTA)2 and their relevant regulations may apply to military training and readiness activities of the Department of Defense (DOD). Military activities may “take” protected creatures directly (e.g,. killing with ordnance during rifle, gunnery or assault drills), or might destroy habitat (e.g., artillery or bombing practices), even if these results are not the purpose of the activities. The applicability of the MBTA and ESA to military readiness activities has been controversial recently and legislation has been enacted in both the 107th and 108th Congresses on these topics. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-30 Report 21 pages. Text crs: RL31415 local-cont-no: RL31415 2003-05-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3772/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3772 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1408 2017-02-15T13:47:29Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

ANWR Development: Economic Impacts Gelb, Bernard A. Animals Petroleum reserves Wildlife refuges Energy Public lands This report briefly discusses Congressional considerations on whether to continue to protect the ecosystem on the coastal plain of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) or to open it to oil and gas development. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-12-03 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS21030 local-cont-no: RS21030 2001-12-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1408/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1408 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2155 2017-02-16T14:11:48Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Endangered Species Act and "Sound Science" Baldwin, Pamela Corn, M. Lynne Animals Science Endangered species - Law and legislation Science policy Natural resources This report provides a context for evaluating legislative proposals through examples of how science has been used in selected cases, a discussion of the nature and role of science in general, and its role in the Endangered Species Act (ESA) process in particular, together with general and agency information quality requirements and policies, and a review of how the courts have viewed agency use of science. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-16 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS21264 local-cont-no: RS21264 2002-07-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2155/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2155 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs50 2026-04-13T18:38:44Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Excise Tax Financing of Federal Trust Funds Noto, Nonna A. Talley, Louis Alan Budgets Excise tax Government trust funds Dedicated excise taxes finance only a small number of the many activities undertaken by the Federal Government. The fourteen trust funds and special funds currently financed by excise taxes can be grouped under four programmatic purposes: nature conservation and recreation, transportation, environmental cleanup, and health damage compensation. In close parallel, the products currently subject to taxation on behalf of trust and special funds can be classified under the categories of hunting and fishing equipment; cargo transport and air passenger transportation; motor fuels; and materials potentially hazardous to the environment or human health. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1993-01-05 Report Text crs: 93-6 E local-cont-no: 93-6 E 1993-01-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs50/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs50 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs293 2017-02-16T13:22:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Federal Budget Process: A Brief Outline Saturno, James V. Budgets Appropriations Federal budget process In a sense the term "budget process" is a misnomer when applied to the federal government. Budgeting for the federal government is not a single process; rather it consists of a number of processes that have evolved separately and which occur with varying degrees of coordination. This report, and the accompanying flow chart, attempt to clarify the role played by each of the component parts of the budget process as well as how they operate together. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-04-26 Report Text crs: 96-368GOV local-cont-no: 96-368GOV_1996Apr26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs293/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs293 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1409 2026-04-10T02:10:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Water Infrastructure Financing: History of EPA Appropriations Copeland, Claudia Budgets Federal aid to water pollution control Environmental Protection Agency - Appropriations Water pollution This report covers Trends in water Infrastructure Funding, SFS Grants vs. Special Purpose Projects Grants, Local Cost share on Special Purpose Grants, and Drinking Water Grants (from Content). This report provides, in chronological order, congressional activity to fund items in this account since 1987 (from Summary). It includes a table on page 3 detailing Water Infrastructure Funding ($ in Millions) and it has four sections about the Fiscal Year, CWA Authorization, President Request, and Appropriation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-12-03 Report 23 pages Text crs: 96-647 ENR local-cont-no: 96-647 ENR 2001-12-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1409/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1409 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2157 2026-04-10T02:10:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Water Infrastructure Financing: History of EPA Appropriations Copeland, Claudia Budgets Federal aid to water pollution control Environmental Protection Agency - Appropriations Water pollution This report covers Trends in water Infrastructure Funding, SFS Grants vs. Special Purpose Projects Grants, Local Cost share on Special Purpose Grants, and Drinking Water Grants (from Content). This report provides, in chronological order, congressional activity to fund items in this account since 1987 (from Summary). It includes a table on page 3 detailing Water Infrastructure Funding ($ in Millions) and it has four sections about the Fiscal Year, CWA Authorization, President Request, and Appropriation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-04 Report 24 pages Text crs: 96-647 ENR local-cont-no: 96-647 ENR 2002-12-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2157/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2157 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3776 2026-04-10T02:10:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Water Infrastructure Financing: History of EPA Appropriations Copeland, Claudia Budgets Federal aid to water pollution control Environmental Protection Agency - Appropriations Water pollution This report covers Trends in water Infrastructure Funding, SFS Grants vs. Special Purpose Projects Grants, Local Cost share on Special Purpose Grants, and Drinking Water Grants (from Content). This report provides, in chronological order, congressional activity to fund items in this account since 1987 (from Summary). It includes a table on page 3 detailing Water Infrastructure Funding ($ in Millions) and it has four sections about the Fiscal Year, CWA Authorization, President Request, and Appropriation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-21 Report 25 pages Text crs: 96-647 ENR local-cont-no: 96-647 ENR 2003-05-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3776/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3776 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs294 2026-04-11T00:30:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Line Item Veto Act Fisher, Louis McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Line item veto - Law and legislation - U.S. Presidents The Line Item Veto Act of 1996 (Public Law 104-130, 110 Stat. 1200), gives the President expanded rescission authority by changing the burden of action and coverage. Under the Impoundment Control Act of 1974 (88 Stat. 332), the President must obtain the support of both Houses within a specified time period for a rescission to become permanent, while the new law puts the burden on Congress to disapprove presidential rescission proposals within a 30-day period. Along with rescission of discretionary appropriations, the new law subjects any new item of direct spending (entitlement) and certain limited tax benefits to cancellation as well. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-11-26 Report Text crs: 96-765 GOV local-cont-no: 96-765 GOV 1996-11-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs294/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs294 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs295 2026-04-16T23:05:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

A Brief Introduction to the Federal Budget Process Keith, Robert Budgets Federal budget process This report provides a brief introduction to the federal budget process. Key budget concepts and terminology are defined and explained. The separate procedures that make up the federal budget process are identified and their salient features described. While a complete understanding of federal budgeting probably can be obtained only after much observation and study of the process in operation, broad exposure to its rudiments is a useful first step. Various resources "for additional reading" are identified at the end of this report, which the reader may find helpful in exploring the subject in greater depth. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-11-13 Report Text crs: 96-912 GOV local-cont-no: 96-912 GOV 1996-11-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs295/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs295 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs390 2026-04-16T23:05:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

A Brief Introduction to the Federal Budget Process Keith, Robert Budgets Federal budget process This report provides a brief introduction to the federal budget process. Key budget concepts and terminology are defined and explained. The separate procedures that make up the federal budget process are identified and their salient features described. While a complete understanding of federal budgeting probably can be obtained only after much observation and study of the process in operation, broad exposure to its rudiments is a useful first step. Various resources “for additional reading” are identified at the end of this report, which the reader may find helpful in exploring the subject in greater depth. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-10-20 Report 28 pages. Text crs: 96-912 GOV local-cont-no: 96-912 GOV 1997-10-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs390/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs390 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs296 2020-06-09T17:32:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Line Item Veto Act: Procedural Issues Fisher, Louis McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Line item veto - Law and legislation - U.S. Presidents At various times, Congress has given the President statutory authority not to spend appropriated funds. That authority was elaborated and made more systematic with the Impoundment Control Act of 1974, which permitted the President to delay the expenditure of funds (deferral authority) and to cancel funds (rescission authority). To rescind funds, the President needed the support of both houses within 45 days. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-12-02 Report Text crs: 96-973 GOV local-cont-no: 96-973 GOV 1996-12-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs296/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs296 English

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State Techniques to Blunt the Governor's Item-Veto Power Fisher, Louis Budgets State politics and government Item veto The Line Item Veto Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-130) authorizes the President to cancel discretionary budget authority, new entitlements, and limited tax benefits. This authority became available on January 1, 1997; will Congress now resort to a variety of techniques and strategies to circumscribe the President's power? Legislators and legislative committees at the state level have used various tactics to counteract, blunt, or neutralize the governor's item-veto power. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-12-12 Report Text crs: 96-996 GOV local-cont-no: 96-996 GOV 1996-12-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs297/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs297 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs532 2026-04-07T21:44:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Line Item Vetoes in the 105th Congress, First Session: A Finding Aid 105th Congress Anderson, J. Michael Jimenez, Rita D. Budgets Congressional sessions Line item veto Congress Presidents This report summarizes President Clinton's use of the line item veto in the 105th Congress. The report explains the process of a line item veto, as well as a list of Clinton's vetoes and the laws affected by them. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-02-13 Report 5 pages Text crs: 97-1012 C local-cont-no: 97-1012 C 1998-02-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs532/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs532 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs533 2017-02-07T20:01:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Nutrition Issues in the 105th Congress 105th Congress Richardson, Joe Budgets WIC program Child nutrition Federal aid to child welfare Food Welfare Children This report covers proposed and enacted legislative initiatives to change child nutrition programs (including the WIC program) during 1997 and 1998. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-06-18 Report 21 pages. Text crs: 97-108 EPW local-cont-no: 97-108 EPW 1998-06-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs533/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs533 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs534 2020-06-01T21:36:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Crime Control Assistance Through the Byrne Programs Laney, Garrine P. Budgets Federal aid to law enforcement - Law and legislation Criminal justice The statute provides that states receive and distribute block grant funds and that the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) of the U.S. Department of Justice awards discretionary grants for specified activities. Allocated largely on the basis of population, block grant funds are used for personnel, equipment, training, technical assistance, and information systems to improve criminal justice systems. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-20 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-265 GOV local-cont-no: 97-265 GOV 1998-05-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs534/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs534 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs298 2026-04-13T18:56:52Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Line Item Veto Act of 1996: Lessons from the States Fisher, Louis Budgets Congressional-Presidential relations Line item veto - Law and legislation - U.S. Congress Presidents The Line Item Veto Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-130) authorizes the President to cancel discretionary budget authority, new entitlements, and limited tax benefits. When this authority becomes available on January 1, 1997, it will change the dynamics among all three branches of government. In response to presidential decisions to cancel certain provisions, Congress may change the way it drafts bills and committee reports. Lawsuits will bring these presidential and congressional actions before federal courts, raising a number of constitutional and statutory questions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-12-26 Report Text crs: 97-38 local-cont-no: 97-38 1996-12-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs298/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs298 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs392 2026-04-14T00:42:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

A Balanced Budget Constitutional Amendment: Background and Congressional Options Saturno, James V. Budgets Balanced budgets - Constitutional amendments Constitution One of the most persistent political issues facing Congress in recent years is whether to require that the budget of the United States be in balance. Although a balanced federal budget has long been held as a political ideal, the accumulation of large deficits in recent years has heightened concern that some action to require a balance between revenues and expenditures may be necessary. The debate over a balanced budget measure actually consists of several interrelated debates, which this report addresses. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-03-20 Report 52 pages. Text crs: 97-379 GOV local-cont-no: 97-379 GOV 1997-03-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs392/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs392 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs535 2026-04-11T00:45:52Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Entitlements Debate Koitz, David Budgets Entitlements Social services Federal entitlement programs make payments directly to recipients who meet eligibility criteria set by law. There are about 400 of them with Social Security being the largest. Generally, entitlement spending is not subject to control through annual appropriations, and once an entitlement program is established, its scope can be altered only by amending the law that created it. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-01-28 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-39 EPW local-cont-no: 97-39 EPW 1998-01-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs535/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs535 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1410 2015-10-27T15:50:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act: Full Funding of State Formula Apling, Richard N. Budgets Education of disabled students Federal aid to education Disabled Elementary and secondary education This report discusses Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), which assists participating states to serve school-age children with disabilities. The state funding formula, which provides a foundation amount based on states’ FY1999 grants and allocates remaining amounts based on states’ shares of school-age children and of school-age poor children, authorizes a maximum allotment per disabled child served of 40% of the national average per pupil expenditure (APPE). Annual appropriations have never been sufficient to provide each state its maximum allotment; in FY2002, states will receive approximately 16.5% of the national APPE per disabled child served. Some advocates for the program have called upon the Congress to fully fund the formula. An estimated $18.2 billion would be required to provide states the maximum allotment allowed per disabled child served in FY2002, about 2.4 times more than the appropriation of $7.5 billion for FY2002. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-12-27 Report 5 Pages. Text crs: 97-433EPW local-cont-no: 97-433EPW_2001Dec27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1410/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1410 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs536 2017-02-07T20:00:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Adult Education and Literacy: Current Programs and Legislative Proposals in the 105th Congress 105th Congress Irwin, Paul M. Budgets Federal aid to adult education - Law and legislation Higher education This report summarizes current programs for adult education and literacy, provides a funding history, and analyzes major provisions of the legislative proposals being considered by the 105th Congress for amending adult education and literacy programs. Specifically, the report examines the provisions of H.R. 1385, the Employment, Training, and Literacy Enhancement Act of 1997, as passed by the House, and H.R. 1385, the Workforce Investment Partnership Act of 1998, as amended by the Senate (originally considered as S. 1186). Key issues include state and local administration issues, comprehensive state plan requirements, integration with other federal training and employment programs, and program performance standards. The report will be updated as legislative action occurs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-06-17 Report 21 pages. Text crs: 97-534 EPW local-cont-no: 97-534 EPW 1998-06-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs536/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs536 English 1998 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs391 2026-04-07T16:23:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget Reconciliation in the 105th Congress: Achieving a Balanced Budget by 2002 105th Congress Koitz, David Nuschler, Dawn Budgets Budget reconciliation Achievement of a balanced federal budget by 2002 was a high priority for the 105th Congress and the President. After months of negotiations and debate, starting in February 1997 and ending in July 1997, congressional leaders and the White House forged a consensus on legislation to accomplish this goal. The legislation, signed into law by President Clinton on August 5, 1997, sets “caps” on discretionary spending, constrains entitlement programs, and on balance reduces federal taxes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-09-11 Report 21 pages. Text crs: 97-620 EPW local-cont-no: 97-620 EPW 1997-09-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs391/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs391 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs537 2020-06-22T15:41:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Senate's Byrd Rule Against Extraneous Matter in Reconciliation Measures Keith, Robert Budgets Senate rules and procedure Budget reconciliation Congress Reconciliation is an expedited process under the 1974 Congressional Budget Act used to change mainly entitlement and revenue laws in order to implement budget resolution policies. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-09-09 Report Text crs: 97-695 local-cont-no: 97-695 1998-09-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs537/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs537 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1411 2017-02-14T15:30:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

National Estuary Program: A Collaborative Approach to Protecting Coastal Water Quality Bearden, David M. Budgets Estuarine pollution Federal aid to water pollution control Marine resources Water pollution This report discusses National Estuary Program and is based on 11 of the 28 estuaries that are currently in the National Estuary Program which represent common environmental problems along the nation’s coastline: on the Pacific Coast, the Columbia River, Puget Sound, San Francisco Bay, and Santa Monica Bay; on the Atlantic Coast, Albemarle-Pamlico Sound, Long Island Sound, Narragansett Bay, and Maryland’s coastal bays (excluding Chesapeake Bay); and on the Gulf of Mexico, Charlotte Harbor, Corpus Christi Bay, and Sarasota Bay. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-12 Report 18 pages. Text crs: 97-644 local-cont-no: 97-644_2001Jan12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1411/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1411 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs393 2026-04-11T01:05:02Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Continuing Appropriations Acts: Brief Overview of Recent Practices Streeter, Sandy Budgets Congressional budget process Continuing resolutions Congress This report provides information on the history of continuing resolutions; the nature, scope, and duration of CRs during the last 30 years; the various types of CRs that have been enacted; and an overview of those instances when budget authority has lapsed and a funding gap has resulted. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-09-26 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-892 GOV local-cont-no: 97-892 GOV 1997-09-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs393/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs393 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs394 2015-09-22T16:09:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Fiscal Year 1998 Continuing Resolutions Streeter, Sandy Budgets Congressional budget process Continuing resolutions Congress Congress annually considers 13 regular appropriations bills providing funding for agency operations. If any of these bills are not enacted by the start of the fiscal year (October 1), the nonessential activities of the agencies funded in the outstanding bills must cease. In those years in which all 13 bills are not enacted by the deadline, Congress adopts measures continuing funding until the regular bills are enacted. This report discusses these measures, which are referred to as continuing resolutions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-12-01 Report 17 Pages. Text crs: 97-904GOV local-cont-no: 97-904GOV_1997Dec01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs394/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs394 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs395 2017-02-09T14:58:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget Enforcement Act of 1997 Keith, Robert Budgets Budget reconciliation - Law and legislation Law President Clinton signed two reconciliation acts into law in August 1997 as part of a plan to balance the budget by FY2002. To ensure compliance with this goal, enforcement procedures were included in one of the acts in a title referred to separately as the Budget Enforcement Act (BEA) of 1997. The BEA of 1997 extends procedures under the Budget Enforcement Act (BEA) of 1990 through FY2002 Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-10-08 Report Text crs: 97-930 GOV local-cont-no: 97-930 GOV 1997-10-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs395/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs395 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs539 2026-04-11T00:27:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Supplemental Appropriations and Rescissions for FY1998 Fiscal Year 1998 Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Supplemental appropriations Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-04 Report Text crs: 98-123 F local-cont-no: 98-123 F 1998-05-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs539/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs539 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs540 2017-02-15T20:52:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget FY1999: A Chronology with Internet Access Fiscal Year 1999 Bley, Mary Frances Budgets Federal budgets This is a select chronology of, and a finding guide for information on, congressional and presidential actions and documents related to major budget events in calendar year 1998, covering the FY1999 budget. Brief information is provided for the President’s budget, congressional budget resolutions, appropriations measures (regular, continuing, supplementals, and rescissions), budget reconciliation, House and Senate votes, line-item vetoes, publications, testimony, charts, and tables. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-07-23 Report Text crs: 98-199 local-cont-no: 98-199 1998-07-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs540/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs540 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs538 2026-04-11T00:56:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Drug Control: Reauthorization of the Office of National Drug Control Policy Teasley, David Budgets Office of National Drug Control Policy - Authorization The Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) was scheduled to sunset on September 30, 1997, but Congress approved ONDCP funding under the Treasury, Postal Appropriations Act, FY1998 (P.L. 105-61). Several measures have been introduced in the 105th Congress to reauthorize ONDCP. On October 21, 1997, the House passed H.R. 2610, as amended, the National Narcotics Leadership Act. On November 6, 1997, the Senate Judiciary Committee reported H.R. 2610, replacing the language of the House-passed version with a new version, the Office of National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization Act. On July 29, 1998, the Senate approved an amendment (S. Amdt. 3367/Hatch and Biden) to the Treasury, Postal Appropriations Act, FY1999 (S. 2312/Campbell) that differs from the House-passed version of H.R. 2610. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-08-26 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 98-149 GOV local-cont-no: 98-149 GOV 1998-08-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs538/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs538 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs854 2017-02-15T20:50:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget FY1999: A Chronology with Internet Access Fiscal Year 1999 Bley, Mary Frances Budgets Federal budgets This is a select chronology of, and a finding guide for information on, congressional and presidential actions and documents related to major budget events in calendar year 1998, covering the FY1999 budget. Brief information is provided for the President’s budget, congressional budget resolutions, appropriations measures (regular, continuing, supplementals, and rescissions), budget reconciliation, House and Senate votes, line-item vetoes, publications, testimony, charts, and tables. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-04 Report 25 pages. Text crs: 98-199C local-cont-no: 98-199C 1999-01-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs854/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs854 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs855 2017-02-07T16:16:23Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY1999: An Overview Fiscal Year 1999 Anderson, J. Michael Budgets Appropriations Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to CRS reports that provide analytical perspectives on the 13 annual appropriations bills, and other related appropriation measures. It does not include a detailed explanation or description of the budget or appropriations processes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-04-28 Report 34 pages. Text crs: 98-200 C local-cont-no: 98-200 C 1999-04-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs855/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs855 English 1999

info:ark/67531/metacrs542 2020-06-11T22:58:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY1999: District of Columbia Fiscal Year 1999 Noto, Nonna A. Budgets Appropriations - District of Columbia Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on the District of Columbia. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-11-05 Report 44 pages. Text crs: 98-213 E local-cont-no: 98-213 E 1998-11-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs542/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs542 English 1999 United States - Washington D.C.

info:ark/67531/metacrs541 2026-04-02T20:46:24Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

ISTEA Reauthorization: Highway and Transit Legislative Proposals in the 105th Congress, 2nd Session 105th Congress Fischer, John W. Budgets Federal aid to transportation - Law and legislation - Authorization Transportation This report discusses the Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991 (ISTEA), programs which are continuing to operate on the basis of limited interim financing enacted in the closing moments of the 1st Session. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-03-06 Report 8 pages. Text crs: 98-221 local-cont-no: 98-221_1998Mar06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs541/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs541 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs543 2017-02-07T19:27:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Functional Categories of the Federal Budget Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the functional categories, which provide a broad statement of budget priorities and facilitate the analysis of trends in related programs regardless of the type of financial transaction or agency organization. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-03-23 Report Text crs: 98-280 local-cont-no: 98-280_1998Mar23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs543/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs543 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1412 2017-02-09T18:39:13Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Functional Categories of the Federal Budget Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Federal budgets Budget resolutions This report presents a list of the 20 functional categories currently included in the federal budget, as well as the sub-functions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-05 Report 2 Pages. Text crs: 98-280GOV local-cont-no: 98-280GOV_2001Mar05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1412/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1412 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs856 2015-09-22T11:23:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Federal Fiscal Year Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Fiscal year This report discusses the federal fiscal year which is the accounting period of the federal government. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-25 Report Text crs: 98-325GOV local-cont-no: 98-325GOV_1999Feb25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs856/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs856 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs544 2026-04-14T02:22:46Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Spending Pipeline: Stages of Federal Spending Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Government spending Federal government spending involves a multi-step process in which budget authority is enacted and obligated, and outlays are generated. Budget authority is enacted in law; it provides federal agencies the legal basis to incur obligations. Obligations, which reflect such activities as employing personnel, entering into contracts, and submitting purchase orders, establish financial liabilities of the federal government. Outlays are payments that liquidate these obligations. This multi-step process can be illustrated as a spending pipeline Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-04-23 Report Text crs: 98-405 GOV local-cont-no: 98-405 GOV 1998-04-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs544/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs544 English United States

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The Spending Pipeline: Stages of Federal Spending Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Government spending Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-13 Report Text crs: 98-405 GOV local-cont-no: 98-405 GOV 2003-06-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3777/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3777 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs545 2026-04-16T23:05:38Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Basic Federal Budgeting Terminology Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Federal budgets In its most elemental form, the federal budget is a comprehensive accounting of the government’s spending, revenues, and borrowing. This fact sheet provides a brief overview of the basic terminology and concepts used in the federal budget process. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-04-27 Report Text crs: 98-410 local-cont-no: 98-410 1998-04-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs545/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs545 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs857 2026-04-16T23:05:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Basic Federal Budgeting Terminology Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Federal budgets In its most elemental form, the federal budget is a comprehensive accounting of the government’s spending, revenues, and borrowing. This fact sheet provides a brief overview of the basic terminology and concepts used in the federal budget process. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-25 Report Text crs: 98-410 GOV local-cont-no: 98-410 GOV 1999-02-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs857/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs857 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs546 2026-04-14T00:41:24Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Debt-Limit Legislation in the Congressional Budget Process Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Congressional budget process Debt limit Congress The gross federal debt consists of the debt held by the public plus the debt held by government accounts. Almost all of the gross federal debt is subject to a public debt limit, as set forth in statute (31 U.S.C. 3101).This report considers legislation needed to change the public debt limit. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-08 Report Text crs: 98-453 local-cont-no: 98-453 1998-05-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs546/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs546 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1413 2026-04-16T23:05:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Basic Federal Budgeting Terminology Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Federal budgets In its most elemental form, the federal budget is a comprehensive accounting of the government’s spending, revenues, and borrowing. This fact sheet provides a brief overview of the basic terminology and concepts used in the federal budget process. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-05 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 98-410 GOV local-cont-no: 98-410 GOV 2001-03-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1413/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1413 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs859 2017-02-07T19:27:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Consideration of the Budget Resolution Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget resolutions Consideration of a concurrent budget resolution is governed by special procedures in the House and Senate. Although the procedures of each chamber differ, they serve generally to expedite consideration of the budget resolution. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-25 Report Text crs: 98-511 GOV local-cont-no: 98-511 GOV 1999-02-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs859/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs859 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs547 2017-02-07T19:27:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Consideration of the Budget Resolution Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget resolutions Consideration of a concurrent budget resolution is governed by special procedures in the House and Senate. Although the procedures of each chamber differ, they serve generally to expedite consideration of the budget resolution. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-29 Report Text crs: 98-511 local-cont-no: 98-511 1998-05-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs547/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs547 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs858 2026-04-14T00:41:26Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Debt-Limit Legislation in the Congressional Budget Process Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Congressional budget process Debt limit Congress The gross federal debt consists of the debt held by the public plus the debt held by government accounts. Almost all of the gross federal debt is subject to a public debt limit, as set forth in statute (31 U.S.C. 3101).This report considers legislation needed to change the public debt limit. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-25 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 98-453 GOV local-cont-no: 98-453 GOV 1999-02-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs858/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs858 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs860 2017-09-21T16:12:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Formulation and Content of the Budget Resolution Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget resolutions Congressional budget process The Congressional Budget Act (CBA) of 1974 (Titles I-IX of P.L. 93-344), as amended, established the concurrent budget resolution as the centerpiece of the congressional budget process. This report discusses the budget resolution, which provides the framework for subsequent legislative action on the annual appropriations bills, revenue measures, debt-limit legislation, reconciliation legislation (if required), and any other budgetary legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-25 Report Text crs: 98-512GOV local-cont-no: 98-512GOV_1999Feb25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs860/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs860 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1414 2017-02-07T19:26:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Consideration of the Budget Resolution Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget resolutions Consideration of a concurrent budget resolution is governed by special procedures in the House and Senate. Although the procedures of each chamber differ, they serve generally to expedite consideration of the budget resolution. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-05-05 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 98-511 GOV local-cont-no: 98-511 GOV 2001-03-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1414/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1414 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1415 2017-09-21T16:12:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Formulation and Content of the Budget Resolution Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget resolutions Congressional budget process The Congressional Budget Act (CBA) of 1974 (Titles I-IX of P.L. 93-344), as amended, established the concurrent budget resolution as the centerpiece of the congressional budget process. This report discusses the budget resolution, which provides the framework for subsequent legislative action on the annual appropriations bills, revenue measures, debt-limit legislation, reconciliation legislation (if required), and any other budgetary legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-05 Report 2 Pages. Text crs: 98-512GOV local-cont-no: 98-512GOV_2001Mar05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1415/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1415 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3778 2020-08-12T17:43:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Formulation and Content of the Budget Resolution Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget resolutions Federal budgets This report discusses the budget resolution, which provides the framework for subsequent legislative action on the annual appropriations bills, revenue measures, debt-limit legislation, reconciliation legislation (if required), and any other budgetary legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-17 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 98-512 local-cont-no: 98-512_2003Jul17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3778/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3778 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs861 2026-04-11T00:56:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Earmarks and Limitations in Appropriations Bills Streeter, Sandy Budgets Appropriations - Legislation An annual appropriations act is generally made up of separate paragraphs, each of which provides funding for specific agencies and programs. Generally, each paragraph corresponds to a unique account and provides appropriations for multiple projects and purposes as a single lump sum. Earmarks and limitations are two devices regularly used in annual appropriations acts to restrict, or more precisely direct, the availability of funds for specific projects or purposes of an account. Sometimes an earmark or a limitation may generate more interest or controversy than the total appropriation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-11 Report Text crs: 98-518 GOV local-cont-no: 98-518 GOV 1999-02-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs861/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs861 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs548 2026-04-15T02:56:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal Budget: Social Spending Targets in the FY 1999 House Budget Resolution Fiscal Year 1999 Nuschler, Dawn Federal budgets Budget resolutions Government spending house budget Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-06-11 Report 3 p. Text crs: 98-521 EPW local-cont-no: 98-521 EPW 1998-06-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs548/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs548 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs863 2020-06-20T17:03:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Rural Water Supply and Sewer Systems: Background Information Copeland, Claudia Budgets Water supply Waste water treatment Federal aid to rural areas Water resources Infrastructure Water pollution The Safe Drinking Water Act and the Clean Water Act impose requirements regarding drinking water quality and wastewater treatment in rural areas. Approximately 27% of the U.S. population lives in areas defined by the Census Bureau as rural. Many rural communities need to complete water and waste disposal projects to improve the public health and environmental conditions of their citizens Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-20 Report Text crs: 98-64 ENR local-cont-no: 98-64 ENR 1999-01-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs863/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs863 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs549 2020-05-12T15:23:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (P.L. 105-178): An Overview of Environmental Protection Provisions Bearden, David M. Budgets Federal aid to transportation - Environmental aspects Department of Transportation On June 9, 1998, President Clinton signed into law the Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century (TEA 21, P.L. 105-178). The law authorizes a total of $218 billion for federal highway and mass transit programs from FY1998 to FY2003 and sets aside roughly $12.4 billion for several environmental programs. It authorizes a total of $8.1 billion from FY1998 to FY2003 Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-07-31 Report Text crs: 98-646 ENR local-cont-no: 98-646 ENR 1998-07-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs549/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs549 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs862 2026-04-16T23:05:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Baselines and Scorekeeping in the Federal Budget Process Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Federal budget process Baselines and scorekeeping are an integral part of the federal budget process, providing Congress and the President with a framework for making and enforcing budgetary decisions. A baseline serves as a benchmark for federal budget decisions. While the Office of Management and Budget (0MB) and the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) create different baselines, their baselines project federal spending, revenue, and budget surplus or deficit amounts that would occur if existing budget policies were left unchanged. Scorekeeping is the process by which the budgetary impact of proposed and enacted budget policies is measured; it assists Congress and the President in making and enforcing budgetary decisions Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-25 Report Text crs: 98-560 GOV local-cont-no: 98-560 GOV 1999-02-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs862/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs862 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs864 2026-04-11T01:08:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations Bills: What are "General Provisions"? Streeter, Sandy Budgets Appropriations - Legislation An annual appropriations act generally consists of two parts – paragraphs providing funding, and general provisions focusing on non-funding as well as funding issues. Discussed on this brief fact sheet are what is found in general provisions of appropriations bills. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-11 Report Text crs: 98-648 GOV local-cont-no: 98-648 GOV 1999-02-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs864/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs864 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs550 2025-08-20T09:20:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Line Item Veto Act Unconstitutional: Nicola, Thomas J. Budgets Supreme Court decisions Line item veto - Law and legislation - U.S. Law Presidents This report explains the 1998 court case Clinton, et al. v City of New York, et al., in which the Line Item Veto Act was found to be unconstitutional. The report goes into detail as to why the Supreme Court reached this decision. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-08-18 Report 6 pages Text crs: 98-690 A local-cont-no: 98-690 A 1998-08-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs550/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs550 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1073 2017-01-25T16:39:09Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Marketing Assistance Loans and Loan Deficiency Payments Womach, Jasper Budgets Government lending Marketing assistance loans for the major crops were designed to facilitate orderly marketing by providing short-term financing so that farmers could pay their bills right after harvest and spread their sales over the entire marketing year. However, the persistence of very low commodity prices transformed the loan program into a major vehicle of farm income support. Marketing loan program benefits (primarily loan deficiency payments, LDPs) to farmers amounted to about $5.9 billion in 1999, and will exceed $6.5 billion in 2000. Such levels of use and high costs have revealed several administrative problems and given rise to several policy issues. Some policy makers have favored broadening the scope and enhancing the benefits of the program to achieve greater farm income support. Anticipated adverse market impacts have discouraged adoption of these proposals to date. A persistent policy issue is the payment limitation on marketing loan gains. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-09-15 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 98-744 ENR local-cont-no: 98-744 ENR 2000-09-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1073/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1073 English 2000 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs1074 2017-01-25T16:39:07Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agricultural Marketing Assistance Loans and Loan Deficiency Payments Womach, Jasper Budgets Government lending Marketing assistance loans for the major crops were designed to facilitate orderly marketing by providing short-term financing so that farmers could pay their bills right after harvest and spread their sales over the entire marketing year. However, the persistence of very low commodity prices transformed the loan program into a major vehicle of farm income support. Marketing loan program benefits (primarily loan deficiency payments, LDPs) to farmers amounted to about $5.9 billion in 1999, and will exceed $6.5 billion in 2000. Such levels of use and high costs have revealed several administrative problems and given rise to several policy issues. Some policy makers have favored broadening the scope and enhancing the benefits of the program to achieve greater farm income support. Anticipated adverse market impacts have discouraged adoption of these proposals to date. A persistent policy issue is the payment limitation on marketing loan gains. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-12-13 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 98-744 ENR local-cont-no: 98-744 ENR 2000-12-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1074/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1074 English 2000 Public

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Budget Reconciliation Legislation: Development and Consideration Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget reconciliation Budget reconciliation is an optional two-step process Congress may use to assure compliance with the direct spending, revenue, and debt-limit levels set forth in budget resolutions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-25 Report Text crs: 98-814 GOV local-cont-no: 98-814 GOV 1999-02-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs865/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs865 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs551 2017-02-07T19:25:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget Reconciliation Legislation: Development and Consideration Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget reconciliation Budget reconciliation is an optional two-step process Congress may use to assure compliance with the direct spending, revenue, and debt-limit levels set forth in budget resolutions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-30 Report Text crs: 98-814 local-cont-no: 98-814 1998-09-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs551/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs551 English

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Budget Reconciliation Legislation: Development and Consideration Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget reconciliation Budget reconciliation is an optional two-step process Congress may use to assure compliance with the direct spending, revenue, and debt-limit levels set forth in budget resolutions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-05 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 98-814 GOV local-cont-no: 98-814 GOV 2001-03-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1416/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1416 English

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Budget Reconciliation Legislation: Development and Consideration Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget reconciliation Budget reconciliation is an optional two-step process Congress may use to assure compliance with the direct spending, revenue, and debt-limit levels set forth in budget resolutions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-17 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 98-814 GOV local-cont-no: 98-814 GOV 2003-07-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3779/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3779 English

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Budget Resolution Enforcement Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget resolutions The annual budget resolution sets forth Congress's budget plan for a period of at least five fiscal years. It includes total levels of spending, revenues, and the debt limit for each of the fiscal years covered. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-25 Report Text crs: 98-815 GOV local-cont-no: 98-815 GOV 1999-02-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs866/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs866 English United States

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Budget Resolution Enforcement Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget resolutions The annual budget resolution sets forth Congress's budget plan for a period of at least five fiscal years. It includes total levels of spending, revenues, and the debt limit for each of the fiscal years covered. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-05 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 98-815 GOV local-cont-no: 98-815 GOV 2001-03-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1417/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1417 English United States

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Budget Surpluses: Economic Effects of Debt Repayment, Tax Cuts, or Spending - An Overview Cox, William A. Budgets Government spending - Economic aspects Tax cuts - Economic aspects Budget surpluses Taxation Updated projections released on July 15 by the Congressional Budget Office (CBO) indicate budget surpluses rising from $63 billion (0.9% of GDP) in FY1998 to more than $100 billion (1.3% to 1.5% of GDP) from FY2002 through FY2005 and over $200 billion (1.8% to 1.9%) from FY2006 through FY2008.1 Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-07-23 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 98-96 E local-cont-no: 98-96 E 1998-07-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs552/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs552 English United States

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The Budget Enforcement Act: Its Operation Under a Budget Surplus Saturno, James V. Budgets Government spending reductions Budget surpluses The Budget Enforcement Act was enacted in 1990 in an effort to control future budgetary actions. It did this through two separate, but related, mechanisms: limits on discretionary spending, and the pay-as-you-go process to require that any legislative action on direct spending or revenues which would increase the deficit be offset. These procedures currently would apply through FY2002 (for legislation enacted before October 1, 2002, for measures affecting direct spending or revenues), regardless of whether the budget is in deficit or surplus. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-02-11 Report Text crs: 98-97 GOV local-cont-no: 98-97 GOV 1998-02-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs553/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs553 English

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The Budget for Fiscal Year 2000 Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the final budget numbers for FY2000 that put the surplus for FY2000 at $236 billion , receipts at $2,025 billion and outlays at $1,789 billion. They differ very little from the numbers that the Treasury previously released on October 24, 2000. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-07 Report Text crs: IB10017 local-cont-no: IB10017 2001-03-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1418/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1418 English

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Airport Improvement Program CRS issue brief Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Airports Federal aid to transportation Infrastructure Transportation This issue brief discusses the Airport Improvement Program and its complement, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC). After a brief history of federal support for airport construction and improvement, the report describes AIP funding, its source of revenues, the impact of the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (FAIR21, P.L. 106-181), funding distribution, the types of projects the program funds, and AIP and PFC policy issues. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-02-26 Report Text crs: IB10026 local-cont-no: IB10026 2001-02-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1419/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1419 English United States

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Airport Improvement Program CRS issue brief Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Airports Federal aid to transportation Infrastructure Transportation Aviation and Transportation Act ATSA Airport Improvement Program AIP Aviation and airports Passenger Facility Charge PFC Infrastructure development This issue brief discusses the Airport Improvement Program and its complement, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC). After a brief history of federal support for airport construction and improvement, the report describes AIP funding, its source of revenues, the impact of the Wendell H. Ford Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century (FAIR21, P.L. 106-181), funding distribution, the types of projects the program funds, AIP and PFC policy issues, and the allowable use of AIP funds for airport security purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-01 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10026 local-cont-no: IB10026 2002-07-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2158/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2158 English United States 1982~/2002~

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Airport Improvement Program CRS issue brief Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Airports Federal aid to transportation Infrastructure Transportation This issue brief discusses the Airport Improvement Program and its complement, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC). After a brief history of federal support for airport construction and improvement, the report describes AIP funding, its source of revenues, funding distribution, the types of projects the program funds, AIP and PFC policy issues, and the allowable use of AIP funds for airport security purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-05 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10026 local-cont-no: IB10026 2002-09-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2159/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2159 English United States

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Airport Improvement Program CRS issue brief Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Airports Federal aid to transportation Infrastructure Transportation This issue brief discusses the Airport Improvement Program and its complement, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC). After a brief history of federal support for airport construction and improvement, the report describes AIP funding, its source of revenues, funding distribution, the types of projects the program funds, AIP and PFC policy issues, and the allowable use of AIP funds for airport security purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-29 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10026 local-cont-no: IB10026 2002-11-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2160/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2160 English United States

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Airport Improvement Program CRS issue brief Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Airports Federal aid to transportation Infrastructure Transportation This issue brief discusses the Airport Improvement Program and its complement, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC). After a brief history of federal support for airport construction and improvement, the report describes AIP funding, its source of revenues, funding distribution, the types of projects the program funds, AIP and PFC policy issues, and the allowable use of AIP funds for airport security purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-07 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10026 local-cont-no: IB10026 2003-02-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3780/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3780 English United States

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Airport Improvement Program CRS issue brief Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Airports Federal aid to transportation Infrastructure Transportation This issue brief discusses the Airport Improvement Program and its complement, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC). After a brief history of federal support for airport construction and improvement, the report describes AIP funding, its source of revenues, funding distribution, the types of projects the program funds, AIP and PFC policy issues, and the allowable use of AIP funds for airport security purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-04 Report 14 pages. Text crs: IB10026 local-cont-no: IB10026 2003-03-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3781/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3781 English United States

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Airport Improvement Program CRS issue brief Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Airports Federal aid to transportation Infrastructure Transportation This issue brief discusses the Airport Improvement Program and its complement, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC). After a brief history of federal support for airport construction and improvement, the report describes AIP funding, its source of revenues, funding distribution, the types of projects the program funds, AIP and PFC policy issues, and the allowable use of AIP funds for airport security purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-05 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10026 local-cont-no: IB10026 2003-05-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3782/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3782 English United States

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Airport Improvement Program CRS issue brief Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Airports Federal aid to transportation Infrastructure Transportation This issue brief discusses the Airport Improvement Program and its complement, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC). After a brief history of federal support for airport construction and improvement, the report describes AIP funding, its source of revenues, funding distribution, the types of projects the program funds, AIP and PFC policy issues, and the allowable use of AIP funds for airport security purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-02 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10026 local-cont-no: IB10026 2003-06-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3783/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3783 English United States

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Airport Improvement Program CRS issue brief Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Airports Federal aid to transportation Infrastructure Transportation This issue brief discusses the Airport Improvement Program and its complement, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC). After a brief history of federal support for airport construction and improvement, the report describes AIP funding, its source of revenues, funding distribution, the types of projects the program funds, AIP and PFC policy issues, and the allowable use of AIP funds for airport security purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-13 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10026 local-cont-no: IB10026 2003-06-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3784/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3784 English United States

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Airport Improvement Program CRS issue brief Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Airports Federal aid to transportation Infrastructure Transportation This issue brief discusses the Airport Improvement Program and its complement, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC). After a brief history of federal support for airport construction and improvement, the report describes AIP funding, its source of revenues, funding distribution, the types of projects the program funds,AIP and PFC policy issues, and the allowable use of AIP funds for airport security purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-14 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10026 local-cont-no: IB10026 2003-07-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3785/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3785 English United States

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Airport Improvement Program CRS issue brief Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Airports Federal aid to transportation Infrastructure Transportation This issue brief discusses the Airport Improvement Program and its complement, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC). After a brief history of federal support for airport construction and improvement, the report describes AIP funding, its source of revenues, funding distribution, the types of projects the program funds, AIP and PFC policy issues, and the allowable use of AIP funds for airport security purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-29 Report 14 pages. Text crs: IB10026 local-cont-no: IB10026 2003-08-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3786/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3786 English United States

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Airport Improvement Program CRS issue brief Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Airports Federal aid to transportation Infrastructure Transportation This issue brief discusses the Airport Improvement Program and its complement, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC). After a brief history of federal support for airport construction and improvement, the report describes AIP funding, its source of revenues, funding distribution, the types of projects the program funds, AIP and PFC policy issues, and the allowable use of AIP funds for airport security purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-26 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10026 local-cont-no: IB10026 2003-09-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3787/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3787 English United States

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Airport Improvement Program CRS issue brief Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Airports Federal aid to transportation Infrastructure Transportation This issue brief discusses the Airport Improvement Program and its complement, the Passenger Facility Charge (PFC). After a brief history of federal support for airport construction and improvement, the report describes AIP funding, its source of revenues, funding distribution, the types of projects the program funds, AIP and PFC policy issues, and the allowable use of AIP funds for airport security purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-10-14 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10026 local-cont-no: IB10026 2003-10-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3788/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3788 English United States

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Education for the Disadvantaged: ESEA Title I Reauthorization Issues Riddle, Wayne Budgets Education of the disadvantaged - Law and legislation Federal aid to education Welfare Higher education Elementary and secondary education This issue brief covers only Parts A and E of ESEA Title I. Part A of Title I, grants to LEAs, constitutes over 90% of total Title I funding, while Part E authorizes program evaluation and demonstration projects of innovative practices, including the Comprehensive School Reform Program. Other Parts of Title I authorize the Even Start program of joint services to young disadvantaged children and their parents (Part B), plus aid for the education of migrant (Part C) and neglected or delinquent youth (Part D). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-12 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10029 local-cont-no: IB10029 2001-01-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1420/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1420 English

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Education for the Disadvantaged: ESEA Title I Reauthorization Issues Riddle, Wayne Budgets Education of the disadvantaged - Law and legislation Federal aid to education Welfare Higher education Elementary and secondary education This issue brief covers only Parts A and E of ESEA Title I. Part A of Title I, grants to LEAs, constitutes over 90% of total Title I funding, while Part E authorizes program evaluation and demonstration projects of innovative practices, including the Comprehensive School Reform Program. Other Parts of Title I authorize the Even Start program of joint services to young disadvantaged children and their parents (Part B), plus aid for the education of migrant (Part C) and neglected or delinquent youth (Part D). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-04-19 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB10029 local-cont-no: IB10029 2002-04-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2161/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2161 English

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The Budget for Fiscal Year 2001 Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets On December 15, 2000, Congress reached an agreement with the President and passed the remaining appropriations (H.R. 4577; H.Rept. 106-1033) for fiscal year (FY) 2001. The legislation, including tax cuts ($31.5 billion over 10 years), completes budget action in the 106th Congress for FY2001. The action followed extended disagreements over appropriations, which resulted in a series of continuing resolutions on appropriations that funded those parts of the government not covered by regular appropriations or permanent funding during the fall. The fiscal year had begun with only 2 of the 13 regular appropriations enacted into law. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-04-19 Report Text crs: IB10052 local-cont-no: IB10052 2001-04-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1421/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1421 English United States

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Environmental Protection Agency: FY2000 Budget Issues Fiscal Year 2000 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency State and local wastewater and drinking water capital needs were the most prominent budgetary issues. Senate and House authorizing and appropriating chairmen expressed concern over the requested 17% decrease in the State and Tribal Assistance Grants account from $3.41 billion in FY1999 to $2.84 billion in FY2000. The conference agreement on H.R. 2684 provides a total of $3.47 billion. For clean water state revolving funds, the conference committee approved the Senate's level of $1.35 billion, about $175 million more than the House approved and roughly $550 million more than requested. The conference agreement included $332 million for special project grants, about $73 million more than the House's proposal, roughly $232 million more than the Senate approved, and about $304 million more than requested. For drinking water state revolving funds, the conference committee approved $820 million, $45 million more than the House's amount and $5 million less than the Senate approved and the President requested. The conference committee also approved the Administration's request of $885 million for state and tribal administrative grants, which is roughly the same as the amount enacted for FY1999. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-10-22 Report Text crs: IB10038 local-cont-no: IB10038 1999-10-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs867/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs867 English United States

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Environmental Protection Agency: FY2001 Budget Issues Fiscal Year 2001 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency The request for state and local wastewater and drinking water capital needs was a key issue. The request of $2.91 billion for State and Tribal Assistance Grants, which fund these needs, was about one-half billion less than in FY2000. The House passed $3.18 billion, the Senate $3.32 billion, and the conferees $3.62 billion. The request included $800 million for Clean Water State Revolving Funds, $550 million less than in FY2000. The House passed $1.20 billion, the Senate $1.35 billion and the conferees $1.35 billion. Conferees approved the $825 million requested for Drinking Water State Revolving Funds. Congress denied the Administration's request for a new Clean Air Partnership program. EPA requested $100 million for Mexican border water projects and $15 million for State of Alaska projects. Conferees approved $75 million and $35 million respectively. For state and tribal administrative grants, the conferees approved roughly the requested amount of $1.0 billion. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-12-04 Report Text crs: IB10058 local-cont-no: IB10058 2000-12-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1075/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1075 English

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Elementary and Secondary Education: Reconsideration of the Federal Role by the 107th Congress CRS issue brief 107th Congress Riddle, Wayne Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to education - Law and legislation Elementary and secondary education This issue brief provides an overview of legislation to reauthorize the ESEA, ERDDIA, and NESA. Most of it will focus on the ESEA, since it is much larger in scale. We include a summary review of relevant legislation acted upon during the 106th Congress. This issue brief will be updated regularly to reflect current legislative activity. Other issue briefs and reports, listed at the end of this brief, provide more detailed information on individual programs or types of proposals and analyses of the issues being debated with respect to them. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-24 Report 20 pages. Text crs: IB10066 local-cont-no: IB10066 2001-01-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1422/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1422 English United States

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The Budget for Fiscal Year 2002 Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the budget for fiscal year 2002. The congress debates issues such as budget action, receipts surpluses or deficits, and the economy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-14 Report 20 pages. Text crs: IB10079 local-cont-no: IB10079 2002-06-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2162/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2162 English

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The Environmental Protection Agency's FY2002 Budget CRS issue brief Fiscal Year 2002 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency On April 9, 2001, the President requested $7.3 billion in discretionary budget authority for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for FY2002, $512.0 million (or 7%) less than the FY2001 funding level of $7.8 billion. The request would not have continued funding of about $500 million for activities earmarked for FY2001, and contained provisions shifting more enforcement responsibilities to the states. Popular wastewater infrastructure funding, state roles, and the future of Superfund were some of the predominant topics. On July 17, the House Appropriations Committee recommended $7.545 billion,$229 million more than requested (H.R. 2620, H. Rept. 107-159). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-01-23 Report 13 pages. Text crs: IB10086 local-cont-no: IB10086 2002-01-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2163/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2163 English United States

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The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report provides the following: an overview of postsecondary education (institutions and students), an overview of the Higher Education Act (HEA) with a focus on its most significant programs and provisions, and a discussion of major issues likely to be of interest to the Congress during the HEA reauthorization process. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-14 Report 16 Pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2002Jun14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2164/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2164 English United States

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The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report provides an overview of postsecondary education (institutions and students), an overview of the Higher Education Act (HEA) with a focus on its most significant programs and provisions, and a discussion of major issues that have been, or may be, of interest to the Congress during the HEA reauthorization process. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-19 Report 16 Pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2002Aug19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2165/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2165 English United States

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The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report provides the following: an overview of postsecondary education (institutions and students), an overview of the Higher Education Act (HEA) with a focus on its most significant programs and provisions, and a discussion of major issues likely to be of interest to the Congress during the HEA reauthorization process. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-15 Report 16 Pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2002Nov15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2166/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2166 English United States

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The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report provides the following: an overview of postsecondary education (institutions and students), an overview of the Higher Education Act (HEA) with a focus on its most significant programs and provisions, and a discussion of major issues likely to be of interest to the Congress during the HEA reauthorization process. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-23 Report 16 Pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2002Dec23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2167/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2167 English United States

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The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report discusses the funding authorizations for programs in the Higher Education Act (HEA). This legislation authorizes the federal government’s major student aid programs, as well as other significant initiatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-05 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2003Feb05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3789/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3789 English United States

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The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report discusses the funding authorizations for programs in the Higher Education Act (HEA). This legislation, administered by the U.S. Department of Education (ED), authorizes the federal government’s major student aid programs, as well as other significant initiatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-19 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2003Mar19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3790/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3790 English United States

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The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report discusses the funding authorizations for programs in the Higher Education Act (HEA). This legislation, administered by the U.S. Department of Education (ED), authorizes the federal government’s major student aid programs, as well as other significant initiatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-06 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2003May06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3791/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3791 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3792 2026-04-10T00:56:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report discusses the funding authorizations for programs in the Higher Education Act (HEA). This legislation, administered by the U.S. Department of Education (ED), authorizes the federal government’s major student aid programs, as well as other significant initiatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-10 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2003Jun10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3792/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3792 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3793 2026-04-10T00:57:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report discusses the funding authorizations for programs in the Higher Education Act (HEA). This legislation, administered by the U.S. Department of Education (ED), authorizes the federal government’s major student aid programs, as well as other significant initiatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-12 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2003Jun12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3793/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3793 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3794 2026-04-10T00:57:07Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report discusses the funding authorizations for programs in the Higher Education Act (HEA). This legislation, administered by the U.S. Department of Education (ED), authorizes the federal government’s major student aid programs, as well as other significant initiatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-10 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2003Jul10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3794/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3794 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3795 2026-04-10T00:57:11Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report discusses the funding authorizations for programs in the Higher Education Act (HEA). This legislation, administered by the U.S. Department of Education (ED), authorizes the federal government’s major student aid programs, as well as other significant initiatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-04 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2003Sep04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3795/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3795 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3796 2026-04-10T00:56:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report discusses the funding authorizations for programs in the Higher Education Act (HEA). This legislation, administered by the U.S. Department of Education (ED), authorizes the federal government’s major student aid programs, as well as other significant initiatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-23 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2003Sep23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3796/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3796 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3797 2026-04-10T00:56:41Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report discusses the funding authorizations for programs in the Higher Education Act (HEA). This legislation, administered by the U.S. Department of Education (ED), authorizes the federal government’s major student aid programs, as well as other significant initiatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-10-02 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2003Oct02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3797/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3797 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5738 2026-04-10T00:56:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Higher Education Act: Reauthorization Status and Issues CRS issue brief Stedman, James B. Budgets Federal aid to higher education - Law and legislation Higher education This report provides an overview of postsecondary education (institutions and students), an overview of the Higher Education Act (HEA) with a focus on its most significant programs and provisions, and a discussion of major issues that have been, or may be, of interest to the Congress during the HEA reauthorization process. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-10-20 Report 19 Pages. Text crs: IB10097 local-cont-no: IB10097_2004Oct20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5738/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5738 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2168 2026-04-11T00:47:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Environmental Protection Agency's FY2003 Budget CRS issue brief Fiscal Year 2003 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency On April 9, 2001, the President requested $7.3 billion in discretionary budget authority for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for FY2002, $512.0 million (or 7%) less than the FY2001 funding level of $7.8 billion. The request would not have continued funding of about $500 million for activities earmarked for FY2001, and contained provisions shifting more enforcement responsibilities to the states. Popular wastewater infrastructure funding, state roles, and the future of Superfund were some of the predominant topics. On July 17, the House Appropriations Committee recommended $7.545 billion,$229 million more than requested (H.R. 2620, H. Rept. 107-159). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-04-25 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10101 local-cont-no: IB10101 2002-04-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2168/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2168 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2169 2026-04-11T00:47:29Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Environmental Protection Agency's FY2003 Budget CRS issue brief Fiscal Year 2003 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency On April 9, 2001, the President requested $7.3 billion in discretionary budget authority for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for FY2002, $512.0 million (or 7%) less than the FY2001 funding level of $7.8 billion. The request would not have continued funding of about $500 million for activities earmarked for FY2001, and contained provisions shifting more enforcement responsibilities to the states. Popular wastewater infrastructure funding, state roles, and the future of Superfund were some of the predominant topics. On July 17, the House Appropriations Committee recommended $7.545 billion,$229 million more than requested (H.R. 2620, H. Rept. 107-159). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-10 Report 13 pages. Text crs: IB10101 local-cont-no: IB10101 2002-07-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2169/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2169 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2170 2026-04-11T00:47:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Environmental Protection Agency's FY2003 Budget CRS issue brief Fiscal Year 2003 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency On April 9, 2001, the President requested $7.3 billion in discretionary budget authority for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for FY2002, $512.0 million (or 7%) less than the FY2001 funding level of $7.8 billion. The request would not have continued funding of about $500 million for activities earmarked for FY2001, and contained provisions shifting more enforcement responsibilities to the states. Popular wastewater infrastructure funding, state roles, and the future of Superfund were some of the predominant topics. On July 17, the House Appropriations Committee recommended $7.545 billion,$229 million more than requested (H.R. 2620, H. Rept. 107-159). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-05 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10101 local-cont-no: IB10101 2002-09-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2170/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2170 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2171 2026-04-11T00:47:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Environmental Protection Agency's FY2003 Budget CRS issue brief Fiscal Year 2003 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency On April 9, 2001, the President requested $7.3 billion in discretionary budget authority for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for FY2002, $512.0 million (or 7%) less than the FY2001 funding level of $7.8 billion. The request would not have continued funding of about $500 million for activities earmarked for FY2001, and contained provisions shifting more enforcement responsibilities to the states. Popular wastewater infrastructure funding, state roles, and the future of Superfund were some of the predominant topics. On July 17, the House Appropriations Committee recommended $7.545 billion,$229 million more than requested (H.R. 2620, H. Rept. 107-159). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-18 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10101 local-cont-no: IB10101 2002-10-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2171/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2171 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2172 2026-04-11T00:47:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Environmental Protection Agency's FY2003 Budget CRS issue brief Fiscal Year 2003 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency On April 9, 2001, the President requested $7.3 billion in discretionary budget authority for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for FY2002, $512.0 million (or 7%) less than the FY2001 funding level of $7.8 billion. The request would not have continued funding of about $500 million for activities earmarked for FY2001, and contained provisions shifting more enforcement responsibilities to the states. Popular wastewater infrastructure funding, state roles, and the future of Superfund were some of the predominant topics. On July 17, the House Appropriations Committee recommended $7.545 billion,$229 million more than requested (H.R. 2620, H. Rept. 107-159). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-06 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10101 local-cont-no: IB10101 2002-12-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2172/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2172 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3798 2026-04-11T00:47:34Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Environmental Protection Agency's FY2003 Budget CRS issue brief Fiscal Year 2003 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency On April 9, 2001, the President requested $7.3 billion in discretionary budget authority for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for FY2002, $512.0 million (or 7%) less than the FY2001 funding level of $7.8 billion. The request would not have continued funding of about $500 million for activities earmarked for FY2001, and contained provisions shifting more enforcement responsibilities to the states. Popular wastewater infrastructure funding, state roles, and the future of Superfund were some of the predominant topics. On July 17, the House Appropriations Committee recommended $7.545 billion,$229 million more than requested (H.R. 2620, H. Rept. 107-159). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-30 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10101 local-cont-no: IB10101 2003-01-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3798/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3798 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3799 2026-04-13T20:01:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Environmental Protection Agency's FY2003 Budget CRS issue brief Fiscal Year 2003 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency On April 9, 2001, the President requested $7.3 billion in discretionary budget authority for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for FY2002, $512.0 million (or 7%) less than the FY2001 funding level of $7.8 billion. The request would not have continued funding of about $500 million for activities earmarked for FY2001, and contained provisions shifting more enforcement responsibilities to the states. Popular wastewater infrastructure funding, state roles, and the future of Superfund were some of the predominant topics. On July 17, the House Appropriations Committee recommended $7.545 billion,$229 million more than requested (H.R. 2620, H. Rept. 107-159). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-10 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10101 local-cont-no: IB10101 2003-03-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3799/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3799 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3800 2026-04-10T02:34:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Environmental Protection Agency's FY2003 Budget CRS issue brief Fiscal Year 2003 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency In the 107th Congress, S. 2797 (S.Rept. 107-222) would have provided $8.30 billion for EPA in FY2003. H.R. 5605 (H.Rept. 107- 740) would have provide $8.20 billion. Both bills would restore much of the water infrastructure funding but there was no final action by the end of Congress. Continuing resolutions funded at the same level as in FY2002. In the 108th Congress, P.L. 108-7 (H.J.Res. 2) provides EPA with $8.08 billion for FY2003. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-29 Report 16 pages. Text crs: IB10101 local-cont-no: IB10101 2003-04-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3800/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3800 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3801 2026-04-10T02:34:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Environmental Protection Agency's FY2003 Budget CRS issue brief Fiscal Year 2003 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency In the 107th Congress, S. 2797 (S.Rept. 107-222) would have provided $8.30 billion for EPA in FY2003. H.R. 5605 (H.Rept. 107- 740) would have provide $8.20 billion. Both bills would restore much of the water infrastructure funding but there was no final action by the end of Congress. Continuing resolutions funded at the same level as in FY2002. In the 108th Congress, P.L. 108-7 (H.J.Res. 2) provides EPA with $8.08 billion for FY2003. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-16 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10101 local-cont-no: IB10101 2003-06-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3801/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3801 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2173 2026-04-10T01:57:02Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2003 CRS issue brief Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the budget for fiscal year 2003. It debates issues such as budget action, receipts surpluses or deficits, and the economy. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-24 Report 17 pages. Text crs: IB10102 local-cont-no: IB10102 2002-06-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2173/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2173 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2174 2026-04-10T01:57:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2003 CRS issue brief Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the budget for fiscal year 2003. It debates issues such as budget action, receipts surpluses or deficits, and the economy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-02 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB10102 local-cont-no: IB10102 2002-08-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2174/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2174 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2175 2026-04-10T01:57:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2003 CRS issue brief Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the budget for fiscal year 2003. It debates issues such as budget action, receipts surpluses or deficits, and the economy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-07 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10102 local-cont-no: IB10102 2002-10-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2175/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2175 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2176 2026-04-10T01:57:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2003 CRS issue brief Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the budget for fiscal year 2003. It debates issues such as budget action, receipts surpluses or deficits, and the economy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-06 Report 18 pages. Text crs: IB10102 local-cont-no: IB10102 2002-12-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2176/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2176 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3802 2026-04-10T01:57:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2003 CRS issue brief Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the budget for fiscal year 2003. It debates issues such as budget action, receipts surpluses or deficits, and the economy. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-10 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10102 local-cont-no: IB10102 2003-01-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3802/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3802 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3803 2026-04-10T01:57:07Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2003 CRS issue brief Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the budget for fiscal year 2003. It debates issues such as budget action, receipts surpluses or deficits, and the economy. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-21 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10102 local-cont-no: IB10102 2003-01-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3803/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3803 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3804 2026-04-10T01:57:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2003 CRS issue brief Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the budget for fiscal year 2003. It debates issues such as budget action, receipts surpluses or deficits, and the economy. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-06 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10102 local-cont-no: IB10102 2003-02-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3804/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3804 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3805 2026-04-10T01:57:09Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2003 CRS issue brief Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-10 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10102 local-cont-no: IB10102 2003-04-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3805/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3805 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3806 2026-04-10T01:58:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2003 CRS issue brief Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the budget for fiscal year 2003. It debates issues such as budget action, receipts surpluses or deficits, and the economy. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-20 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10102 local-cont-no: IB10102 2003-06-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3806/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3806 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3807 2026-04-10T01:58:09Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2003 CRS issue brief Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the budget for fiscal year 2003. It debates issues such as budget action, receipts surpluses or deficits, and the economy. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-18 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10102 local-cont-no: IB10102 2003-07-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3807/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3807 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3808 2026-04-10T01:58:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2003 CRS issue brief Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the budget for fiscal year 2003. It debates issues such as budget action, receipts surpluses or deficits, and the economy. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-11-22 Report 19 pages. Text crs: IB10102 local-cont-no: IB10102 2003-09-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3808/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3808 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3809 2026-04-01T21:06:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Environmental Protection Agency's FY2004 Budget Fiscal Year 2004 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency For FY2004, the President’s budget requested $7.6 billion in budget authority for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), $448 million (or 6%) less than the $8.1 billion current funding level. The House approved $8.0 billion in H.R. 2861 (H.Rept. 108-235) on July 25. Senate action is anticipated in September. The request consisted of $3.1 billion for EPA operating expenses, $3.1 billion for assisting state and local governments, and $1.4 billion for cleaning up Superfund toxic waste sites. Wastewater infrastructure needs and the future of Superfund are prominent topics. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-27 Report 14 pages. Text crs: IB10125 local-cont-no: IB10125 2003-08-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3809/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3809 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3810 2026-04-01T21:07:38Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Environmental Protection Agency's FY2004 Budget Fiscal Year 2004 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency For FY2004, the President’s budget requested $7.6 billion in budget authority for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), $448 million (or 6%) less than the $8.1 billion current funding level. The House approved $8.0 billion in H.R. 2861 (H.Rept. 108-235) on July 25. Senate action is anticipated in September. The request consisted of $3.1 billion for EPA operating expenses, $3.1 billion for assisting state and local governments, and $1.4 billion for cleaning up Superfund toxic waste sites. Wastewater infrastructure needs and the future of Superfund are prominent topics. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-09 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10125 local-cont-no: IB10125 2003-09-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3810/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3810 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3811 2026-04-01T21:07:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Environmental Protection Agency's FY2004 Budget Fiscal Year 2004 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency For FY2004, the President’s budget requested $7.6 billion in budget authority for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), $448 million (or 6%) less than the $8.1 billion current funding level. The House approved $8.0 billion in H.R. 2861 (H.Rept. 108-235) on July 25. Senate action is anticipated in September. The request consisted of $3.1 billion for EPA operating expenses, $3.1 billion for assisting state and local governments, and $1.4 billion for cleaning up Superfund toxic waste sites. Wastewater infrastructure needs and the future of Superfund are prominent topics. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-10-03 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10125 local-cont-no: IB10125 2003-10-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3811/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3811 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1076 2026-04-10T00:37:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Item Veto and Expanded Impoundment Proposals CRS issue brief McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Executive impoundment of appropriated funds Item veto Presidents This report provides an overview of the controversies surrounding item vetos and impoundment, both of which would give the President greater control over the federal government's spending. The report provides a history of the concepts and their proposed alternatives, a summary of the contemporary legislative activity regarding the subject, and a list of documents for further reading. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-09-15 Report 15 pages Text crs: IB89148 local-cont-no: IB89148 2000-09-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1076/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1076 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1077 2026-04-10T00:37:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Item Veto and Expanded Impoundment Proposals CRS issue brief McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Executive impoundment of appropriated funds Item veto Presidents In recent years conflicting budget priorities and divided political control have accentuated the institutional tensions between the executive and legislative branches inherent in the federal budget process. President Clinton, like his two predecessors, called for an item veto, or possibly expanded impoundment authority, to provide him with greater control over federal spending. This report provides a brief history of impoundment and discusses the debate surrounding the line item veto. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-11-20 Report 18 Pages. Text crs: IB89148 local-cont-no: IB89148_2000Nov20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1077/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1077 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1423 2026-04-10T00:37:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Item Veto and Expanded Impoundment Proposals CRS issue brief McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Executive impoundment of appropriated funds Item veto Presidents This report discusses President's authority to call for an item veto, or possibly expanded impoundment authority, consideration of impoundment reform, to provide him with greater control over federal spending. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-01 Report 10 pages. Text crs: IB89148 local-cont-no: IB89148_2001Mar01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1423/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1423 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2177 2026-04-10T00:37:41Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Item Veto and Expanded Impoundment Proposals CRS issue brief McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Executive impoundment of appropriated funds Item veto Presidents In recent years conflicting budget priorities and divided political control have accentuated the institutional tensions between the executive and legislative branches inherent in the federal budget process. President Clinton, like his two predecessors, called for an item veto, or possibly expanded impoundment authority, to provide him with greater control over federal spending. This report provides a brief history of impoundment and discusses the debate surrounding the line item veto. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-03-14 Report 18 Pages. Text crs: IB89148 local-cont-no: IB89148_2002Mar14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2177/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2177 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2178 2026-04-10T00:37:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Item Veto and Expanded Impoundment Proposals CRS issue brief McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Executive impoundment of appropriated funds Item veto Presidents In recent years conflicting budget priorities and divided political control have accentuated the institutional tensions between the executive and legislative branches inherent in the federal budget process. President Clinton, like his two predecessors, called for an item veto, or possibly expanded impoundment authority, to provide him with greater control over federal spending. This report provides a brief history of impoundment and discusses the debate surrounding the line item veto. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-20 Report 19 Pages. Text crs: IB89148 local-cont-no: IB89148_2002Jun20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2178/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2178 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2179 2026-04-10T00:37:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Item Veto and Expanded Impoundment Proposals CRS issue brief McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Executive impoundment of appropriated funds Item veto Presidents In recent years conflicting budget priorities and divided political control have accentuated the institutional tensions between the executive and legislative branches inherent in the federal budget process. President Clinton, like his two predecessors, called for an item veto, or possibly expanded impoundment authority, to provide him with greater control over federal spending. This report provides a brief history of impoundment and discusses the debate surrounding the line item veto. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-15 Report 19 Pages. Text crs: IB89148 local-cont-no: IB89148_2002Aug15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2179/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2179 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2180 2026-04-10T00:37:44Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Item Veto and Expanded Impoundment Proposals CRS issue brief McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Executive impoundment of appropriated funds Item veto Presidents In recent years conflicting budget priorities and divided political control have accentuated the institutional tensions between the executive and legislative branches inherent in the federal budget process. President Clinton, like his two predecessors, called for an item veto, or possibly expanded impoundment authority, to provide him with greater control over federal spending. This report provides a brief history of impoundment and discusses the debate surrounding the line item veto. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-27 Report 19 Pages. Text crs: IB89148 local-cont-no: IB89148_2002Nov27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2180/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2180 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3812 2026-04-10T00:37:46Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Item Veto and Expanded Impoundment Proposals CRS issue brief McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Executive impoundment of appropriated funds Item veto Presidents In recent years conflicting budget priorities and divided political control have accentuated the institutional tensions between the executive and legislative branches inherent in the federal budget process. President Clinton, like his two predecessors, called for an item veto, or possibly expanded impoundment authority, to provide him with greater control over federal spending. This report provides a brief history of impoundment and discusses the debate surrounding the line item veto. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-24 Report 18 Pages. Text crs: IB89148 local-cont-no: IB89148_2003Jan24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3812/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3812 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3813 2026-04-10T00:37:48Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Item Veto and Expanded Impoundment Proposals CRS issue brief McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Executive impoundment of appropriated funds Item veto Presidents On February 3, 2003, President Bush transmitted his budget submission for FY2004, which again contained some proposals for reform of the budget process, including a reformulated line item veto for the President. This report discusses the history of the line item veto and examines the policy debate regarding the issue. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-14 Report 19 Pages. Text crs: IB89148 local-cont-no: IB89148_2003Mar14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3813/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3813 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3814 2026-04-10T00:37:49Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Item Veto and Expanded Impoundment Proposals CRS issue brief McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Executive impoundment of appropriated funds Item veto Presidents In recent years conflicting budget priorities and divided political control have accentuated the institutional tensions between the executive and legislative branches inherent in the federal budget process. President Clinton, like his two predecessors, called for an item veto, or possibly expanded impoundment authority, to provide him with greater control over federal spending. This report provides a brief history of impoundment and discusses the debate surrounding the line item veto. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-08 Report 19 Pages. Text crs: IB89148 local-cont-no: IB89148_2003May08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3814/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3814 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3815 2026-04-10T00:37:50Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Item Veto and Expanded Impoundment Proposals CRS issue brief McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Executive impoundment of appropriated funds Item veto Presidents In recent years conflicting budget priorities and divided political control have accentuated the institutional tensions between the executive and legislative branches inherent in the federal budget process. President Clinton, like his two predecessors, called for an item veto, or possibly expanded impoundment authority, to provide him with greater control over federal spending. This report provides a brief history of impoundment and discusses the debate surrounding the line item veto. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-02 Report 19 Pages. Text crs: IB89148 local-cont-no: IB89148_2003Jul02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3815/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3815 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3816 2026-04-10T00:37:51Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Item Veto and Expanded Impoundment Proposals CRS issue brief McMurtry, Virginia A. Budgets Executive impoundment of appropriated funds Item veto Presidents In recent years conflicting budget priorities and divided political control have accentuated the institutional tensions between the executive and legislative branches inherent in the federal budget process. President Clinton, like his two predecessors, called for an item veto, or possibly expanded impoundment authority, to provide him with greater control over federal spending. This report provides a brief history of impoundment and discusses the debate surrounding the line item veto. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-03 Report 19 Pages. Text crs: IB89148 local-cont-no: IB89148_2003Sep03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3816/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3816 English United States

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The Federal Debt: Who Bears Its Burdens? CRS issue brief Cox, William A. Budgets Public debt Finance This report discusses the federal debt, which quintupled from FY1980 to FY1995 and went from 26% to 50% of GDP. The report examines changing ideas in regards to what segment of the population most feels the effects of growing government debt, and how its effects manifest. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-12-09 Report 15 Pages. Text crs: IB92049 local-cont-no: IB92049_1999Dec09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs868/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs868 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1424 2017-02-09T15:41:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Debt Limit Winters, Philip D. Budgets Debt limit Congress last raised the debt limit, to $5.95 trillion, in the Balanced Budget Act of 1997 (P.L. 105-33; on August 5, 1997). At that time, the increase was deemed sufficient for the government's borrowing needs into December 1999. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-02-05 Report Text crs: IB93054 local-cont-no: IB93054 2001-02-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1424/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1424 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1425 2026-03-20T22:30:50Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Federal budgets Population policy Since 1965, United States policy has supported international population planning based on principles of voluntarism and informed choice that gives participants access to information on all methods of birth control. This policy, however, has generated contentious debate for over two decades, resulting in frequent clarification and modification of U.S. international family planning programs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-22 Report Text crs: IB96026 local-cont-no: IB96026 2001-03-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1425/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1425 English

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Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Federal budgets Population policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-04-03 Report Text crs: IB96026 local-cont-no: IB96026 2002-04-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2181/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2181 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2182 2026-03-20T22:30:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Federal budgets Population policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-07 Report Text crs: IB96026 local-cont-no: IB96026 2002-06-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2182/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2182 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2183 2026-03-20T22:31:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Federal budgets Population policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-24 Report Text crs: IB96026 local-cont-no: IB96026 2002-07-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2183/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2183 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2184 2026-03-20T22:31:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Federal budgets Population policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-17 Report Text crs: IB96026 local-cont-no: IB96026 2002-09-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2184/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2184 English

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Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Federal budgets Population policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-23 Report Text crs: IB96026 local-cont-no: IB96026 2002-10-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2185/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2185 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3817 2026-03-20T22:31:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Federal budgets Population policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-13 Report Text crs: IB96026 local-cont-no: IB96026 2003-02-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3817/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3817 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3818 2026-03-20T22:32:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Federal budgets Population policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-17 Report Text crs: IB96026 local-cont-no: IB96026 2003-04-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3818/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3818 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3819 2026-03-20T22:32:34Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Federal budgets Population policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-19 Report Text crs: IB96026 local-cont-no: IB96026 2003-05-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3819/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3819 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3820 2026-03-20T22:32:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Federal budgets Population policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-08 Report Text crs: IB96026 local-cont-no: IB96026 2003-07-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3820/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3820 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3821 2026-03-20T22:32:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Federal budgets Population policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-24 Report Text crs: IB96026 local-cont-no: IB96026 2003-07-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3821/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3821 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3822 2026-03-20T22:32:48Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Federal budgets Population policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-31 Report Text crs: IB96026 local-cont-no: IB96026 2003-07-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3822/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3822 English

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Population Assistance and Family Planning Programs: Issues for Congress Nowels, Larry Q. Budgets Federal budgets Population policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-10-14 Report Text crs: IB96026 local-cont-no: IB96026 2003-10-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3823/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3823 English

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Environmental Protection Agency: FY1998 Budget Fiscal Year 1998 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency EPA appropriations are included in the annual VA-HUD-Independent Agencies Appropriation Bill. Two major issues were whether Superfund cleanups should be accelerated in the absence of statutory reforms and whether the requested state assistance funds are adequate. Because the House and Senate were in agreement on not granting the requested 50% increase in Superfund and in passing increased state funds, the chief conference issue focused on the roughly $225 million difference between the House and Senate versions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-01-12 Report Text crs: IB97019 local-cont-no: IB97019 1998-01-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs554/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs554 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs396 2026-04-11T00:46:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Environmental Protection Agency: FY1998 Budget Fiscal Year 1998 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency EPA appropriations are included in the annual VA-HUD-Independent Agencies Appropriation Bill. Two major issues were whether Superfund cleanups should be accelerated in the absence of statutory reforms and whether the requested state assistance funds are adequate. Because the House and Senate were in agreement on not granting the requested 50% increase in Superfund and in passing increased state funds, the chief conference issue was expected to focus on the roughly $225 million difference between the House and Senate versions. However, a veto threat over Superfund program funding made this a key conference issue. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-10-14 Report Text crs: IB97019 local-cont-no: IB97019 1997-10-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs396/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs396 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs555 2017-02-15T20:23:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 1998 Fiscal Year 1998 Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets This report discusses the efforts to reach an agreement on the fiscal year (FY) 1998 budget were, in many respects, a continuation of the efforts to balance the federal budget by (or before) FY2002. The proposals and legislation for FY1998 were designed to move the budget further towards balance. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-07-22 Report Text crs: IB97024 local-cont-no: IB97024 1998-07-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs555/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs555 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs556 2026-04-11T00:45:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Environmental Protection Agency: An Analysis of Key FY1999 Budget Issues Fiscal Year 1999 Lee, Martin R. Budgets Federal budgets Environmental Protection Agency On February 2, 1998, the President requested $7.8 billion for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in FY1999. The Senate Appropriations Committee reported S. 2168 (S.Rept. 105-216) on June 12; the full Senate passed the bill on July 17. The House Committee reported H.R. 4194 (H.Rept. 105-610) on July 8, 1998; the full House passed it on July 29; and the Senate passed it on July 30 after incorporating S. 2168's provisions. During the week of October 6, the House and Senate approved the conference report, H.Rept. 105-769, which includes $7.5 billion, thus clearing the bill for the President's signature of October 21 (P.L. 105-276). The Omnibus Appropriations Act (P.L. 105-277) added $30 million more in FY1999 funds. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-12-04 Report Text crs: IB98031 local-cont-no: IB98031 1998-12-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs556/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs556 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs869 2016-01-26T22:26:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Grants and Foundations: Selected Print, Electronic, and Internet Sources on Government and Private Funding Tehan, Rita Budgets Research grants - Information resources Grants-in-aid - Information resources Science policy This report describes more than 35 print, electronic, and Internet sources of information on financial support, and lists a few of the current general guides to writing grant proposals. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-06 Report 15 pages. Text crs: RL30013 local-cont-no: RL30013_1999Jan06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs869/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs869 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2186 2025-07-30T17:33:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Disadvantaged Businesses: A Review of Federal Assistance Fauntroy, Michael K. Budgets Federal aid to minority business enterprises Minorities Business It is the policy of the federal government to encourage the development of small disadvantaged businesses (SDBs) owned by minorities and women. SDBs are statutorily defined as small businesses that are owned and controlled by socially and economically disadvantaged individuals who have been subjected to racial or ethnic prejudice or cultural bias and who have limited capital and credit opportunities. This report presents an overview of the major federal programs now in existence and indicates where interested persons can obtain further information about specific programs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-01-14 Report 28 p. Text crs: RL30059 local-cont-no: RL30059 2002-01-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2186/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2186 English United States 1942/2002

info:ark/67531/metacrs870 2017-01-23T13:09:52Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget FY2000: A Chronology with Internet Access Fiscal Year 2000 Watkins, Susan E. Budgets Federal budgets This report provides a select chronology of congressional and presidential actions and documents related to major budget events in calendar year 1999, covering the FY2000 budget. While the paper copy provides numerous Internet addresses, congressional offices can also use the Internet version of this report to access active links to appropriations and budget legislation, budget and economic data tables, pie charts, glossaries, selected testimony, publications, the President’s budget documents, and CRS products. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-07-27 Report Text crs: RL30199 local-cont-no: RL30199 1999-07-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs870/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs870 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1078 2026-04-11T01:08:29Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Airport Improvement Program Reauthorization Legislation in the 106th Congress 106th Congress Kirk, Robert S. Budgets Federal aid to transportation Transportation This report discusses the Airport Improvement Program (AIP), which provides federal grants to airports for capital development. This report also discusses the Aviation Investment and Reform Act for the 21st Century, also referred to as AIR21, which includes provisions for increases in AIP spending, among other things. Primarily, this report discusses the legislative processes surrounding the enaction of these laws and the various appropriations the laws authorize. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-04-17 Report Text crs: RL30096 local-cont-no: RL30096 2000-04-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1078/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1078 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs871 2017-01-23T13:09:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget FY2000: A Chronology with Internet Access Fiscal Year 2000 Watkins, Susan E. Budgets Federal budgets This report provides a select chronology of congressional and presidential actions and documents related to major budget events in calendar year 1999, covering the FY2000 budget. While the paper copy provides numerous Internet addresses, congressional offices can also use the Internet version of this report to access active links to appropriations and budget legislation, budget and economic data tables, pie charts, glossaries, selected testimony, publications, the President’s budget documents, and CRS products. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-12-01 Report 36 pages. Text crs: RL30199 local-cont-no: RL30199 1999-12-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs871/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs871 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs872 2017-02-07T16:20:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2000: An Overview Fiscal Year 2000 Bley, Mary Frances Budgets Appropriations This report provides an overview of Congressional Research Service (CRS) products on the FY2000 appropriations and summarizes selected congressional actions on regular and supplemental appropriations, budget resolutions, budget reconciliation measures, and other selected legislation affecting appropriations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-12-03 Report Text crs: RL30200 local-cont-no: RL30200 1999-12-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs872/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs872 English 2000

info:ark/67531/metacrs1080 2017-02-07T16:20:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2000: An Overview Fiscal Year 2000 Bley, Mary Frances Budgets Appropriations Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-02-29 Report 36 pages. Text crs: RL30200 local-cont-no: RL30200 2000-02-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1080/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1080 English 2000

info:ark/67531/metacrs873 2017-02-09T14:43:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2000: District of Columbia Fiscal Year 2000 Boyd, Eugene Budgets Appropriations - District of Columbia Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on the District of Columbia. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-12-23 Report 26 pages. Text crs: RL30213 local-cont-no: RL30213 1999-12-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs873/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs873 English 2000 United States - Washington D.C.

info:ark/67531/metacrs874 2017-02-16T13:22:50Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

H.R. 853, The Comprehensive Budget Process Reform Act: Summary of Provisions Saturno, James V. Budgets Federal budget process - Law and legislation Federal budgets This report discusses the Comprehensive Budget Process Reform Act of 1999, was introduced by Representative Jim Nussle on February 25, 1999, and referred to the Committee on the Budget. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-08-25 Report Text crs: RL30236 local-cont-no: RL30236_1999Aug25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs874/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs874 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs875 2026-04-14T02:37:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Preventing Federal Government Shutdowns: Proposals for an Automatic Continuing Resolution Keith, Robert Budgets Congressional budget process Continuing resolutions Congress Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-10-18 Report Text crs: RL30339 local-cont-no: RL30339 1999-10-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs875/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs875 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1079 2026-04-14T02:36:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Preventing Federal Government Shutdowns: Proposals for an Automatic Continuing Resolution Keith, Robert Budgets Congressional budget process Continuing resolutions Congress Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-05-19 Report Text crs: RL30339 local-cont-no: RL30339 2000-05-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1079/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1079 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1081 2026-04-11T01:04:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Continuing Appropriations Acts: Brief Overview of Recent Practices Streeter, Sandy Budgets Continuing resolutions Appropriations This report provides information on the history of continuing resolutions; the nature, scope, and duration of CRs during the last 30 years; the various types of CRs that have been enacted; and an overview of those instances when budget authority has lapsed and a funding gap has resulted. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-09-26 Report 13 pages. Text crs: RL30343 local-cont-no: RL30343 2000-09-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1081/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1081 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1082 2026-04-11T01:04:13Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Continuing Appropriations Acts: Brief Overview of Recent Practices Streeter, Sandy Budgets Continuing resolutions Appropriations For FY2001, twenty-one continuing resolutions became law. These measures extended funding for the outstanding FY2001 regular appropriations bills from October 1, 2000, through midnight, December 21, 2000. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-12-22 Report Text crs: RL30343 local-cont-no: RL30343 2000-12-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1082/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1082 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2187 2026-04-11T01:04:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Continuing Appropriations Acts: Brief Overview of Recent Practices Streeter, Sandy Budgets Continuing resolutions Appropriations This report is divided into two segments. The first segment provides the most recent developments and content of the FY2005 continuing resolutions. The second segment provides information on the history of CRs; the nature, scope, and duration of CRs during the last 35 years; the types of CRs that have been enacted; and an overview of those instances when funding (or budget authority2) has lapsed and a funding gap has resulted. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-01-11 Report 14 pages. Text crs: RL30343 local-cont-no: RL30343 2002-01-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2187/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2187 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2188 2026-04-11T01:04:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Continuing Appropriations Acts: Brief Overview of Recent Practices Streeter, Sandy Budgets Continuing resolutions Appropriations This report provides information on the history of continuing resolutions; the nature, scope, and duration of CRs during the last 30 years; the various types of CRs that have been enacted; and an overview of those instances when budget authority has lapsed and a funding gap has resulted. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-25 Report 14 pages. Text crs: RL30343 local-cont-no: RL30343 2002-10-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2188/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2188 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2189 2026-04-11T01:04:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Continuing Appropriations Acts: Brief Overview of Recent Practices Streeter, Sandy Budgets Continuing resolutions Appropriations This report provides information on the history of continuing resolutions; the nature, scope, and duration of CRs during the last 30 years; the various types of CRs that have been enacted; and an overview of those instances when budget authority has lapsed and a funding gap has resulted. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-06 Report 16 pages. Text crs: RL30343 local-cont-no: RL30343 2002-12-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2189/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2189 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3824 2026-04-11T01:04:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Continuing Appropriations Acts: Brief Overview of Recent Practices Streeter, Sandy Budgets Continuing resolutions Appropriations This report provides information on the history of continuing resolutions; the nature, scope, and duration of CRs during the last 30 years; the various types of CRs that have been enacted; and an overview of those instances when budget authority has lapsed and a funding gap has resulted. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-13 Report 16 pages. Text crs: RL30343 local-cont-no: RL30343 2003-01-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3824/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3824 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3825 2026-04-11T01:04:50Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Continuing Appropriations Acts: Brief Overview of Recent Practices Streeter, Sandy Budgets Continuing resolutions Appropriations This report provides information on the history of continuing resolutions; the nature, scope, and duration of CRs during the last 30 years; the various types of CRs that have been enacted; and an overview of those instances when budget authority has lapsed and a funding gap has resulted. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-25 Report 21 pages. Text crs: RL30343 local-cont-no: RL30343 2003-02-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3825/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3825 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3826 2026-04-11T01:04:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Continuing Appropriations Acts: Brief Overview of Recent Practices Streeter, Sandy Budgets Continuing resolutions Appropriations This report is divided into two segments. The first segment provides the most recent developments and content of the FY2005 continuing resolutions. The second segment provides information on the history of CRs; the nature, scope, and duration of CRs during the last 35 years; the types of CRs that have been enacted; and an overview of those instances when funding (or budget authority2) has lapsed and a funding gap has resulted. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-11-05 Report 15 pages. Text crs: RL30343 local-cont-no: RL30343 2003-11-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3826/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3826 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs6137 2026-04-11T01:05:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Continuing Appropriations Acts: Brief Overview of Recent Practices Streeter, Sandy Budgets Continuing resolutions Appropriations This report is divided into two segments. The first segment provides the most recent developments and content of the FY2005 continuing resolutions. The second segment provides information on the history of CRs; the nature, scope, and duration of CRs during the last 35 years; the types of CRs that have been enacted; and an overview of those instances when funding (or budget authority2) has lapsed and a funding gap has resulted. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-01-10 Report 16 pages. Text crs: RL30343 local-cont-no: RL30343 2005-01-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6137/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6137 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1083 2026-04-03T18:44:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The 0.38 Percent Across-the-Board Cut in FY2000 Appropriations Fiscal Year 2000 Keith, Robert Federal budgets Government spending reductions Government and Law - Legal Documents Library of Congress crs federal budget Congressional Research Service This report outlines cuts made in the federal budget for FY2000. The 0.38% cut was expected to yield savings of $2.4 billion in budget authority and $1.4 billion in outlays for the fiscal year. Departments with cuts in excess of $100 million included the Departments of Defense, Transportation, Health and Human Services, and Education. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-02-25 Report 11 P. Text crs: RL30443 local-cont-no: RL30443 2000-02-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1083/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1083 English United States 1999~/2000

info:ark/67531/metacrs1084 2026-03-20T22:37:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Supplemental Appropriations for FY2000: Plan Columbia, Kosovo, Foreign Debt Relief, Home Energy Assistance, and Other Initiatives Fiscal Year 2000 Nowels, Larry Q. Daggett, Stephen Tarnoff, Curt Serafino, Nina M. Gish, Melinda Budgets Federal budgets Supplemental appropriations Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-07-05 Report Text crs: RL30457 local-cont-no: RL30457 2000-07-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1084/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1084 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1085 2015-12-05T16:30:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Forest Service Revenue-Sharing Payments: Legislative Issues Gorte, Ross W. Budgets Revenue sharing State and local government The Forest Service (FS) returns 25% of the revenues from each national forest to the states for use on roads and schools in counties where the forests are located; the Bureau of Land Management shares 50% of its revenues with counties containing the Oregon & California grant lands. This report discusses the legislative concerns that have arisen because declining timber sales have reduced revenues. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-03-24 Report Text crs: RL30480 local-cont-no: RL30480_2000Mar24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1085/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1085 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2190 2022-12-02T13:55:13Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Program: Background and Context Cooper, Edith Fairman Budgets Federal aid to education Federal aid to substance abuse programs Elementary and secondary education Drug abuse Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing information about the context and background of the Safe and Drug-Free schools and Communities Program. Topics include, impact evaluation, the national coordinator program, grants to reduce alcohol abuse etc.. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-04-22 Report 28 pages. Text crs: RL30482 local-cont-no: RL30482 2002-04-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2190/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2190 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3827 2022-12-02T13:56:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Program: Background and Context Cooper, Edith Fairman Budgets Federal aid to education Federal aid to substance abuse programs Elementary and secondary education Drug abuse Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing information about the context and background of the Safe and Drug-Free schools and Communities Program. Topics include, impact evaluation, the national coordinator program, grants to reduce alcohol abuse, etc.. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-14 Report 30 pages. Text crs: RL30482 local-cont-no: RL30482 2003-03-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3827/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3827 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1086 2026-04-01T19:47:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget FY2001: A Chronology with Internet Access Fiscal Year 2001 Thomas, Pearl Budgets Federal budgets This is a select chronology of, and a finding guide for information on, congressional and presidential actions and documents related to major budget events in calendar year 2000, covering the FY2001 budget. Brief information is provided for the President’s budget, congressional budget resolutions, appropriations measures (regular, continuing, supplementals, and rescissions), budget reconciliation, House and Senate votes, line-item vetoes, publications, testimony, charts, and tables. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-11-14 Report Text crs: RL30499 local-cont-no: RL30499 2000-11-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1086/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1086 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1087 2026-04-01T19:48:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget FY2001: A Chronology with Internet Access Fiscal Year 2001 Thomas, Pearl Budgets Federal budgets This is a select chronology of, and a finding guide for information on, congressional and presidential actions and documents related to major budget events in calendar year 2000, covering the FY2001 budget. Brief information is provided for the President’s budget, congressional budget resolutions, appropriations measures (regular, continuing, supplementals, and rescissions), budget reconciliation, House and Senate votes, line-item vetoes, publications, testimony, charts, and tables. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-12-27 Report 19 pages. Text crs: RL30499 local-cont-no: RL30499 2000-12-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1087/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1087 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1089 2026-04-01T19:44:26Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2001: An Overview Fiscal Year 2001 Bley, Mary Frances Budgets Appropriations Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a broad overview of all appropriations activity and a guide to the CRS Appropriation Product Series that provides analytical perspectives on the 13 annual FY2001 appropriations bills. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-09-22 Report 35 pages. Text crs: RL30500 local-cont-no: RL30500 2000-09-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1089/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1089 English 2001

info:ark/67531/metacrs1427 2026-04-01T19:44:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2001: An Overview Fiscal Year 2001 Bley, Mary Frances Budgets Appropriations Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a broad overview of all appropriations activity and a guide to the CRS Appropriation Product Series that provides analytical perspectives on the 13 annual FY2001 appropriations bills. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-02-23 Report 39 pages. Text crs: RL30500 local-cont-no: RL30500 2001-02-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1427/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1427 English 2001

info:ark/67531/metacrs1088 2026-04-01T19:45:24Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2001: District of Columbia Fiscal Year 2001 Boyd, Eugene Budgets Appropriations - District of Columbia Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on the District of Columbia Appropriations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-09-14 Report 22 pages. Text crs: RL30513 local-cont-no: RL30513 2000-09-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1088/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1088 English 2001 United States - Washington D.C.

info:ark/67531/metacrs1090 2026-04-01T19:45:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2001: District of Columbia Fiscal Year 2001 Boyd, Eugene Budgets Appropriations - District of Columbia Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on the District of Columbia Appropriations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-11-27 Report 26 pages. Text crs: RL30513 local-cont-no: RL30513 2000-11-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1090/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1090 English 2001 United States - Washington D.C.

info:ark/67531/metacrs1091 2026-03-21T02:11:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The National Debt: Who Bears Its Burden? Makinen, Gail E. Budgets Public debt Budgets This report discusses the burden of a national debt, the view among economists, the federal budget deficits, and the financial burden that future generations will inherit, a larger privately owned capital stock and a higher level of income. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-04-07 Report 20 pages. Text crs: RL30520 local-cont-no: RL30520_2000Apr07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1091/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1091 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2191 2026-04-06T20:02:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The National Debt: Who Bears Its Burden? Labonte, Marc Makinen, Gail E. Budgets Public debt Federal budgets This report discusses the burden of a national debt, the view among economists, the federal budget deficits, and the financial burden that future generations will inherit, a larger privately owned capital stock and a higher level of income. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-01-31 Report 20 pages. Text crs: RL30520 local-cont-no: RL30520_2002Jan31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2191/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2191 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3828 2026-04-06T20:02:16Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The National Debt: Who Bears Its Burden? Labonte, Marc Makinen, Gail E. Budgets Public debt Federal budgets This report discusses the burden of a national debt, the view among economists, the federal budget deficits, and the financial burden that future generations will inherit, a larger privately owned capital stock and a higher level of income. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-01 Report 20 pages. Text crs: RL30520 local-cont-no: RL30520_2003May01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3828/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3828 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1426 2017-02-13T12:53:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Reaching Low-Income, Uninsured Children: Are Medicaid and SCHIP Doing the Job? Herz, Elicia J. Baumrucker, Evelyne P. Budgets Medically uninsured Federal aid to child health services Welfare Health policy Children Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-08 Report Text crs: RL30556 local-cont-no: RL30556 2001-01-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1426/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1426 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1428 2026-04-16T01:21:12Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Economics of the Federal Budget Surplus Cashell, Brian W. Budgets Economic forecasting Federal budgets Budget surpluses Economic policy Fiscal 1998 marked the first year that total receipts exceeded outlays in the federal budget since 1969. Since then, the budget has been in surplus and official projections expect the budget to remain in surplus for the foreseeable future. Congressional Budget Office (CBO) baseline projections indicate that the budget surpluses are expected to grow steadily over the next 10 years. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-30 Report Text crs: RL30583 local-cont-no: RL30583 2001-03-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1428/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1428 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1092 2017-02-14T11:37:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal R&D, Drug Discovery, and Pricing: Insights from the NIH-University-Industry Relationship Schacht, Wendy H. Budgets Drugs Federal aid to medical research Medicine Science policy Medicine Interest in methods to provide drugs at lower cost, particularly for the elderly, has rekindled discussion over the role the federal government plays in facilitating the creation of new pharmaceuticals for the marketplace. This report explores the issue of whether or not the substantial federal investment in health-related research and development (R&D) entitles the public to commensurate consideration in prices charged for any resulting drugs. It is intended to provide the reader with an understanding of the rationale for government support of R&D and subsequent efforts to facilitate private sector commercialization of new technologies generated from such work. Concerns surrounding innovation in pharmaceuticals and biotechnology are discussed within the broader context of the federal role in facilitating technological progress. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-06-19 Report 26 Pages. Text crs: RL30585 local-cont-no: RL30585_2000Jun19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1092/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1092 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1093 2026-04-10T01:58:18Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

What if the National Debt Were Eliminated? Some Economic Consequences Labonte, Marc Budgets Monetary policy Public debt Economic policy Asthe budget has moved from a position of large deficitsto large surpluses, then back to deficit again, a debate has emerged about the desirability of retiring the national debt. Although the national debt would not be retired under current baseline forecasts, it remains an important element of the budget surplus debate. By the end of the baseline window, the national debt is forecast to reach its lowest level in the post-war period as a percentage of GDP despite the dramatic deterioration in the surplus forecastsince 2001. This report will explore the economic issues surrounding budget surpluses and debt retirement Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-07-14 Report Text crs: RL30614 local-cont-no: RL30614 2000-07-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1093/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1093 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1429 2026-04-10T01:58:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

What if the National Debt Were Eliminated? Some Economic Consequences Labonte, Marc Budgets Monetary policy Public debt Economic policy As the budget has moved from a position of large deficits to large surpluses, then back to deficit again, a debate has emerged about the desirability of retiring the national debt. Although the national debt would not be retired under current baseline forecasts, it remains an important element of the budget surplus debate. By the end of the baseline window, the national debt is forecast to reach its lowest level in the post-war period as a percentage of GDP despite the dramatic deterioration in the surplus forecast since 2001. This report will explore the economic issues surrounding budget surpluses and debt retirement Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-04-12 Report Text crs: RL30614 local-cont-no: RL30614 2001-04-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1429/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1429 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2192 2026-04-10T01:58:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

What if the National Debt Were Eliminated? Some Economic Consequences Labonte, Marc Budgets Monetary policy Public debt Economic policy Asthe budget has moved from a position of large deficitsto large surpluses, then back to deficit again, a debate has emerged about the desirability of retiring the national debt. Although the national debt would not be retired under current baseline forecasts, it remains an important element of the budget surplus debate. By the end of the baseline window, the national debt is forecast to reach its lowest level in the post-war period as a percentage of GDP despite the dramatic deterioration in the surplus forecastsince 2001. This report will explore the economic issues surrounding budget surpluses and debt retirement Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-02-25 Report Text crs: RL30614 local-cont-no: RL30614 2002-02-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2192/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2192 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1094 2015-09-23T15:30:21Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal Grants to State and Local Governments: A Brief History Canada, Ben Budgets Grants-in-aid Federal aid programs This report discusses the history of the federal grants-in-aid system, which predates the Constitution. he grants-in-aid system assumed its current form when President Franklin D. Roosevelt initiated his New Deal programs. Since Roosevelt, the grants-in-aid system has expanded, especially in the number and dollar amount of categorical grant programs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-10-10 Report 10 Pages. Text crs: RL30705 local-cont-no: RL30705_2000Oct10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1094/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1094 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3829 2015-09-23T15:33:49Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal Grants to State and Local Governments: A Brief History Canada, Ben Budgets Grants-in-aid Federal aid programs This report discusses the history of the federal grants-in-aid system, which predates the Constitution. he grants-in-aid system assumed its current form when President Franklin D. Roosevelt initiated his New Deal programs. Since Roosevelt, the grants-in-aid system has expanded, especially in the number and dollar amount of categorical grant programs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-19 Report 16 Pages. Text crs: RL30705 local-cont-no: RL30705_2003Feb19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3829/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3829 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1430 2017-02-09T19:33:07Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Projecting the Surplus: A Discussion of Issues Labonte, Marc Winters, Philip D. Budgets Economic forecasting Budget surpluses Economic policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-26 Report Text crs: RL30901 local-cont-no: RL30901 2001-03-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1430/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1430 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1431 2026-04-11T00:47:41Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

ESEA Reauthorization Proposals: Comparison of Major Features of the House and Senate Versions of H.R. 1 Riddle, Wayne Budgets Federal aid to education - Law and legislation Elementary and secondary education The authorizations of appropriations for most programs of federal aid to elementary and secondary (grades K-12) education, under the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), expired at the end of FY2000. While the 106th Congress extensively considered several bills which would have reauthorized and amended most of these programs, only legislation extending the Impact Aid (ESEA Title VIII) and Even Start Family Literacy (ESEA Title I, Part B) programs was enacted. Selected other programs, such as the Class Size Reduction program, have been initiated and continued solely through annual appropriations legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-07-06 Report 20 pages. Text crs: RL30921 local-cont-no: RL30921 2001-07-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1431/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1431 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2193 2026-04-01T19:55:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget FY2002: A Chronology with Internet Access Fiscal Year 2002 Murray, Justin Budgets Federal budgets This is a select chronology of, and a finding guide for information on, congressional and presidential actions and documents related to major budget events in calendar year 2001, covering the FY2002 budget. Brief information is provided for the President’s budget, congressional budget resolutions, appropriations measures (regular, continuing, supplementals, and rescissions), budget reconciliation, House and Senate votes, line-item vetoes, publications, testimony, charts, and tables. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-01-07 Report 20 pages. Text crs: RL30999 local-cont-no: RL30999 2002-01-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2193/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2193 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2194 2026-04-01T19:56:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget FY2002: A Chronology with Internet Access Fiscal Year 2002 Murray, Justin Budgets Federal budgets This is a select chronology of, and a finding guide for information on, congressional and presidential actions and documents related to major budget events in calendar year 2001, covering the FY2002 budget. Brief information is provided for the President’s budget, congressional budget resolutions, appropriations measures (regular, continuing, supplementals, and rescissions), budget reconciliation, House and Senate votes, line-item vetoes, publications, testimony, charts, and tables. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-17 Report 20 pages. Text crs: RL30999 local-cont-no: RL30999 2002-09-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2194/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2194 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2195 2026-04-01T19:54:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2002: An Overview Fiscal Year 2002 Bley, Mary Frances Budgets Appropriations Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-01-22 Report 21 pages. Text crs: RL31000 local-cont-no: RL31000 2002-01-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2195/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2195 English 2002

info:ark/67531/metacrs2196 2026-04-01T19:54:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2002: An Overview Fiscal Year 2002 Bley, Mary Frances Budgets Appropriations Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-03-12 Report 21 pages. Text crs: RL31000 local-cont-no: RL31000 2002-03-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2196/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2196 English 2002

info:ark/67531/metacrs2197 2026-04-01T19:54:24Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2002: District of Columbia Fiscal Year 2002 Boyd, Eugene Fauntroy, Michael K. Budgets Appropriations - District of Columbia Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on the District of Columbia Appropriations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-01-10 Report 27 pages. Text crs: RL31013 local-cont-no: RL31013 2002-01-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2197/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2197 English United States - Washington D.C. 2002

info:ark/67531/metacrs2199 2024-07-02T14:47:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Public Aid and Faith-Based Organizations (Charitable Choice): Background and Selected Legal Issues Ackerman, David M. Budgets Charities Federal aid programs Social services A document from the Congressional Research Institute to Congress providing background, facts, and legal issues regarding public aid for faith-based organizations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-02-20 Report 39 pages Text crs: RL31043 local-cont-no: RL31043 2002-02-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2199/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2199 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2198 2026-04-14T02:23:26Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Recovery from Terrorist Attacks: A Catalog of Selected Federal Assistance Programs Canada, Ben Budgets Terrorism Federal aid programs International affairs Criminal justice Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-02-01 Report Text crs: RL31125 local-cont-no: RL31125 2002-02-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2198/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2198 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs6138 2026-04-16T01:21:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Economics of the Federal Budget Deficit Cashell, Brian W. Budgets Budget deficits - Economic aspects - U.S. In FY1998, federal budget receipts exceeded outlays for the first time since 1969. Those surpluses continued through FY2001. At one time, those surpluses had been projected to continue, but conditions have since changed. The economy went into recession in 2001, and a stimulus package was enacted. Since then, the budget has been in deficit. The actual unified budget deficit for FY2004 was $412.1 billion. In January 2005, the Congressional Budget Office projected that there would be a budget deficit of $368 billion in FY2005, and a deficit of $295 billion in FY2006. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-01-28 Report 15 pages. Text crs: RL31235 local-cont-no: RL31235 2005-01-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6138/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6138 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2200 2017-02-07T18:59:11Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

21st Century Community Learning Centers in P.L. 107-110: Background and Funding McCallion, Gail Budgets Grants-in-aid Federal aid to education Elementary and secondary education Most Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) programs, including the 21st Century Community Learning Centers (21st CCLC) program, expired at the end of FY2000.1 Included in the No Child Left Behind Act is the reauthorization of the 21st CCLC, with, a new location (Title IV, Part B, 21st Century Schools), and several substantive changes. On December 13 and 18, 2001, respectively, the House and Senate adopted the conference version of H.R. 1, The No Child Left Behind Act. The President signed H.R. 1 into law (P.L. 107-110) on January 8, 2002. This report summarizes the major provisions of the reauthorized 21st CCLC program. The reauthorized program is structured as a formula grant program to states, in response to concerns that a program as large as the 21st CCLC could no longer be equitably administered as a competitive grant program. In addition, the reauthorized program formally endorses an exclusive focus for the 21st CCLC on after-school hours activities for children and youth. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-03-04 Report 5 pages. Text crs: RL31240 local-cont-no: RL31240 2002-03-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2200/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2200 English 2002 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3830 2024-09-16T11:19:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

21st Century Community Learning Centers in P.L. 107-110: Background and Funding McCallion, Gail Federal budgets Grants-in-aid Federal aid to education Elementary and secondary education Most Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) programs, including the 21st Century Community Learning Centers (21st CCLC) program, expired at the end of FY2000.1 Included in the No Child Left Behind Act is the reauthorization of the 21st CCLC, with, a new location (Title IV, Part B, 21st Century Schools), and several substantive changes. On December 13 and 18, 2001, respectively, the House and Senate adopted the conference version of H.R. 1, The No Child Left Behind Act. The President signed H.R. 1 into law (P.L. 107-110) on January 8, 2002. This report summarizes the major provisions of the reauthorized 21st CCLC program. The reauthorized program is structured as a formula grant program to states, in response to concerns that a program as large as the 21st CCLC could no longer be equitably administered as a competitive grant program. In addition, the reauthorized program formally endorses a focus for the 21st CCLC on after-school hours activities for children and youth. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-27 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RL31240 local-cont-no: RL31240 2003-02-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3830/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3830 English United States 1994/2007 Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2201 2026-04-01T20:14:50Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget FY2003: A Chronology with Internet Access Fiscal Year 2003 Murray, Justin Budgets Federal budgets This is a select chronology of, and a finding guide for information on, congressional and presidential actions and documents related to major budget events in calendar year 2002, covering the FY2003 budget. Brief information is provided for the President’s budget, congressional budget resolutions, appropriations measures (regular, continuing, supplementals, and rescissions), budget reconciliation, House and Senate votes, line-item vetoes, publications, testimony, charts, and tables. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-26 Report 17 pages. Text crs: RL31299 local-cont-no: RL31299 2002-11-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2201/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2201 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3831 2026-04-01T20:14:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget FY2003: A Chronology with Internet Access Fiscal Year 2003 Murray, Justin Budgets Federal budgets This is a select chronology of, and a finding guide for information on, congressional and presidential actions and documents related to major budget events in calendar year 2002, covering the FY2003 budget. Brief information is provided for the President’s budget, congressional budget resolutions, appropriations measures (regular, continuing, supplementals, and rescissions), budget reconciliation, House and Senate votes, line-item vetoes, publications, testimony, charts, and tables. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-14 Report 17 pages. Text crs: RL31299 local-cont-no: RL31299 2003-01-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3831/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3831 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3832 2026-04-01T20:15:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget FY2003: A Chronology with Internet Access Fiscal Year 2003 Murray, Justin Budgets Federal budgets This is a select chronology of, and a finding guide for information on, congressional and presidential actions and documents related to major budget events in calendar year 2002, covering the FY2003 budget. Brief information is provided for the President’s budget, congressional budget resolutions, appropriations measures (regular, continuing, supplementals, and rescissions), budget reconciliation, House and Senate votes, line-item vetoes, publications, testimony, charts, and tables. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-11 Report 17 pages. Text crs: RL31299 local-cont-no: RL31299 2003-02-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3832/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3832 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3833 2026-04-01T20:15:11Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Budget FY2003: A Chronology with Internet Access Fiscal Year 2003 Murray, Justin Budgets Federal budgets This is a select chronology of, and a finding guide for information on, congressional and presidential actions and documents related to major budget events in calendar year 2002, covering the FY2003 budget. Brief information is provided for the President’s budget, congressional budget resolutions, appropriations measures (regular, continuing, supplementals, and rescissions), budget reconciliation, House and Senate votes, line-item vetoes, publications, testimony, charts, and tables. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-18 Report 18 pages. Text crs: RL31299 local-cont-no: RL31299 2003-04-18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3833/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3833 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2202 2026-04-01T20:05:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2003: District of Columbia Fiscal Year 2003 Boyd, Eugene Budgets Appropriations - District of Columbia Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate Interior Appropriations Subcommittees. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-26 Report 17 pages. Text crs: RL31313 local-cont-no: RL31313 2002-09-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2202/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2202 English 2003 United States - Washington D.C.

info:ark/67531/metacrs3834 2026-04-01T20:05:46Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2003: District of Columbia Fiscal Year 2003 Boyd, Eugene Budgets Appropriations - District of Columbia Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate Interior Appropriations Subcommittees. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-09 Report 21 pages. Text crs: RL31313 local-cont-no: RL31313 2003-01-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3834/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3834 English 2003 United States - Washington D.C.

info:ark/67531/metacrs3835 2026-04-01T20:05:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2003: District of Columbia Fiscal Year 2003 Boyd, Eugene Budgets Appropriations - District of Columbia Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate Interior Appropriations Subcommittees. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-23 Report 26 pages. Text crs: RL31313 local-cont-no: RL31313 2003-03-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3835/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3835 English 2003 United States - Washington D.C.

info:ark/67531/metacrs3836 2015-09-17T14:05:12Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal Aid to Libraries: The Library Services and Technology Act McCallion, Gail Budgets Federal aid to libraries - Law and legislation Humanities This report discusses the Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA), which consolidated and replaced the former Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA) and other federal library assistance legislation. LSTA grants to the states are allocated to state library administrative agencies (SLAAs), and may be used for two basic purposes: developing and improving electronic or other linkages and networks connecting providers and consumers of library services and resources; and/or targeting library services to under served or disadvantaged populations, such as persons with disabilities, those with limited literacy skills, or children from poor families. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-07 Report 10 Pages. Text crs: RL31320 local-cont-no: RL31320_2003Mar07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3836/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3836 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3837 2015-09-15T16:19:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal Aid to Libraries: The Library Services and Technology Act McCallion, Gail Budgets Federal aid to libraries - Law and legislation Humanities This report discusses the Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA), which consolidated and replaced the former Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA) and other federal library assistance legislation. LSTA grants to the states are allocated to state library administrative agencies (SLAAs), and may be used for two basic purposes: developing and improving electronic or other linkages and networks connecting providers and consumers of library services and resources; and/or targeting library services to under served or disadvantaged populations, such as persons with disabilities, those with limited literacy skills, or children from poor families. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-15 Report 10 Pages. Text crs: RL31320 local-cont-no: RL31320_2003May15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3837/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3837 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3838 2015-09-15T16:58:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal Aid to Libraries: The Library Services and Technology Act McCallion, Gail Budgets Federal aid to libraries - Law and legislation Humanities This report discusses the Library Services and Technology Act (LSTA), which consolidated and replaced the former Library Services and Construction Act (LSCA) and other federal library assistance legislation. LSTA grants to the states are allocated to state library administrative agencies (SLAAs), and may be used for two basic purposes: developing and improving electronic or other linkages and networks connecting providers and consumers of library services and resources; and/or targeting library services to under served or disadvantaged populations, such as persons with disabilities, those with limited literacy skills, or children from poor families. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-08 Report 10 Pages. Text crs: RL31320 local-cont-no: RL31320_2003Aug08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3838/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3838 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2203 2015-09-22T11:55:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

First Responder Initiative: Policy Issues and Options Canada, Ben Budgets Terrorism Intergovernmental fiscal relations Federal aid programs International affairs Criminal justice State and local government Following the terrorist attacks of September 2001, Congress has given considerable attention to the role of first responders in the nation’s homeland security efforts. This report discusses the “First Responder Initiative”, a recent proposal by the Bush Administration to help state and local first responders prepare for possible terrorist attacks. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-07 Report 15 Pages. Text crs: RL31475 local-cont-no: RL31475_2002Oct07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2203/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2203 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2204 2015-09-29T15:57:46Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

First Responder Initiative: Policy Issues and Options Canada, Ben Budgets Terrorism Intergovernmental fiscal relations Federal aid programs International affairs Criminal justice State and local government This report discusses the “First Responder Initiative,” a proposed block grant program to help state and local first responders prepare for possible terrorist attacks. Under the Administration proposal, the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) would administer the program, which, if approved, would provide $3.5 billion to states and localities. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-11 Report 16 Pages. Text crs: RL31475 local-cont-no: RL31475_2002Dec11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2204/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2204 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3839 2015-09-22T13:23:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

First Responder Initiative: Policy Issues and Options Canada, Ben Budgets Terrorism Intergovernmental fiscal relations Federal aid programs International affairs Criminal justice State and local government This report discusses a new block grant program proposed by the Bush Administration called the “First Responder Initiative” to help state and local first responders prepare for possible terrorist attacks Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-19 Report 18 Pages. Text crs: RL31475 local-cont-no: RL31475_2003Mar19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3839/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3839 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3840 2015-09-22T12:09:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

First Responder Initiative: Policy Issues and Options Canada, Ben Budgets Terrorism Intergovernmental fiscal relations Federal aid programs International affairs Criminal justice State and local government This report provides background information and policy analysis pertinent to proposals to restructure first responder assistance programs. Specifically, this report provides information on existing programs, appropriations, legislation in the 108th Congress, and selected policy issues. This report does not discuss all relevant policy issues, but, rather, those issues that may be germane to any significant restructuring of existing programs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-19 Report 37 Pages. Text crs: RL31475 local-cont-no: RL31475_2003Jun19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3840/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3840 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3841 2015-09-22T12:04:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

First Responder Initiative: Policy Issues and Options Canada, Ben Budgets Terrorism Intergovernmental fiscal relations Federal aid programs International affairs Criminal justice State and local government This report provides background information and policy analysis pertinent to proposals to restructure first responder assistance programs. Specifically, this report provides information on existing programs, appropriations, legislation in the 108th Congress, and selected policy issues. This report does not discuss all relevant policy issues, but, rather, those issues that may be germane to any significant restructuring of existing programs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-08 Report 37 Pages. Text crs: RL31475 local-cont-no: RL31475_2003Jul08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3841/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3841 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3843 2015-09-22T13:02:21Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

First Responder Initiative: Policy Issues and Options Canada, Ben Budgets Terrorism Intergovernmental fiscal relations Federal aid programs International affairs Criminal justice State and local government This report provides background information and policy analysis pertinent to proposals to restructure first responder assistance programs. Specifically, this report provides information on existing programs, appropriations, legislation in the 108th Congress, and selected policy issues. This report does not discuss all relevant policy issues, but, rather, those issues that may be germane to any significant restructuring of existing programs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-28 Report 38 Pages. Text crs: RL31475 local-cont-no: RL31475_2003Aug28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3843/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3843 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3844 2015-09-22T12:37:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

First Responder Initiative: Policy Issues and Options Canada, Ben Budgets Terrorism Intergovernmental fiscal relations Federal aid programs International affairs Criminal justice State and local government This report provides background information and policy analysis pertinent to proposals to restructure first responder assistance programs. Specifically, this report provides information on existing programs, appropriations, legislation in the 108th Congress, and selected policy issues. This report does not discuss all relevant policy issues, but, rather, those issues that may be germane to any significant restructuring of existing programs. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-29 Report 38 Pages. Text crs: RL31475 local-cont-no: RL31475_2003Sep29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3844/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3844 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2205 2026-04-07T21:47:44Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): Possible Voucher Issues Apling, Richard N. Jones, Nancy Lee Smole, David P. Budgets Educational vouchers Education of disabled students Federal aid to education Disabled Elementary and secondary education Congress is considering reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) program (the main federal program providing special education and related services to children with disabilities). Among the options being discussed is increasing parental choice under IDEA. This report provides background on current federal choice programs and on the Florida McKay Scholarship program, which provides scholarships for children with disabilities enrolled in the state’s public schools to attend other public schools or to attend participating private schools. The report concludes with a discussion of possible issues that a federal special education voucher program might raise. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-03 Report 12 Pages. Text crs: RL31489 local-cont-no: RL31489_2002July03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2205/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2205 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3845 2025-07-30T17:34:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Nutrition and WIC Programs: Background and Funding Richardson, Joe Budgets WIC program Child nutrition Federal aid to child welfare Food Welfare Children About a dozen federally supported child nutrition programs and related activities – including school meal programs and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (the WIC program) – reach over 37 million children and almost 2 million lower-income pregnant and postpartum women. Total FY2002 spending on these efforts was $15.1 billion. FY2003 spending is projected at an estimated $15.9 billion under the Agriculture Department appropriations portion (Division A) of the FY2003 Consolidated Appropriations Resolution (P.L. 108-7; H.Rept. 108-10; enacted February 20,2003). And the Administration anticipates spending $16.3 billion under its FY2004 budget. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-26 Report 51 p. Text crs: RL31577 local-cont-no: RL31577 2003-02-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3845/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3845 English United States 1935/2003

info:ark/67531/metacrs3846 2025-07-30T17:35:07Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Nutrition and WIC Programs: Background and Funding Richardson, Joe Budgets WIC program Child nutrition Federal aid to child welfare Food Welfare Children About a dozen federally supported child nutrition programs and related activities – including school meal programs and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (the WIC program) – reach over 37 million children and almost 2 million lower-income pregnant and postpartum women. Total FY2002 spending on these efforts was $15.1 billion. FY2003 spending is projected at an estimated $15.9 billion under the Agriculture Department appropriations portion (Division A) of the FY2003 Consolidated Appropriations Resolution (P.L. 108-7; H.Rept. 108-10; enacted February 20,2003). And the Administration anticipates spending $16.3 billion under its FY2004 budget. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-22 Report 51 p. Text crs: RL31577 local-cont-no: RL31577 2003-04-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3846/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3846 English United States 1935/2003

info:ark/67531/metacrs3847 2025-07-30T17:35:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Nutrition and WIC Programs: Background and Funding Richardson, Joe Budgets WIC program Child nutrition Federal aid to child welfare Food Welfare Children About a dozen federally supported child nutrition programs and related activities – including school meal programs and the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (the WIC program) – reach over 37 million children and almost 2 million lower-income pregnant and postpartum women. Total FY2002 spending on these efforts was $15.1 billion. FY2003 spending is projected at an estimated $15.9 billion under the Agriculture Department appropriations portion (Division A) of the FY2003 Consolidated Appropriations Resolution (P.L. 108-7; H.Rept. 108-10; enacted February 20,2003). And the Administration anticipates spending $16.3 billion under its FY2004 budget. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-24 Report 52 p. Text crs: RL31577 local-cont-no: RL31577 2003-07-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3847/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3847 English United States 1935/2003

info:ark/67531/metacrs5739 2017-02-16T14:07:12Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Federal Government Debt: Its Size and Economic Significance Cashell, Brian W. Budgets Public debt This report explains the different measures of the U.S. government debt, discusses the historical growth in the debt, identifies the current owners of the debt, presents comparisons with the public debt in other countries, and examines the potential economic risks associated with a growing federal debt. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-09-09 Report 15 Pages. Text crs: RL31590 local-cont-no: RL31590_2004Sep09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5739/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5739 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3842 2017-02-15T20:23:48Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2004 Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets The Congressional Budget Office (CBO) released the first of its annual budget reports in late January. The baseline estimates from CBO run through FY2013. CBO’s baseline estimates are similar in construction to those produced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) for the President. CBO’s January baseline has a $145 billion deficit in FY2004 (down from $199 billion in FY2003), that becomes a small surplus of $65 billion in FY2008. The report also included an update to CBO’s January baseline that pushed the deficit for FY2004 to $200 billion from $145 billion. The revisions move the return to a surplus from FY2007 to FY2008 and reduce the cumulative FY2004- FY2013 surplus from $1,336 billion (January) to $891 billion (March). CBO’s estimates of the President’s budget, a recasting of the policies using CBO assumptions and budget estimating methods, raise the expected deficit for FY2004 to $338 billion from the OMB estimated $307 billion. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-14 Report 14 pages. Text crs: RL31784 local-cont-no: RL31784 2003-03-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3842/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3842 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3848 2017-02-15T20:23:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2004 Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets In March, CBO released its report analyzing the President’s policies. CBO’s estimates of the President’s budget, a recasting of the policies using CBO assumptions and budget estimating methods, raise the expected deficit for FY2004 to $338 billion from the OMB estimated $307 billion. The report also included an update to CBO’s January baseline that pushed the deficit for FY2004 to $200 billion from $145 billion. The revisions delay the return-to-a-surplus from FY2007 to FY2008 and reduce the cumulative FY2004-FY2013 surplus from $1,336 billion (January) to $891 billion (March). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-10 Report 16 pages. Text crs: RL31784 local-cont-no: RL31784 2003-04-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3848/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3848 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3849 2017-02-15T20:23:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2004 Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets In March, CBO released its report analyzing the President’s policies. CBO’s estimates of the President’s budget, a recasting of the policies using CBO assumptions and budget estimating methods, raise the expected deficit for FY2004 to $338 billion from the OMB estimated $307 billion. The report also included an update to CBO’s January baseline that pushed the deficit for FY2004 to $200 billion from $145 billion. The revisions delay the return-to-a-surplus from FY2007 to FY2008 and reduce the cumulative FY2004-FY2013 surplus from $1,336 billion (January) to $891 billion (March). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-25 Report 17 pages. Text crs: RL31784 local-cont-no: RL31784 2003-04-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3849/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3849 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3850 2017-02-15T20:24:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2004 Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets In March, CBO released its report analyzing the President’s policies. CBO’s estimates of the President’s budget, a recasting of the policies using CBO assumptions and budget estimating methods, raise the expected deficit for FY2004 to $338 billion from the OMB estimated $307 billion. The report also included an update to CBO’s January baseline that pushed the deficit for FY2004 to $200 billion from $145 billion. The revisions delay the return-to-a-surplus from FY2007 to FY2008 and reduce the cumulative FY2004-FY2013 surplus from $1,336 billion (January) to $891 billion (March). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-22 Report 18 pages. Text crs: RL31784 local-cont-no: RL31784 2003-05-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3850/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3850 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3851 2017-02-15T20:24:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2004 Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets In March, CBO released its report analyzing the President’s policies. CBO’s estimates of the President’s budget, a recasting of the policies using CBO assumptions and budget estimating methods, raise the expected deficit for FY2004 to $338 billion from the OMB estimated $307 billion. The report also included an update to CBO’s January baseline that pushed the deficit for FY2004 to $200 billion from $145 billion. The revisions delay the return-to-a-surplus from FY2007 to FY2008 and reduce the cumulative FY2004-FY2013 surplus from $1,336 billion (January) to $891 billion (March). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-23 Report 18 pages. Text crs: RL31784 local-cont-no: RL31784 2003-05-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3851/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3851 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3852 2017-02-15T20:23:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2004 Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets In March, CBO released its report analyzing the President’s policies. CBO’s estimates of the President’s budget, a recasting of the policies using CBO assumptions and budget estimating methods, raise the expected deficit for FY2004 to $338 billion from the OMB estimated $307 billion. The report also included an update to CBO’s January baseline that pushed the deficit for FY2004 to $200 billion from $145 billion. The revisions delay the return-to-a-surplus from FY2007 to FY2008 and reduce the cumulative FY2004-FY2013 surplus from $1,336 billion (January) to $891 billion (March). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-17 Report 20 pages. Text crs: RL31784 local-cont-no: RL31784 2003-07-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3852/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3852 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3853 2026-04-13T18:39:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2004 Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets Congress cleared the conference report (H.Rept. 108-71, H.Con.Res. 95) on the FY2004 budget resolution on April 11, containing reconciliation instructions for a tax cut. On May 23, Congress adopted the conference report (H.Rept. 108-126) on H.R. 2, the bill containing an 11-year; $350 billion tax cut that followed the reconciliation instructions. It became law (P.L.108-27) on May 28. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-03 Report 22 pages. Text crs: RL31784 local-cont-no: RL31784 2003-09-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3853/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3853 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3854 2026-04-01T21:06:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

FY2004 Budget: A Chronology and Resource Guide with Internet Access Fiscal Year 2004 Murray, Justin Budgets Federal budgets Appropriations Budget resolutions This report provides a select chronology and resource guide concerning congressional and presidential actions and documents pertaining to budget for FY2004, which runs from October 1, 2003 through September 30, 2004. The budget actions and documents referenced in this report relate to the President’s FY2004 budget submission, the FY2004 Congressional Budget Resolution (H.Con.Res 95), reconciliation legislation, debt-limit legislation, and FY2004 appropriation measures. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-17 Report 18 Pages. Text crs: RL31799 local-cont-no: RL31799_2003Jul17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3854/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3854 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3855 2026-04-01T21:06:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

FY2004 Budget: A Chronology and Resource Guide with Internet Access Fiscal Year 2004 Murray, Justin Budgets Federal budgets Appropriations Budget resolutions This report provides a select chronology and resource guide concerning congressional and presidential actions and documents pertaining to budget for FY2004, which runs from October 1, 2003 through September 30, 2004. The budget actions and documents referenced in this report relate to the President’s FY2004 budget submission, the FY2004 Congressional Budget Resolution (H.Con.Res 95), reconciliation legislation, debt-limit legislation, and FY2004 appropriation measures. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-26 Report 20 Pages. Text crs: RL31799 local-cont-no: RL31799_2003Sep26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3855/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3855 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3856 2026-04-01T20:41:44Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Appropriations for FY2004: District of Columbia Fiscal Year 2004 Boyd, Eugene Budgets Appropriations - District of Columbia Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This Report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on the District of Columbia Appropriations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-11 Report 20 pages. Text crs: RL31813 local-cont-no: RL31813 2003-09-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3856/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3856 English 2004 United States - Washington D.C.

info:ark/67531/metacrs5740 2026-04-13T18:39:34Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2005 Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets The Congressional Budget Office’s (CBO) January 2004 budget report for FY2005 (the Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2005-2014) estimated the FY2005 baseline deficit at $362 billion, not much different from that proposed by the Administration. Selected alternative policies included in the CBO report, estimates for the cost of extending the tax cuts, reforming the AMT, and letting discretionary spending grow at the rate of gross domestic product (GDP) growth, would increase the deficit, particularly in the years beyond FY2009. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-03-10 Report 21 pages. Text crs: RL32264 local-cont-no: RL32264 2004-03-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5740/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5740 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5741 2026-04-13T18:39:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Budget for Fiscal Year 2005 Winters, Philip D. Budgets Federal budgets The Congressional Budget Office’s (CBO) January 2004 budget report for FY2005 (the Budget and Economic Outlook: Fiscal Years 2005-2014) estimated the FY2005 baseline deficit at $362 billion. CBO’s report provided estimates of the costs of selected alternative policies (measured from the baseline), such as estimates of the cost of extending the tax cuts, reforming the AMT, and discretionary spending growing at various rates. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-10-12 Report 24 pages. Text crs: RL32264 local-cont-no: RL32264 2004-10-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5741/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5741 English United States

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FY2005 Defense Budget: Frequently Asked Questions Fiscal Year 2005 Chamberlin, Jeffrey Budgets Defense budgets Federal budgets Defense economics This report is designed to provide facts and figures about the United States defense budget in order to help answer frequently asked questions about defense spending. The answers to these questions are based on analysis of recent and historical trends in the defense budget up to and including the fiscal year (FY) 2005 budget request. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-07-12 Report 37 p. Text crs: RL32468 local-cont-no: RL32468_2004Jul12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5742/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5742 English United States

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Argentina's Sovereign Debt Restructuring Hornbeck, J. F. Budgets Economic conditions - Argentina Public debt - Argentina Economic policy The U.S. Congress has held numerous hearings to evaluate the causes and ongoing repercussions of Argentina’s financial crisis. This report analyzes Argentina’s debt situation in support of this interest and will be updated periodically. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-10-19 Report 16 pages. Text crs: RL32637 local-cont-no: RL32637 2004-10-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5743/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5743 English Argentina Public

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Timetable for Sequestration Actions Heniff, Bill, Jr. Government spending reductions Federal budget process Sequestration--the automatic across-the-board cancellation of budgetary resources for the purpose of enforcing budgetary goals--was first established by the 1985 Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act (Title II of P.L. 99-177). Section 254 of this act, as amended, provides a timetable for sequestration actions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-12-28 Report Text crs: RS20005 local-cont-no: RS20005 1998-12-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs557/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs557 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs876 2020-05-12T22:02:52Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Timetable for Sequestration Actions Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Government spending reductions Federal budget process Sequestration--the automatic across-the-board cancellation of budgetary resources for the purpose of enforcing budgetary goals--was first established by the 1985 Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act (Title II of P.L. 99-177). Section 254 of this act, as amended, provides a timetable for sequestration actions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-25 Report Text crs: RS20005 local-cont-no: RS20005 1999-02-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs876/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs876 English

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Timetable for Sequestration Actions Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Government spending reductions Federal budget process Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-05 Report Text crs: RS20005 local-cont-no: RS20005 2001-03-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1432/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1432 English

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Pay-As-You-Go Rules in the Federal Budget Process Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Federal budget process The pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) rules in the federal budget process require that new direct spending and revenue legislation be deficit neutral. The net effect of all such legislation enacted during a session must not cause a net increase in the budget deficit (or a net decrease in the budget surplus). If direct spending or revenue legislation causes an increase in the deficit, it must be offset by an equivalent amount of direct spending reductions, revenue increases, or a combination of both. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-15 Report Text crs: RS20006 local-cont-no: RS20006 1999-02-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs877/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs877 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs558 2020-06-22T16:30:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Sequestration Process Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Government spending reductions Federal budget process Sequestration is the cancellation of budgetary resources for the purpose of enforcing statutory budget limits and pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) requirements. This process is triggered automatically when these statutory limits or PAYGO rules have been violated as a result of legislative actions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-12-28 Report Text crs: RS20007 local-cont-no: RS20007 1998-12-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs558/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs558 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1433 2026-04-14T02:33:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Pay-As-You-Go Rules in the Federal Budget Process Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Federal budget process Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-05 Report Text crs: RS20006 local-cont-no: RS20006 2001-03-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1433/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1433 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs878 2020-06-22T15:53:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Sequestration Process Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Government spending reductions Federal budget process Sequestration is the cancellation of budgetary resources for the purpose of enforcing statutory budget limits and pay-as-you-go (PAYGO) requirements. This process is triggered automatically when these statutory limits or PAYGO rules have been violated as a result of legislative actions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-25 Report Text crs: RS20007 local-cont-no: RS20007 1999-02-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs878/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs878 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1434 2017-02-07T19:28:13Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Sequestration Process Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Government spending reductions Federal budget process Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-19 Report Text crs: RS20007 local-cont-no: RS20007 2001-03-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1434/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1434 English

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Discretionary Spending Limits Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Government spending Federal budget process Discretionary spending limits are statutory caps on the level of budget authority and outlays determined through the annual appropriations process. They were initially established by the Budget Enforcement Act (BEA) of 1990 (Title XIII of P.L. 101-508) as part of an agreement between Congress and President George Bush to reduce the deficit. Twice since, they were extended to enforce agreements between Congress and President Bill Clinton, most recently to achieve a surplus. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-25 Report Text crs: RS20008 local-cont-no: RS20008 1999-02-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs879/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs879 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1435 2026-04-11T00:55:50Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Discretionary Spending Limits Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Government spending Federal budget process Discretionary spending limits are statutory caps on the level of budget authority and outlays determined through the annual appropriations process. They were initially established by the Budget Enforcement Act (BEA) of 1990 (Title XIII of P.L. 101-508) as part of an agreement between Congress and President George Bush to reduce the deficit. Twice since, they were extended to enforce agreements between Congress and President Bill Clinton, most recently to achieve a surplus. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-19 Report 2 pages. Text crs: RS20008 local-cont-no: RS20008 2001-03-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1435/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1435 English United States

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Surpluses and Federal Debt Winters, Philip D. Budgets Budget surpluses Public debt Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-03-01 Report Text crs: RS20065 local-cont-no: RS20065 1999-03-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs880/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs880 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs881 2017-02-07T19:27:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Executive Budget Process Timetable Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Federal budget process The executive budget process is a complex set of activities that includes formulation of the President’s budget, interaction with Congress, and execution of the budget. Table 1 provides a timetable of the major steps in the year and a half process. The initial development of the President’s budget begins in the individual federal agencies approximately 10 months before the President submits it to Congress (17 or 18 months before the start of the fiscal year). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-04-08 Report 2 pages. Text crs: RS20152 local-cont-no: RS20152 1999-04-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs881/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs881 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3857 2017-02-07T19:27:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Executive Budget Process Timetable Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Federal budget process The executive budget process is a complex set of activities that includes formulation of the President’s budget, interaction with Congress, and execution of the budget. Table 1 provides a timetable of the major steps in the year and a half process. The initial development of the President’s budget begins in the individual federal agencies approximately 10 months before the President submits it to Congress (17 or 18 months before the start of the fiscal year). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-28 Report 2 pages. Text crs: RS20152 local-cont-no: RS20152 2003-07-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3857/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3857 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs882 2026-04-08T19:16:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Role of the Office of Management and Budget in Budget Development Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budget process Federal budget process Office of Management and Budget The Office of Management and Budget (OMB) assists the President in carrying out his budgetary duties. Originally created by the 1921 Budget and Accounting Act as the Bureau of the Budget, it was reconstituted as OMB in 1970. Its primary function is to oversee the development and implementation of the federal budget. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-04-21 Report Text crs: RS20167 local-cont-no: RS20167 1999-04-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs882/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs882 English United States 1993/1999

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Biennial Budgeting: Background and Legislative History in the 106th Congress 106th Congress Saturno, James V. Budgets Biennial budgets - legislative histories Proposals for a two-year budget cycle have previously been reported in the Senate in 1988, 1990, 1994, and 1997. Another such proposal, S. 92, was reported by the Senate Governmental Affairs Committee on March 10, 1999 (S.Rept. 106-12). S. 92 calls for the House and Senate to use the first year of each Congress to consider a two-year budget resolution and two-year appropriation bills, and the second year to consider multiyear authorizations and conduct oversight. More recently, biennial budgeting has also been a topic of interest in the House where the Rules Committee conducted a series of hearings on February 16, March 10, and March 16, 2000. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-05-04 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20168 local-cont-no: RS20168 2000-05-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1095/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1095 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2206 2022-12-02T14:11:49Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

School Facilities Infrastructure: Background and Legislative Proposals Boren, Susan Budgets Educational facilities Federal aid to education Congress Higher education Elementary and secondary education Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing background information and legislative proposals in regards to school facilities and infrastructure. Topics include, legislative action, enrollment projections and construction, estimates of construction needs, etc.. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-28 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20171 local-cont-no: RS20171 2002-06-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2206/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2206 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3858 2022-12-02T14:36:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

School Facilities Infrastructure: Background and Legislative Proposals Boren, Susan Budgets Educational facilities Federal aid to education Congress Higher education Elementary and secondary education Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing information about . Topics include, legislative action, estimates of construction needs, enrollment projections and construction, etc.. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-14 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20171 local-cont-no: RS20171 2003-01-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3858/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3858 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3859 2022-12-02T14:14:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

School Facilities Infrastructure: Background and Legislative Proposals Boren, Susan Budgets Educational facilities Federal aid to education Congress Higher education Elementary and secondary education Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing background information and legislative proposals in regards to school facilities and infrastructure. Topics include, legislative action, enrollment projections and construction, estimates of construction needs, etc.. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-28 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20171 local-cont-no: RS20171 2003-08-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3859/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3859 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1096 2022-12-02T14:15:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

School Facilities Infrastructure: Background and Legislative Proposals in the 106th Congress 106th Congress Boren, Susan Budgets Educational facilities Federal aid to education Congress Higher education Elementary and secondary education Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing background information and legislative proposals in the 106th Congress in regards to school facilities and infrastructure. Topics include, legislative action, enrollment projections and construction, estimates of construction needs, etc.. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-09-22 Report 5 pages. Text crs: RS20171 local-cont-no: RS20171 2000-09-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1096/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1096 English

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Overview of the Executive Budget Process Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budget process Federal budget process The executive budget process consists of three main phases: development of the President's budget; interaction with Congress; and execution of the budget. This fact sheet provides a brief overview of each of these phases. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-04-26 Report Text crs: RS20175 local-cont-no: RS20175 1999-04-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs883/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs883 English United States 1921/1985

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Overview of the Executive Budget Process Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Federal budget process Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-28 Report Text crs: RS20175 local-cont-no: RS20175 2003-07-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3860/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3860 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1097 2015-12-05T16:07:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Forest Service Receipt-Sharing Payments: Proposals for Change Gorte, Ross W. Budgets Revenue sharing Forest Service Executive departments State and local government In lieu of property taxes, the Forest Service generally shares 25% of receipts from the sale, lease, rental, or other use of the national forests to the states for use on roads and schools in the counties where the national forests are located. This report discusses concerns about the equity and stability of Forest Service receipt-sharing payments, especially with the decline in timber sales over the past decade, and about the incentives of the current system. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-04-26 Report 6 Pages. Text crs: RS20178 local-cont-no: RS20178_2000Apr26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1097/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1097 English United States

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The Role of the President in Budget Development Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budget process Presidential powers Budget process Presidents and presidential powers, Vice Presidents The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 established the executive budget process, which requires the President to prepare and submit a comprehensive federal budget to Congress each year for the fiscal year that begins on October 1. The President sets out his national priorities and proposes policy initiatives in the federal budget submitted to Congress soon after Congress convenes in January. The President's budget submission provides him the opportunity to influence the agenda for the upcoming budget and policy debate in Congress. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-04-27 Report Text crs: RS20179 local-cont-no: RS20179 1999-04-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs884/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs884 English United States 1921/1993

info:ark/67531/metacrs1436 2025-08-21T09:39:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Role of the President in Budget Development Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Presidential powers Budget process Presidents This report summarizes the President's role in developing a federal budget. It is very short and contains no individual sections or summary. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-05 Report 2 pages Text crs: RS20179 local-cont-no: RS20179 2001-03-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1436/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1436 English

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The Role of Departments and Agencies in Budget Development Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budget process Federal budget process Executive agency funding and structure Federal departments and agencies play an integral role in the development of the President's budget. The Budget and Accounting Act of 1921 requires the President to prepare and submit a comprehensive federal budget to Congress each year. Due to the size and complexity of the federal budget, however, the President relies on departments and agencies to bear the primary responsibility for formulating their budget requests. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-05-17 Report Text crs: RS20198 local-cont-no: RS20198 1999-05-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs885/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs885 English United States 1921/1999

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Paying Down the Federal Debt: A Discussion of Methods Bickley, James M. Budgets Public debt Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-08-10 Report Text crs: RS20302 local-cont-no: RS20302 2000-08-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1098/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1098 English United States

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Paying Down the Federal Debt: A Discussion of Methods Bickley, James M. Budgets Public debt Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-16 Report Text crs: RS20302 local-cont-no: RS20302 2001-03-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1437/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1437 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs886 2015-09-22T15:07:27Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal Funding Gaps: A Brief Overview Keith, Robert Budgets Federal budget process This report briefly discusses federal funding gaps. The routine activities of most federal agencies are funded annually by one or more of the 13 regular appropriations bills. When action on the regular appropriations bills is delayed, a continuing resolution (CR) is used to provide interim funding. During the past 48 years, CRs have been enacted for all but four fiscal years (FY1953, 1989, 1995, and 1997). For some fiscal years, a series of as many as six CRs have been enacted. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-10-18 Report 2 Pages. Text crs: RS20348 local-cont-no: RS20348_1999Oct18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs886/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs886 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2207 2026-04-07T21:47:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA): Overview of Major Provisions Apling, Richard N. Jones, Nancy Lee Budgets Education of disabled students - Law and legislation Federal aid to education - Law and legislation Disabled Elementary and secondary education The Individuals with DisabilitiesEducation Act (IDEA) providesfundsto statesfor the education of children with disabilities. It contains detailed requirements for the receipt of these funds, including the core requirement of the provision of a free appropriate public education (FAPE). IDEA was comprehensively revised in 1997 by P.L. 105-17, but Congress has continued to grapple with issuesrelating to the Act. This report provides a brief overview of the Act with particular attention paid to issues of recent congressional concern, such as funding and the provision of FAPE for children with disabilities found to have brought a weapon to school. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-01-11 Report 6 Pages. Text crs: RS20366 local-cont-no: RS20366_2002Jan11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2207/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2207 English United States

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Overview of the Authorization-Appropriation Process Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget process Congressional powers Government spending Congress A PRIMARY AVENUE FOR EXERCISING CONGRESS'S POWER OF THE purse is the authorization and appropriation of federal spending to carry out government activities. While the power over appropriations is granted to Congress by the U.S. Constitution, the authorization-appropriation process is derived from House and Senate rules. The formal process consists of two sequential steps: Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-10-22 Report Text crs: RS20371 local-cont-no: RS20371 1999-10-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs887/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs887 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1438 2017-02-07T19:27:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Overview of the Authorization-Appropriation Process Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget process Congressional powers Government spending Congress Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-05 Report Text crs: RS20371 local-cont-no: RS20371 2001-03-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1438/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1438 English

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Overview of the Authorization-Appropriations Process Heniff, Bill, Jr. Budgets Budget process Congressional powers Government spending Congress Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-23 Report Text crs: RS20371 local-cont-no: RS20371 2003-07-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3861/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3861 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1439 2026-04-14T02:17:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Congressional Budget Resolutions: Motions to Instruct Conferees Keith, Robert Budgets Senate rules and procedure House rules and procedure Budget resolutions Congress Both the House and the Senate have procedures whereby the full bodies may issue instructions to conferees on budget resolutions, usually in the form of a motion. The practices of the House and Senate regarding such motions differ markedly in key respects. First, the House resorts to such motions regularly (having considered 10 such motions in the past 12 years), while the Senate seldom uses them. Second, the House has considered only one motion per budget resolution, while the Senate considered five motions on one budget resolution. Finally, the House regards the motion to instruct conferees strictly as a prerogative of the minority party, while the Senate does not. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-08-15 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20480 local-cont-no: RS20480 2001-08-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1439/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1439 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1099 2026-04-01T19:50:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Forest Service FY2001 Budget Issues, Including Proposals for Land Sales and Trust Funds Fiscal Year 2001 Gorte, Ross W. Budgets Federal budgets Forest Service Executive departments This report provides a table detailing the requested Forest Service (FS) budget for FY2001 and comparing it FY1999 appropriations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-03-14 Report Text crs: RS20496 local-cont-no: RS20496_2000Mar14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1099/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1099 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2208 2026-04-11T00:37:18Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act: Reauthorization and Appropriations Cooper, Edith Fairman Budgets Federal aid to education - Law and legislation Federal aid to substance abuse programs Elementary and secondary education Drug abuse Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing, reauthorization and appropriations of the Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act. Topics include, The Gun-Free Schools Act, appropriations and a funding history, national programs, etc.. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-02-08 Report 5 p. : ill Text crs: RS20532 local-cont-no: RS20532 2002-02-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2208/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2208 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2209 2026-04-11T00:37:24Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act: Reauthorization and Appropriations Cooper, Edith Fairman Budgets Federal aid to education - Law and legislation Federal aid to substance abuse programs Elementary and secondary education Drug abuse Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing information about reauthorization and appropriations of the Sade and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act. Topics include, state grants, national programs, appropriations and funding history, the Gun Free School Act, etc.. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-01 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20532 local-cont-no: RS20532 2002-08-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2209/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2209 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3862 2026-04-11T00:37:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act: Reauthorization and Appropriations Cooper, Edith Fairman Budgets Federal aid to education - Law and legislation Federal aid to substance abuse programs Elementary and secondary education Drug abuse Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing information about reauthorization and appropriations of the Sade and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act. Topics include, state grants, national programs, appropriations and funding history, the Gun Free School Act, etc.. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-10 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20532 local-cont-no: RS20532 2003-01-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3862/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3862 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3863 2026-04-11T00:37:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act: Reauthorization and Appropriations Cooper, Edith Fairman Budgets Federal aid to education - Law and legislation Federal aid to substance abuse programs Elementary and secondary education Drug abuse Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing information about reauthorization and appropriations of the Sade and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act. Topics include, state grants, national programs, appropriations and funding history, the Gun Free School Act, etc.. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-03 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20532 local-cont-no: RS20532 2003-03-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3863/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3863 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3864 2026-04-11T00:37:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act: Reauthorization and Appropriations Cooper, Edith Fairman Budgets Federal aid to education - Law and legislation Federal aid to substance abuse programs Elementary and secondary education Drug abuse Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing information about reauthorization and appropriations of the Sade and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act. Topics include, state grants, national programs, appropriations and funding history, the Gun Free School Act, etc.. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-13 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20532 local-cont-no: RS20532 2003-03-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3864/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3864 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1100 2026-04-06T20:02:21Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Paying Off the National Debt: Some Intergenerational Consequences Labonte, Marc Makinen, Gail E. Budgets Economic forecasting Public debt Economic policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-10-17 Report Text crs: RS20654 local-cont-no: RS20654 2000-10-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1100/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1100 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1101 2026-04-14T11:22:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Retirement of the National Debt: Will It Increase the Economic Size of the Federal Government? Labonte, Marc Makinen, Gail E. Budgets Economies of scale Public debt Business Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-08-17 Report Text crs: RS20656 local-cont-no: RS20656 2000-08-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1101/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1101 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1102 2015-09-23T17:46:49Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal Grants to State and Local Governments: Overview and Characteristics Canada, Ben Budgets Grants-in-aid Federal aid programs Each fiscal year, Congress appropriates funds for grants to state and local governments to further national goals and assist sub-national governments. Examples of goals include attaining minimum national standards and improving program effectiveness. The federal government provides grants for numerous substantive purposes, such as crime prevention, community development, and transportation. In 1999, grants-in-aid to state and local governments totaled $270 billion. Grants can be classified by the substantive purposes they address. This report, however, reviews the fundamental characteristics according to which they can also be classified. Examples of grant characteristics include range of eligible activities, objectives, award process, and administrative requirements. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-09-07 Report 6 Pages. Text crs: RS20669 local-cont-no: RS20669_2000Sep07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1102/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1102 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2210 2015-09-23T17:50:48Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal Grants to State and Local Governments: Overview and Characteristics Canada, Ben Budgets Grants-in-aid Federal aid programs Each fiscal year, Congress appropriates funds for grants to state and local governments to further national goals and assist state and local government operations. Examples of goals include attaining minimum national standards and improving program effectiveness. The federal government provides grants for numerous substantive purposes, such as crime prevention, community development, and transportation. In FY2001, grants to state and local governments totaled $317 billion. Grants can be classified by the substantive purposes they address. This report, however, reviews the fundamental characteristics by which they can also be classified. Examples of grant characteristics include range of eligible activities, objectives, award process, and administrative requirements. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-27 Report 6 Pages. Text crs: RS20669 local-cont-no: RS20669_2002Nov27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2210/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2210 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1440 2026-03-23T15:41:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The 0.22 Percent Across-the-Board Cut in FY2001 Appropriations Fiscal Year 2001 Keith, Robert Government spending reductions Federal budgets Budget process Appropriations Report describing changes that affected the government budget for the 2001 fiscal year under the Consolidated Appropriations Act. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-05-31 Report 6 p. Text crs: RS20758 local-cont-no: RS20758 2001-05-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1440/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1440 English 2001

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How Budget Surpluses Change Federal Debt Winters, Philip D. Budgets Public debt Budget surpluses This report discusses how budget surpluses change federal debt. The answer involves understanding what drives changes in the two components of total federal debt, debt held by the public (which includes debt held by individuals, pension funds, banks, and insurance companies, among other entities) and debt held by government accounts (almost all in federal trust funds, such as Social Security). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-04 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20767 local-cont-no: RS20767_2001Jan04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1441/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1441 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1442 2026-04-14T00:41:13Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Congressional Use of Funding Cutoffs Since 1970 Involving U.S. Military Forces and Overseas Deployments Grimmett, Richard F. Budgets Military operations Government spending reductions Defense policy Congress This report provides background information on major instances, since 1970, when Congress has utilized funding cutoffs to compel the withdrawal of United States military forces from overseas military deployments. It also highlights key efforts by Congress to utilize the War Powers Resolution, since its enactment in 1973, to compel the withdrawal of U.S. military forces from foreign deployments. In this review, legislation expressing the “sense of the Congress” regarding U.S. military deployments is not addressed. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-10 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20775 local-cont-no: RS20775 2001-01-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1442/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1442 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1443 2026-04-14T00:41:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Emergency Spending: Statutory and Congressional Rules Saturno, James V. Budgets War and emergency legislation Government spending Defense policy Congress Under the Budget Enforcement Act (BEA), there are statutory limits (caps) on the level of federal discretionary spending, enforced by across-the-board spending cuts, known as a sequester. If, however, spending is designated as emergency by both the President and Congress, it will not trigger a sequester, because the caps are adjusted automatically by an amount equal to the emergency spending. Since the BEA was first enacted in 1990, both the House and Senate have supplemented its provisions with additional limitations in their respective rules concerning the use of emergency designations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-10-03 Report 4 pages. Text crs: RS21035 local-cont-no: RS21035 2001-10-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1443/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1443 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2211 2017-02-09T15:42:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Debt Limit: The Need to Raise It After Four Years of Surpluses Winters, Philip D. Budgets Debt limit Increases in total federal debt are driven by government deficits (which increase debt held by the public) and by the surpluses credited to (and federal accounting for) debt-holding federal accounts, mostly federal trust funds such as the Social Security, Medicare, Transportation, and Civil Service trust funds. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-05 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS21111 local-cont-no: RS21111 2002-07-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2211/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2211 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3865 2017-02-09T15:42:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Debt Limit: The Need to Raise It After Four Years of Surpluses Winters, Philip D. Budgets Debt limit Increases in total federal debt are driven by government deficits (which increase debt held by the public) and by the surpluses credited to (and federal accounting for) debt-holding federal accounts, mostly federal trust funds such as the Social Security, Medicare, Transportation, and Civil Service trust funds. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-23 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS21111 local-cont-no: RS21111 2003-01-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3865/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3865 English

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The Debt Limit: Why It Rose After Four Years of Surpluses and the Debt Changes Since Winters, Philip D. Budgets Debt limit In December 2002, the Administration began warning Congress that the debt limit ($6.4 trillion) would be reached in the first half of 2002. As the limit was approached in February 2003, the Administration resorted to suspension of certain internal fund investments to avoid a default. The adoption of the budget resolution (H.Con.Res. 95; April 11, 2003) for FY2004 generated legislation (H.J.Res. 51) — deemed passed by the House — that would increase the debt limit to $7.4 trillion. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-16 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS21111 local-cont-no: RS21111 2003-05-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3866/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3866 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2212 2026-04-01T20:22:48Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

FY2003 Budget and Related Documents: Internet Access and GPO Availability Fiscal Year 2003 Murray, Justin Budgets Federal budgets Government publications In February, the President submits to Congress a series of budget volumes which contain the President’s budget proposalsforthe upcoming fiscal year, historical data, and analytical supplements. Early in the year, the Economic Report of the President is released by the Council of Economic Advisors, and the Congressional Budget Office issues its publications, Budget and Economic Outlook and Analysis of the President’s Budget. Neither CRS nor the Library of Congress can provide giveaway copies of these documents. This report provides brief descriptions, together with Internet addresses and Government Printing Office (GPO) stock numbers and prices for these documents. Information is also provided on how to find locations of government depository libraries, which can provide both printed copies for reference use and Internet access. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-04-12 Report 5 Pages. Text crs: RS21197 local-cont-no: RS21197_2002Apr12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2212/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2212 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3867 2026-04-01T21:06:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

FY2004 Budget Documents: Internet Access and GPO Availability Fiscal Year 2004 Murray, Justin Budgets Federal budgets Government publications Every year the President submits to Congress a series of budget volumes which provides the text of the President’s proposed budget for the coming fiscal year. Neither CRS nor the Library of Congress can provide giveaway copies of these documents. This report provides brief descriptions of these budget volumes and related documents, together with Internet addresses, Government Printing Office (GPO) stock numbers, and prices to obtain these publications. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-10 Report 5 Pages. Text crs: RS21456 local-cont-no: RS21456_2003Mar10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3867/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3867 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs6 2017-02-14T16:40:46Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Japan: Resale Price Maintenance Nanto, Dick K. Business Foreign economic relations - U.S. - Japan Foreign economic relations - Japan - U.S. Resale price maintenance - Japan Trade Foreign policy Resale price maintenance occurs when manufacturers control the prices charged by wholesalers or retailers of their products. In Japan, such activities are prohibited, although certain exemptions are allowed. The U.S. concern over the practice is that it could allow Japanese firms to generate a secure profit base in their home market in order to finance aggressive price competition abroad. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1991-03-28 Report Text crs: 91-289 E local-cont-no: 91-289 E 1991-03-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6 English Japan Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs7 2017-02-14T11:38:13Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Japanese Companies and Technology: Lessons to Learn? Schacht, Wendy H. Business Foreign economic relations - Japan - U.S. Foreign economic relations - U.S. - Japan Competition Trade Foreign policy American companies are facing increased competitive pressures from foreign firms. Many observers feel that U.S. firms lag behind their foreign competitors in the development, application, and marketing of new technologies and techniques. The Japanese industrial enterprise is characterized by a large proportion of private sector financing and many other factors, which this report analyzes at length. The question being debated by Congress is whether or not U.S. government programs and policies are an acceptable and effective means of supporting the efforts of American industries to operate in a manner consistent with success in world markets. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1991-04-15 Report Text crs: 91-375 SPR local-cont-no: 91-375 SPR 1991-04-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs7/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs7 English Japan Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs49 2017-02-14T13:30:16Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Japan-U.S. Trade: The Construction Services Issue Cooper, William H. Business Foreign trade - Japan - U.S. Foreign trade - U.S. - Japan Construction industries Trade This report discusses the issues of the U.S.-Japanese trade relations of the Reagan and Bush Administrations, and the Clinton Administration. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1993-11-04 Report Text crs: 93-957 E local-cont-no: 93-957 E 1993-11-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs49/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs49 English Japan

info:ark/67531/metacrs98 2020-10-03T02:04:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Competitiveness: Economic Issue or Illusion? Elwell, Craig K. Business Balance of trade Economic policy - U.S. Competition Trade Economic policy While "competitiveness" has a clear meaning when applied to a baseball team, or a firm or industry, it is of limited usefulness when applied to a country's overall economic performance. Moreover, focussing on competitiveness can lead to questionable economic policies. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1994-05-05 Report Text crs: 94-424 E local-cont-no: 94-424 E 1994-05-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs98/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs98 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs180 2017-02-10T12:44:24Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

General Overview of United States Antitrust Law Rubin, Janice E. Business Antitrust law - U.S. Law This report presents brief summaries of (1) the primary United States antitrust statutes, and (2) some of the activities which are generally considered to be violations of those laws. There is also some reference to the prohibition against unfair competition and the "unfairness" jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). There is not, however, any discussion of the extraterritorial reach of the United States antitrust laws. Further, the laws whose descriptions follow do not constitute all of the statutes which are applicable to antitrust issues, but rather, constitute those which are most often utilized. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1995-01-11 Report Text crs: 95-116 local-cont-no: 95-116_1995Jan11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs180/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs180 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs888 2024-02-06T12:54:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Advanced Technology Program Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Public-private partnerships Technology policy Executive departments The Advanced Technology Program (ATP) was created by P.L. 100-418, the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, to encourage public-private cooperation in the development of pre-competitive technologies with broad application across industries. This activity has been targeted for elimination as a means to cut federal spending. This report discusses the ATP and related issues of federal appropriations (or the lack thereof). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-08-10 Report Text crs: 95-36 local-cont-no: 95-36 1999-08-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs888/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs888 English United States 1991~/2000

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The Work Opportunity Tax Credit: A Fact Sheet Levine, Linda Business Tax credits Small business Taxation The 104th Congress replaced the Targeted Jobs Tax Credit (TJTC, 1978-1994) with the Work Opportunity Tax Credit (WOTC) in section 1201 of the Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 (P.L. 104-188). This document provides basic facts about the WOTC. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-04-02 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 96-356 E local-cont-no: 96-356 E 1998-04-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs559/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs559 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs889 2026-04-13T23:04:24Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Small Business Innovation Research Program Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Small business Technology In 1982, the Small Business Innovation Development Act (P.L. 97-219) established small business innovation research (SBIR) programs within the major federal research and development (R&D) agencies. The intent of the effort was to increase government funding of small, high technology companies for the performance of R&D with commercial potential. Each federal department with an R&D budget of $100 million or more is required to set aside part of this amount to finance the SBIR activity. From its inception in FY1983 through FY1998, approximately $8.6 billion in awards have been made for 50,468 projects. The original program has been extended several times and is now scheduled to sunset October 1, 2000. H.R. 2392, as reported from the House Committee on Small Business and discharged from the House Committee on Science, would reauthorize the SBIR activity through September 30, 2007. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-09-27 Report Text crs: 96-402 local-cont-no: 96-402 1999-09-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs889/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs889 English United States

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Small Business Innovation Research Program Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Small business Technology Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-12-05 Report Text crs: 96-402 SPR local-cont-no: 96-402 SPR 2001-12-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1444/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1444 English

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Small Business Innovation Research Program Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Small business Technology Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-09 Report Text crs: 96-402 SPR local-cont-no: 96-402 SPR 2002-12-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2213/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2213 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs397 2017-02-14T12:09:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

China: Commission of Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND) and Defense Industries Kan, Shirley A. Business Defense industries - China Commission of Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense - China Defense economics Congressional interest in the Chinese military, or People’s Liberation Army (PLA), has increased as a result of the March 1996 tensions in the Taiwan Strait, continuing allegations of Chinese proliferation of technology useful in weapons of mass destruction, and reports that some Chinese defense-related corporations have circumvented U.S. export controls to acquire dual-use technology. The Commission of Science, Technology, and Industry for National Defense (COSTIND), an important, high-level PLA organization, plays a role in China’s weapon programs, sales of civilian goods, acquisition of military technology, and arms sales and export controls. The purpose of this CRS Report is to examine the origins and command, roles, and influence of COSTIND. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-12-03 Report 19 pages. Text crs: 96-889 F local-cont-no: 96-889 F 1997-12-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs397/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs397 English China

info:ark/67531/metacrs560 2026-04-17T00:34:49Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Summary and Comparison of the Major Agricultural Provisions of the Tobacco Settlement Policy Proposals Womach, Jasper Business Agricultural policies Tobacco settlement Agriculture Medicine Consumers Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-07-06 Report Text crs: 97-1042 ENR local-cont-no: 97-1042 ENR 1998-07-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs560/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs560 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs561 2026-04-17T02:21:27Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Proposed Tobacco Settlement: Who Pays for the Health Costs of Smoking? Gravelle, Jane G. Business Tobacco settlement Medicine Consumers Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-04-30 Report Text crs: 97-1053 E local-cont-no: 97-1053 E 1998-04-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs561/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs561 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs399 2020-05-12T18:38:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Tobacco Settlement: An Overview Redhead, C. Stephen Business Tobacco settlement Medicine On June 20, a group of state attorneys general, plaintiffs' lawyers, public health advocates, and lawyers representing cigarette manufacturers announced an historic settlement that would restructure the tobacco industry and revolutionize the nation's tobacco control efforts. The proposed settlement is currently under congressional consideration, and would require legislation and the President's approval before taking effect Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-07-31 Report Text crs: 97-664 SPR local-cont-no: 97-664 SPR 1997-07-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs399/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs399 English

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The Abandoned Mine Land Fund: Grants Distribution and Issues Bamberger, Robert Business Grants-in-aid Reclamation of land - Finance Strip mining - Law and legislation Budgets Finance Natural resources Energy The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA, P.L. 95-87), enacted in 1977, established reclamation standards for all coal surface mining operations, and for the surface effects of underground mining. It also established the Abandoned Mine Land (AML) program to promote the reclamation of sites mined and abandoned prior to the enactment of SMCRA. To finance reclamation of abandoned mine sites, the legislation established fees on coal production. These collections are divided into federal and state shares; subject to annual appropriation, AML funds are distributed annually to states with approved reclamation programs. This report describes the distribution of these funds and the various issues that arise from said distribution. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-03-26 Report Text crs: 97-401 local-cont-no: 97-401 1997-03-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs398/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs398 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs562 2017-02-15T14:55:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Proposed Tobacco Settlement: Effects on Prices, Smoking Behavior, and Income Distribution Gravelle, Jane G. Business Tobacco settlement Medicine Consumers Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-05 Report Text crs: 97-995 E local-cont-no: 97-995 E 1998-05-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs562/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs562 English

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Compensating Farmers for the Tobacco Settlement Womach, Jasper Business Agricultural economics Tobacco settlement Agriculture Medicine Consumers The legislative proposals designed to reduce smoking, primarily by teenagers, are likely to have negative economic consequences for tobacco growers and tobacco-dependent communities. This report discusses the possibility of some kind of compensation to farmers as part of the settlement package legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-07-06 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 98-133 ENR local-cont-no: 98-133 ENR 1998-07-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs563/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs563 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs564 2020-07-11T01:07:34Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Legal Analysis of the 10% Disadvantaged Small Business Set-Aside Provisions of H.R. 2400, the "Building Efficient Surface Transportation and Equity Act of 1997" Dale, Charles V. Business Small business - National policy - U.S. Minority business enterprises - National policy - U.S. Minorities This report discusses the vote on H.R. 2400, the "Building Efficient Surface Transportation and Equity Act of 1997"(BESTEA), an omnibus bill to fund surface transportation into the next century. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-03-25 Report 5 pages. Text crs: 98-295 A local-cont-no: 98-295_1998Mar25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs564/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs564 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2214 2026-04-10T00:44:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Lumber Imports from Canada: Issues and Events CRS issue brief Gorte, Ross W. Grimmett, Jeanne J. Business International trade -- U.S. -- Canada Lumber trade Trade Natural resources This report provides a concise historical account of the dispute, summarizes the subsidy and injury evidence, and discusses the current issues and events regarding lumber imports from Canada. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-03-22 Report 12 pages. Text crs: IB10081 local-cont-no: IB10081_2002Mar22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2214/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2214 English Canada United States

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Lumber Imports from Canada: Issues and Events CRS issue brief Gorte, Ross W. Grimmett, Jeanne J. Business International trade -- U.S. -- Canada Lumber trade Trade Natural resources This report provides a concise historical account of the dispute, summarizes the subsidy and injury evidence, and discusses the current issues and events regarding lumber imports from Canada. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-09 Report 12 pages. Text crs: IB10081 local-cont-no: IB10081_2002May09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2215/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2215 English United States Canada

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Lumber Imports from Canada: Issues and Events CRS issue brief Gorte, Ross W. Grimmett, Jeanne J. Business International trade -- U.S. -- Canada Lumber trade Trade Natural resources This report provides a concise historical account of the dispute, summarizes the subsidy and injury evidence, and discusses the current issues and events regarding lumber imports from Canada. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-13 Report 12 pages. Text crs: IB10081 local-cont-no: IB10081_2002Aug13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2216/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2216 English Canada United States

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Lumber Imports from Canada: Issues and Events CRS issue brief Gorte, Ross W. Grimmett, Jeanne J. Business International trade - U.S. - Canada Lumber trade Trade Natural resources This report provides a concise historical account of the dispute, summarizes the subsidy and injury evidence, and discusses the current issues and events regarding lumber imports from Canada. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-30 Report 13 pages. Text crs: IB10081 local-cont-no: IB10081_2002Sep30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2217/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2217 English Canada United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2218 2026-04-10T00:44:34Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Lumber Imports from Canada: Issues and Events CRS issue brief Gorte, Ross W. Grimmett, Jeanne J. Business International trade -- U.S. -- Canada Lumber trade Trade Natural resources This report provides a concise historical account of the dispute, summarizes the subsidy and injury evidence, and discusses the current issues and events regarding lumber imports from Canada. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-08 Report 13 pages. Text crs: IB10081 local-cont-no: IB10081_2002Nov08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2218/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2218 English Canada United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3868 2026-04-10T00:44:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Lumber Imports from Canada: Issues and Events CRS issue brief Gorte, Ross W. Grimmett, Jeanne J. Business International trade -- U.S. -- Canada Lumber trade Trade Natural resources This report provides a concise historical account of the dispute, summarizes the subsidy and injury evidence, and discusses the current issues and events regarding lumber imports from Canada. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-22 Report 14 pages. Text crs: IB10081 local-cont-no: IB10081_2003Jan22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3868/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3868 English Canada United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3869 2026-04-10T00:44:21Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Lumber Imports from Canada: Issues and Events CRS issue brief Gorte, Ross W. Grimmett, Jeanne J. Business International trade -- U.S. -- Canada Lumber trade Trade Natural resources This report provides a concise historical account of the dispute, summarizes the subsidy and injury evidence, and discusses the current issues and events regarding lumber imports from Canada. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-11 Report 14 pages. Text crs: IB10081 local-cont-no: IB10081_2003Mar11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3869/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3869 English Canada United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3870 2026-04-10T00:43:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Lumber Imports from Canada: Issues and Events CRS issue brief Gorte, Ross W. Grimmett, Jeanne J. Business International trade - U.S. - Canada Lumber trade Trade Natural resources This report discuses lumber imports from Canada and provides a concise historical account of the dispute, summarizes the subsidy and injury evidence, and discusses the current issues and events. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-05 Report 14 pages. Text crs: IB10081 local-cont-no: IB10081_2003May05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3870/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3870 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3871 2026-04-10T00:43:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Lumber Imports from Canada: Issues and Events CRS issue brief Gorte, Ross W. Grimmett, Jeanne J. Business International trade - U.S. - Canada Lumber trade Trade Natural resources This report provides a concise historical account of the dispute, summarizes the subsidy and injury evidence, and discusses the current issues and events regarding lumber imports from Canada. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-24 Report 14 pages. Text crs: IB10081 local-cont-no: IB10081_2003Jun24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3871/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3871 English Canada United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3872 2026-04-10T00:44:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Lumber Imports from Canada: Issues and Events CRS issue brief Gorte, Ross W. Grimmett, Jeanne J. Business International trade -- U.S. -- Canada Lumber trade Trade Natural resources This report provides a concise historical account of the dispute, summarizes the subsidy and injury evidence, and discusses the current issues and events regarding lumber imports from Canada. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-04 Report 14 pages. Text crs: IB10081 local-cont-no: IB10081_2003Aug04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3872/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3872 English Canada United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3873 2026-04-10T00:44:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Lumber Imports from Canada: Issues and Events CRS issue brief Gorte, Ross W. Grimmett, Jeanne J. Business International trade - U.S. - Canada Lumber trade Trade Natural resources This report discuses lumber imports from Canada and provides a concise historical account of the dispute, summarizes the subsidy and injury evidence, and discusses the current issues and events. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-15 Report 15 pages. Text crs: IB10081 local-cont-no: IB10081_2003Sep15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3873/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3873 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs299 2026-04-10T01:38:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology Concern has been growing that the pace of U.S. technological advancement is declining, with negative consequences for U.S. economic growth, productivity, and international competitiveness. Because technology can contribute to economic growth and productivity increases, congressional interest has focused on how to augment private sector technological development. Legislative activity over the past decade has created a policy for technology development, albeit an ad hoc one. Because of the lack of consensus on the scope and direction of a national policy, Congress has taken an incremental approach aimed at creating new mechanisms to facilitate technological advancement in particular areas and making changes and improvements as necessary. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-12-02 Report Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132 1996-12-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs299/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs299 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1103 2026-04-10T02:23:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology This report discusses contribution of technological advancement to economic growth and productivity increases. Because technology can contribute to economic growth and productivity increases, congressional interest has focused on how to augment private-sector technological development. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-12-05 Report Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132 2000-12-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1103/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1103 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1104 2026-04-10T01:01:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology This report discusses contribution of technological advancement to economic growth and productivity increases. Because technology can contribute to economic growth and productivity increases, congressional interest has focused on how to augment private-sector technological development. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-12-28 Report Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132 2000-12-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1104/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1104 English Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy, December 3, 2001, ark:/67531/metacrs1445 United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1445 2026-04-10T01:01:52Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology This report discusses contribution of technological advancement to economic growth and productivity increases. Because technology can contribute to economic growth and productivity increases, congressional interest has focused on how to augment private-sector technological development. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-12-03 Report Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132 2001-12-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1445/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1445 English Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy, December 28, 2000, ark:/67531/metacrs1104 United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2219 2026-04-10T01:38:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology This report summarizes the debate on the government policy regarding industrial competitiveness and technological advancement and its influence on the U.S. economy. It discusses the most recent developments, dives into the background and analysis of the topic, and talks about congress' plans and a new approach. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-28 Report 15 pages Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132 2002-05-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2219/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2219 English United States

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Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology This report discusses congressional interest in the pace of U.S. technological advancement due to its influence on U.S. economic growth, productivity, and international competitiveness. The proper role of the federal government in technology development and the competitiveness of U.S. industry continues to be a topic of congressional debate. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-12 Report 15 pages Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132 2002-07-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2220/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2220 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2221 2026-04-10T01:02:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology This report discusses congressional interest in the pace of U.S. technological advancement due to its influence on U.S. economic growth, productivity, and international competitiveness. The proper role of the federal government in technology development and the competitiveness of U.S. industry continues to be a topic of congressional debate. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-10 Report 16 pages Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132 2002-09-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2221/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2221 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2222 2026-04-10T01:01:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology This report discusses congressional interest in the pace of U.S. technological advancement due to its influence on U.S. economic growth, productivity, and international competitiveness. The proper role of the federal government in technology development and the competitiveness of U.S. industry continues to be a topic of congressional debate. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-19 Report 16 pages Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132 2002-11-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2222/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2222 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3874 2026-04-10T02:24:02Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology This report discusses the ongoing congressional interest in the pace of U.S. technological advancement due to its influence on U.S. economic growth, productivity, and international competitiveness. Because technology can contribute to economic growth and productivity increases, congressional interest has focused on how to augment private-sector technological development. Legislative activity over the past decade has created a policy for technology development, albeit an ad hoc one. Because of the lack of consensus on the scope and direction of a national policy, Congress has taken an incremental approach aimed at creating new mechanisms to facilitate technological advancement in particular areas and making changes and improvements as necessary. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-27 Report 18 Pages. Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132_2003Jan27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3874/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3874 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3875 2026-04-10T01:01:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology This report discusses congressional interest in the pace of U.S. technological advancement due to its influence on U.S. economic growth, productivity, and international competitiveness. The proper role of the federal government in technology development and the competitiveness of U.S. industry continues to be a topic of congressional debate. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-19 Report 15 pages Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132 2003-03-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3875/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3875 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3876 2026-04-10T02:24:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology This report discusses the ongoing congressional interest in the pace of U.S. technological advancement due to its influence on U.S. economic growth, productivity, and international competitiveness. Because technology can contribute to economic growth and productivity increases, congressional interest has focused on how to augment private-sector technological development. Legislative activity over the past decade has created a policy for technology development, albeit an ad hoc one. Because of the lack of consensus on the scope and direction of a national policy, Congress has taken an incremental approach aimed at creating new mechanisms to facilitate technological advancement in particular areas and making changes and improvements as necessary. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-08 Report 18 Pages. Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132_2003May08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3876/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3876 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3877 2026-04-10T01:01:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology This report discusses congressional interest in the pace of U.S. technological advancement due to its influence on U.S. economic growth, productivity, and international competitiveness. The proper role of the federal government in technology development and the competitiveness of U.S. industry continues to be a topic of congressional debate. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-28 Report 15 pages Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132 2003-07-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3877/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3877 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3878 2026-04-10T01:02:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology This report discusses congressional interest in the pace of U.S. technological advancement due to its influence on U.S. economic growth, productivity, and international competitiveness. The proper role of the federal government in technology development and the competitiveness of U.S. industry continues to be a topic of congressional debate. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-24 Report 15 pages Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132 2003-09-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3878/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3878 English

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Defense Industry in Transition: Issues and Options for Congress Grasso, Valerie Bailey Business Defense industries Defense economics The U.S. government and the defense industry continued to adjust to the post-Cold War era. Complicating the transition was the restructuring of the U.S. and other industrialized economies, and questions concerning the future direction of U.S. defense policy. The 104th Congress grappled with how to ensure that the U.S. retained a smaller, but capable, defense industry. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-01-09 Report Text crs: IB92122 local-cont-no: IB92122 1997-01-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs400/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs400 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs5744 2026-04-10T01:38:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Industrial Competitiveness and Technological Advancement: Debate Over Government Policy CRS issue brief Schacht, Wendy H. Business Technological innovations Technology policy Industries Technology This updated report summarizes the debate on the government policy regarding industrial competitiveness and technological advancement and its influence on the U.S. economy. It discusses the most recent developments, dives into the background and analysis of the topic, and talks about Congress' plans and approach. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-09-21 Report 16 pages Text crs: IB91132 local-cont-no: IB91132 2004-09-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5744/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5744 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs890 2017-02-14T11:38:16Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Manufacturing, Technology, and Competitiveness Schacht, Wendy H. Business Competition Manufacturing industries - Technology assessment Technology This report discusses increases in the productivity of American firms to maintain competitiveness in the international marketplace. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-12 Report Text crs: IB97041 local-cont-no: IB97041_1999Jan12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs890/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs890 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs565 2020-05-12T18:49:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Tobacco Settlement: Issues Redhead, C. Stephen Business Tobacco settlement Medicine Consumer affairs Since 1994, 41 states and Puerto Rico have sued the tobacco industry to recover the medical costs of treating smokers. On June 20, 1997, a group of state attorneys general and industry lawyers announced that they had reached a settlement that would protect the tobacco companies from civil liability in return for annual industry payments of $365.5 billion over 25 years to reimburse states for their tobacco-related medical costs, and pay for tobacco control programs to reduce tobacco use among teenagers. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-10-16 Report Text crs: IB98022 local-cont-no: IB98022 1998-10-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs565/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs565 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs891 2020-05-21T17:48:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement (1998): Overview, Implementation by States, and Congressional Issues Redhead, C. Stephen Tobacco settlement Medicine Consumers On November 23, 1998, attorneys general representing 46 states, the District of Columbia, and the five U.S. territories signed an agreement with the major cigarette companies to settle all the state lawsuits seeking to recover the Medicaid costs of treating smokers. The Master Settlement Agreement, or MSA, contractually imposes some restrictions on tobacco advertising, marketing, and promotion and requires the manufacturers to make annual payments totaling about $206 billion through 2025. It follows earlier individual settlements with four states--Mississippi, Florida, Texas, and Minnesota--totaling more than $40 billion over the first 25 years. Cigarette price increases have passed on those settlement costs to smokers. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-11-05 Report Text crs: RL30058 local-cont-no: RL30058 1999-11-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs891/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs891 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1105 2015-11-18T18:07:39Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Internet Transactions and the Sales Tax Maguire, Steven Business Sales tax Electronic commerce Taxation Technology This report is an introduction to the economics of electronic commerce and its potential impact on sales and use tax collections. Presently, 45 states (and the District of Columbia) require that retail outlets add a fixed percentage to the sales price of all taxable items (inclusive of federally imposed excise taxes). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-12-12 Report Text crs: RL30431 local-cont-no: RL30431 2000-12-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1105/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1105 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1106 2015-11-17T12:26:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Internet and E-Commerce Statistics: What They Mean and Where to Find Them on the Web Tehan, Rita Business Internet - Statistics Electronic commerce - Statistics Technology Statistics indicating Internet usage are imprecise. It is difficult to measure the scale of the Internet (or the World Wide Web), calculate the number and types of users (age, sex, race, gender, location, etc.), or forecast future growth. This report discusses the inherent complexities of estimating Internet and electronic commerce growth and describes various types of Internet statistics, discussing how to evaluate them and providing Web addresses for locating them. In addressing these topics, it is important to understand how the statistics are compiled, how they are used, and what their limitations are. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-10-24 Report Text crs: RL30435 local-cont-no: RL30435_2000Oct24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1106/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1106 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2223 2015-09-22T22:09:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Federal Arbitration Act: Background and Recent Developments Shimabukuro, Jon O. Business Commercial arbitration - Law and legislation Law Enacted in 1925, the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) seeks to ensure the validity and enforcement of arbitration agreements in any “maritime transaction or a contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce.” This report provides a brief legislative history of the FAA, as well as a review of selected cases that have interpreted the FAA. The report also discusses bills introduced during the 107th Congress that would amend the FAA for various purposes. Of the nine measures that have been introduced, five bills would amend the FAA to address arbitration and employment disputes. The remaining bills address arbitration in motor vehicle franchise contracts and arbitration and consumer credit contracts. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-17 Report 12 Pages. Text crs: RL30934 local-cont-no: RL30934_2002Jun17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2223/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2223 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3879 2017-02-15T19:46:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Federal Arbitration Act: Background and Recent Developments Shimabukuro, Jon O. Business Commercial arbitration - Law and legislation Law Enacted in 1925, the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) seeks to ensure the validity and enforcement of arbitration agreements in any “maritime transaction or . . . contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce.” In general, the FAA evidences a national policy favoring arbitration. However, the application of the FAA to various types of arbitration agreements has been the subject of numerous lawsuits. This report provides a brief legislative history of the FAA, as well as a review of selected cases that have interpreted the FAA. The report also discusses bills introduced during the 108th Congress that would amend the FAA to address the use of arbitration to resolve employment and specific contract disputes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-15 Report 12 Pages. Text crs: RL30934 local-cont-no: RL30934_2003Aug15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3879/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3879 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1446 2017-02-10T12:44:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

General Overview of United States Antitrust Law Rubin, Janice E. Business Antitrust law - U.S. Law This Report briefly summarizes (1) the primary United States antitrust statutes, and (2) some of the activities which are generally considered to be violations of those laws. There is also some reference to the prohibition against unfair competition and the “unfairness” jurisdiction of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC). The laws discussed do not constitute all of the statutes which may be applicable to, or implicated in antitrust issues, but rather, are those which are most often utilized. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-06-18 Report 10 Pages. Text crs: RL31026 local-cont-no: RL31026_2001Jun18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1446/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1446 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2225 2017-01-26T13:08:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Steel Industry and Trade Issues Cooney, Stephen Business Iron and steel industry Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-28 Report Text crs: RL31107 local-cont-no: RL31107 2002-05-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2225/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2225 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs5745 2015-11-17T13:16:51Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Internet Commerce and State Sales and Use Taxes Maguire, Steven Business Electronic commerce - State taxation - Law and legislation Taxation State and local government Technology State governments rely on sales and use taxes for approximately one-third (33.6%) of their total tax revenue - or approximately $179 billion in FY2002 .' Local governments derived 12.4% of their tax revenue or $44 .1 billion from local sales and use taxes in FY20012 Both state and local sales taxes are collected by vendors at the time of transaction and are levied at a percentage of a product's retail price. Alternatively, use taxes are not collected by the vendor if the vendor does not have nexus (loosely defined as a physical presence) in the consumer's state . Consumers are required to remit use taxes to their taxing jurisdiction . However, compliance with this requirement is quite low. Because of the low compliance, many observers suggest that the expansion of the internet as a means of transacting business across state lines, both from business to consumer (B to C) and from business to business (B to B), threatens to diminish the ability of state and local governments to collect sales and use taxes . Congress has a role in this issue because commerce between parties in different states conducted over the Internet falls under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution.' Congress can either take an active or passive role in the "Internet tax" debate. This report intends to clarify important issues in the Internet tax debate . Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-03-31 Report 16 Pages. Text crs: RL31252 local-cont-no: RL31252_2004Mar31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5745/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5745 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2224 2025-08-25T14:58:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Steel: Legacy Cost Issue Cooney, Stephen Business Employee benefit plans Iron and steel industry Labor This report focuses on legacy costs in the steel industry. It analyzes several proposed bills that deal in the topic, including H.R. 808, S. 957, and S. 2189. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-29 Report 16 pages Text crs: RL31279 local-cont-no: RL31279 2002-05-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2224/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2224 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2226 2025-08-25T14:59:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Steel: Legacy Cost Issue Cooney, Stephen Business Employee benefit plans Iron and steel industry Labor This report focuses on legacy costs in the steel industry. It analyzes several proposed bills that deal in the topic, including H.R. 808, S. 957, and S. 2189. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-15 Report 17 pages Text crs: RL31279 local-cont-no: RL31279 2002-08-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2226/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2226 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2227 2017-02-07T16:22:07Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

E-Commerce Statistics: Explanation and Sources Tehan, Rita Business Economic statistics Electronic commerce Economic policy Technology Congress will play a vital role in many e-commerce policy issues, including Internet taxation, encryption and electronic authentication (i.e., digital signatures), intellectual property protection (i.e., patent or copyright infringement), computer network security, and privacy safeguards for individuals and organizations, as well as consideration of how European Union (EU) and World Trade Organization (WTO) policies may affect U.S. e-commerce activities. This report addresses the complexities of measuring e-commerce growth, and provides background information on government and private firms’ methods for estimating it. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-02-22 Report 12 pages. Text crs: RL31293 local-cont-no: RL31293 2002-02-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2227/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2227 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3880 2017-02-07T16:22:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

E-Commerce Statistics: Explanation and Sources Tehan, Rita Business Economic statistics Electronic commerce Economic policy Technology Congress will play a vital role in many e-commerce policy issues, including Internet taxation, encryption and electronic authentication (i.e., digital signatures), intellectual property protection (i.e., patent or copyright infringement), computer network security, and privacy safeguards for individuals and organizations, as well as consideration of how European Union (EU) and World Trade Organization (WTO) policies may affect U.S. e-commerce activities. This report addresses the complexities of measuring e-commerce growth, and provides background information on government and private firms’ methods for estimating it. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-04 Report 15 pages. Text crs: RL31293 local-cont-no: RL31293 2003-06-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3880/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3880 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3882 2017-01-26T15:27:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Chemical Plant Security Schierow, Linda-Jo Business Chemical industries Industrial buildings - Security measures Hazardous substances Facilities handling large amounts of potentially hazardous chemicals (i.e., chemical facilities) might be of interest to terrorists, either as targets for direct attacks meant to release chemicals into the community or as a source of chemicals for use elsewhere. Because few terrorist attacks have been attempted against chemical facilities in the United States, the risk of death and injury in the near future is estimated to be low, relative to the likelihood of accidents at such facilities or attacks on other targets using conventional weapons. For any individual facility, the risk is very small, but risks may be increasing with potentially severe consequences for human health and the environment. Available evidence indicates that many chemical facilities may lack adequate safeguards. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-23 Report 35 pages. Text crs: RL31530 local-cont-no: RL31530 2003-01-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3882/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3882 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs5747 2017-02-13T13:59:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Chemical Plant Security Schierow, Linda-Jo Business Chemical industries Industrial buildings - Security measures Hazardous substances Facilities handling large amounts of potentially hazardous chemicals (i.e., chemical facilities) might be of interest to terrorists, either as targets for direct attacks meant to release chemicals into the community or as a source of chemicals for use elsewhere. Because few terrorist attacks have been attempted against chemical facilities in the United States, the risk of death and injury in the near future is estimated to be low, relative to the likelihood of accidents at such facilities or attacks on other targets using conventional weapons. For any individual facility, the risk is very small, but risks may be increasing with potentially severe consequences for human health and the environment. Available evidence indicates that many chemical facilities may lack adequate safeguards. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-01-20 Report 43 pages. Text crs: RL31530 local-cont-no: RL31530 2004-01-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5747/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5747 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs6140 2017-02-13T13:59:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Chemical Plant Security Schierow, Linda-Jo Business Chemical industries Industrial buildings - Security measures Hazardous substances Facilities handling large amounts of potentially hazardous chemicals (i.e., chemical facilities) might be of interest to terrorists, either as targets for direct attacks meant to release chemicals into the community or as a source of chemicals for use elsewhere. Because few terrorist attacks have been attempted against chemical facilities in the United States, the risk of death and injury in the near future is estimated to be low, relative to the likelihood of accidents at such facilities or attacks on other targets using conventional weapons. For any individual facility, the risk is very small, but risks may be increasing with potentially severe consequences for human health and the environment. Available evidence indicates that many chemical facilities may lack adequate safeguards. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-02-14 Report 45 pages. Text crs: RL31530 local-cont-no: RL31530 2005-02-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6140/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6140 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3881 2017-01-26T13:08:20Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Steel: Legislative and Oversight Issues Cooney, Stephen Business Government regulation Iron and steel industry - Law and legislation Economic policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-02 Report Text crs: RL31792 local-cont-no: RL31792 2003-04-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3881/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3881 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3883 2017-01-26T13:08:24Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Steel: Legislative and Oversight Issues Cooney, Stephen Business Government regulation Iron and steel industry - Law and legislation Economic policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-10 Report Text crs: RL31792 local-cont-no: RL31792 2003-06-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3883/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3883 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3884 2017-01-26T13:08:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Steel: Legislative and Oversight Issues Cooney, Stephen Business Government regulation Iron and steel industry - Law and legislation Economic policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-30 Report Text crs: RL31792 local-cont-no: RL31792 2003-07-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3884/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3884 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3885 2026-04-17T02:11:51Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Association Health Plans, Health Marts and the Small Group Market for Health Insurance Hearne, Jean P. Business Small business - Employee health benefits - Law and legislation Labor Health policy An estimated 41.2 million people were without health insurance in 2001. Legislation under consideration by the 108th and earlier Congresses is intended to assist small employers in offering health insurance as a benefit to their workers. A new bill, H.R. 4281, introduced on May 5, 2004, The Small Business Health Fairness Act of 2003 (H.R. 6601s. 545), and a number of bills from the earlier Congresses include provisions creating new groups for small firms to join or encouraging the growth of existing groups so that small employers can band together to offer coverage to their employees. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-05 Report 22 pages. Text crs: RL31963 local-cont-no: RL31963 2003-06-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3885/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3885 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3886 2026-04-17T02:11:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Association Health Plans, Health Marts and the Small Group Market for Health Insurance Hearne, Jean P. Business Small business - Employee health benefits - Law and legislation Labor Health policy An estimated 41.2 million people were without health insurance in 2001. Legislation under consideration by the 108th and earlier Congresses is intended to assist small employers in offering health insurance as a benefit to their workers. A new bill, H.R. 4281, introduced on May 5, 2004, The Small Business Health Fairness Act of 2003 (H.R. 6601s. 545), and a number of bills from the earlier Congresses include provisions creating new groups for small firms to join or encouraging the growth of existing groups so that small employers can band together to offer coverage to their employees. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-07 Report 21 pages. Text crs: RL31963 local-cont-no: RL31963 2003-07-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3886/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3886 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3887 2026-04-17T02:12:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Association Health Plans, Health Marts and the Small Group Market for Health Insurance Hearne, Jean P. Business Small business - Employee health benefits - Law and legislation Labor Health policy An estimated 41.2 million people were without health insurance in 2001. Legislation under consideration by the 108th and earlier Congresses is intended to assist small employers in offering health insurance as a benefit to their workers. A new bill, H.R. 4281, introduced on May 5, 2004, The Small Business Health Fairness Act of 2003 (H.R. 6601s. 545), and a number of bills from the earlier Congresses include provisions creating new groups for small firms to join or encouraging the growth of existing groups so that small employers can band together to offer coverage to their employees. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-31 Report 21 pages. Text crs: RL31963 local-cont-no: RL31963 2003-07-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3887/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3887 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs892 2017-02-07T18:05:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Electricity Restructuring Background: Public Utility Holding Company Act of 1935 (PUHCA) Abel, Amy Business Public utilities - Regulatory reform Politics and government Energy This report provides background information on PUHCA, including its history and impact. It also discusses how PUHCA reform fits into the current electric utility industry restructuring debate. This report will be updated as events warrant. For related information on electricity restructuring, see the CRS Electronic Briefing Book. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-07 Report Text crs: RS20015 local-cont-no: RS20015 1999-01-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs892/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs892 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs5746 2026-04-13T15:11:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Small Business Tax Preferences: Legislative Proposals in the 108th Congress 108th Congress Guenther, Gary Business Small business - Tax preferences - Law and legislation Taxation Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-03-12 Report Text crs: RL32275 local-cont-no: RL32275 2004-03-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5746/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5746 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs893 2020-06-02T12:11:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Monopoly and Monopolization - Fundamental But Separate Concepts in U.S. Antitrust Law Rubin, Janice E. Business Monopolies Antitrust law Law This report illustrates the difference between the concepts of “monopoly” and “monopolization” by touching on the monopoly/monopolization thinking in the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (DoJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), as illustrated in (1) statements on merger enforcement made by recent antitrust enforcement officials (generally indicative of the agencies’ concerns about competitive conditions and the effect of various market transactions), (2) the 1992 Horizontal Merger Guidelines 2 and (3) some observations on the Government actions against the Microsoft and Intel Corporations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-06-28 Report 5 pages. Text crs: RS20241 local-cont-no: RS20241_1999Jun28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs893/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs893 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs894 2020-06-01T21:57:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal Regulatory Structure for Egg Safety: Fact Sheet Vogt, Donna U. Business Poultry industry - Government regulation Economic policy Food This report discusses the federal role in regulating egg safety. Although the egg industry is primarily responsible for ensuring the safety of its products, four federal agencies hold statutory responsibilities for egg safety. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-09-21 Report Text crs: RS20338 local-cont-no: RS20338_1999Sep21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs894/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs894 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1447 2020-06-02T12:11:16Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Monopoly and Monopolization - Fundamental But Separate Concepts in U.S. Antitrust Law Rubin, Janice E. Business Monopolies Antitrust law Law This report illustrates the difference between the concepts of “monopoly” and “monopolization” by touching on the monopoly/monopolization thinking in the Antitrust Division of the Department of Justice (DoJ) and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), as illustrated in (1) statements on merger enforcement made by recent antitrust enforcement officials (generally indicative of the agencies’ concerns about competitive conditions and the effect of various market transactions), (2) the 1992 Horizontal Merger Guidelines 2 and (3) some observations on the Government actions against the Microsoft and Intel Corporations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-08-20 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20241 local-cont-no: RS20241_2001Aug20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1447/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1447 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1448 2020-05-21T14:17:16Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Electronic Signatures: Technology Developments and Legislative Issues Nunno, Richard M. Business Encryption Electronic commerce Technology Electronic signatures, a means of verifying the identity of the user of a computer system to control access or authorize a transaction, are increasingly being used in electronic commerce. Several technologies can be used to produce electronic signatures, the most prominent being digital signatures, which use cryptographic techniques to provide data integrity and nonrepudiation. Legislation enacted in the 106th Congress enables the legal recognition of electronic signatures in interstate commerce. Other legislation introduced but not enacted was intended to promote federal agency use of electronic signatures to enable electronic filing of information. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-19 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20344 local-cont-no: RS20344 2001-01-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1448/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1448 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1107 2020-06-01T21:21:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Electronic Commerce: An Introduction McLoughlin, Glenn J. Business Electronic commerce Technology Electronic commercial transactions over the Internet, or “e-commerce,” have grown so fast over the last five years that many experts continue to underestimate its growth and development. Whether retail business-to-customer or business-to-business transactions, e-commerce shows no signs of slowing down. In turn, policymakers both in the United States and abroad are likely to face increasingly complex issues of security, privacy, taxation, infrastructure development and other issues in 2000 and beyond. This report will be updated periodically. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-06-27 Report Text crs: RS20426 local-cont-no: RS20426 2000-06-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1107/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1107 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1449 2026-04-17T01:43:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Merger and Antitrust Issues in Agriculture Heykoop, Jerry Segarra, Alejandro E. Business Antitrust law Agriculture Law A sustained period of low farm prices has generated legislative interest in the effect of concentration and consolidation on U.S. agriculture. Questions have been raised about the federal government's role in pursuing cases of unfair competition or violations of antitrust laws. Legislative interest has risen because, while regulations target business practices, important issues associated with concentration and consolidation may not be adequately addressed by existing antitrust laws. Recent reviews by Congress have dealt with issues such as: (1) the adequacy and employment of existing federal antitrust statutes to protect farmers against anti-competitive practices; (2) the extent to which mergers influence farm prices and their impact on farmers and consumers, and (3) the appropriate role of the federal government in regulating agroindustry. This report briefly describes the federal statutes and agencies involved in antitrust regulation and reviews proposals offered in the 106th Congress to restrict mergers in agriculture. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-10 Report Text crs: RS20562 local-cont-no: RS20562 2001-01-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1449/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1449 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2228 2026-04-17T01:44:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Merger and Antitrust Issues in Agriculture: Statutes and Agencies Heykoop, Jerry Business Antitrust law Agriculture Law Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-21 Report Text crs: RS20562 local-cont-no: RS20562 2002-05-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2228/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2228 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2229 2026-04-17T01:44:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Merger and Antitrust Issues in Agriculture: Statutes and Agencies Heykoop, Jerry Business Antitrust law Agriculture Law Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-23 Report Text crs: RS20562 local-cont-no: RS20562 2002-05-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2229/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2229 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3888 2026-04-17T01:44:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Merger and Antitrust Issues in Agriculture: Statutes and Agencies Heykoop, Jerry Business Antitrust law Agriculture Law Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-29 Report Text crs: RS20562 local-cont-no: RS20562 2003-01-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3888/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3888 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1450 2020-06-01T23:51:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Small Business Disaster Assistance: Responding to the Terrorist Attacks Mulock, Bruce K. Business Disaster loans Small business Finance Emergency Management Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-11-29 Report Text crs: RS21061 local-cont-no: RS21061 2001-11-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1450/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1450 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2230 2017-01-26T13:08:12Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Steel: Key Issues for Congress Cooney, Stephen Business Iron and steel industry Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-30 Report Text crs: RS21152 local-cont-no: RS21152 2002-05-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2230/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2230 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2231 2017-01-26T13:08:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Steel: Key Issues for Congress Cooney, Stephen Business Iron and steel industry Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-03 Report Text crs: RS21152 local-cont-no: RS21152 2002-09-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2231/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2231 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2232 2017-01-26T13:08:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Steel: Key Issues for Congress Cooney, Stephen Business Iron and steel industry Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-07 Report Text crs: RS21152 local-cont-no: RS21152 2002-10-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2232/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2232 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs5748 2017-02-16T16:26:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

State Sales Taxation of Internet Transactions Luckey, John R. Business Electronic commerce - Taxation - U.S. - States Taxation Technology Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-03-01 Report Text crs: RS21537 local-cont-no: RS21537 2004-03-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5748/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5748 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2233 2026-04-16T23:06:34Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Pornography: Constitutional Principles and Federal Statutes Cohen, Henry Children Child pornography - Law and legislation - U.S. Criminal justice The Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996, P.L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009- 26, added a definition of “child pornography” that include visual depictions of what appears to be a minor engaging in explicit sexual conduct, even if no actual minor was used in producing the depiction. On April 16, 2002, in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, the Supreme Court held this provision unconstitutional to the extent that it prohibited pictures that were not produced with actual minors. (This case is discussed under “Section 2256,” below.) In response to Ashcroft, bills were introduced in the House and Senate that would continue to ban some child pornography that was produced without an actual minor; on June 25, 2002, the House passed one such bill: H.R. 4623, 107th Congress. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-26 Report 23 pages. Text crs: 95-406 A local-cont-no: 95-406 A 2002-06-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2233/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2233 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2234 2026-04-16T23:06:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Pornography: Constitutional Principles and Federal Statutes Cohen, Henry Children Child pornography - Law and legislation - U.S. Criminal justice The Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996, P.L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009- 26, added a definition of “child pornography” that include visual depictions of what appears to be a minor engaging in explicit sexual conduct, even if no actual minor was used in producing the depiction. On April 16, 2002, in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, the Supreme Court held this provision unconstitutional to the extent that it prohibited pictures that were not produced with actual minors. (This case is discussed under “Section 2256,” below.) In response to Ashcroft, bills were introduced in the House and Senate that would continue to ban some child pornography that was produced without an actual minor; on June 25, 2002, the House passed one such bill: H.R. 4623, 107th Congress. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-13 Report 23 pages. Text crs: 95-406 A local-cont-no: 95-406 A 2002-11-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2234/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2234 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3889 2026-04-16T23:06:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Pornography: Constitutional Principles and Federal Statutes Cohen, Henry Children Child pornography - Law and legislation - U.S. Criminal justice The Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996, P.L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009- 26, added a definition of “child pornography” that include visual depictions of what appears to be a minor engaging in explicit sexual conduct, even if no actual minor was used in producing the depiction. On April 16, 2002, in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, the Supreme Court held this provision unconstitutional to the extent that it prohibited pictures that were not produced with actual minors. (This case is discussed under “Section 2256,” below.) In response to Ashcroft, bills were introduced in the House and Senate that would continue to ban some child pornography that was produced without an actual minor; on June 25, 2002, the House passed one such bill: H.R. 4623, 107th Congress. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-02 Report 26 pages. Text crs: 95-406 A local-cont-no: 95-406 A 2003-05-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3889/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3889 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3890 2026-04-16T23:06:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Pornography: Constitutional Principles and Federal Statutes Cohen, Henry Children Child pornography - Law and legislation - U.S. Criminal justice The Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996, P.L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009- 26, added a definition of “child pornography” that include visual depictions of what appears to be a minor engaging in explicit sexual conduct, even if no actual minor was used in producing the depiction. On April 16, 2002, in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, the Supreme Court held this provision unconstitutional to the extent that it prohibited pictures that were not produced with actual minors. (This case is discussed under “Section 2256,” below.) In response to Ashcroft, bills were introduced in the House and Senate that would continue to ban some child pornography that was produced without an actual minor; on June 25, 2002, the House passed one such bill: H.R. 4623, 107th Congress. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-25 Report 25 pages. Text crs: 95-406 A local-cont-no: 95-406 A 2003-06-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3890/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3890 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3891 2026-04-16T23:06:38Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Pornography: Constitutional Principles and Federal Statutes Cohen, Henry Children Child pornography - Law and legislation - U.S. Criminal justice The Child Pornography Prevention Act of 1996, P.L. 104-208, 110 Stat. 3009- 26, added a definition of “child pornography” that include visual depictions of what appears to be a minor engaging in explicit sexual conduct, even if no actual minor was used in producing the depiction. On April 16, 2002, in Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition, the Supreme Court held this provision unconstitutional to the extent that it prohibited pictures that were not produced with actual minors. (This case is discussed under “Section 2256,” below.) In response to Ashcroft, bills were introduced in the House and Senate that would continue to ban some child pornography that was produced without an actual minor; on June 25, 2002, the House passed one such bill: H.R. 4623, 107th Congress. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-10-15 Report 25 pages. Text crs: 95-406 A local-cont-no: 95-406 A 2003-10-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3891/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3891 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs401 2024-09-11T16:36:46Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Runaway and Homeless Youth: Legislative Issues Wasem, Ruth Ellen Butler, Alice D. Homeless children Child welfare Shelters for the homeless This report discusses the Runaway and Homeless Youth Program (RHYP) and its association the reauthorization of the juvenile justice and delinquency prevention programs. Majority of the youth had reported that they had never used a youth shelter because of danger, dirtiness or too much emphasis on religious affiliation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-12-17 Report 4 pages Text crs: 96-280 EPW local-cont-no: 96-280 EPW 1997-12-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs401/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs401 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs566 2017-02-15T20:29:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Violent and Abusive Behavior in Youth: A Public Health Problem Cooper, Edith Fairman Children Youth violence - Law and legislation Criminal justice Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-04-03 Report Text crs: 97-813 STM local-cont-no: 97-813 STM 1998-04-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs566/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs566 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs567 2017-02-07T18:36:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The State Children's Health Insurance Program: Guidance on Frequently Asked Questions Hearne, Jean P. Neisner, Jennifer A. Children Federal-state relations Child pornography - Law and legislation - U.S. State and local government Health policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-03-20 Report Text crs: 97-926 EPW local-cont-no: 97-926 EPW 1998-03-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs567/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs567 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs568 2017-02-13T18:10:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Juveniles in the Adult Criminal Justice System: An Overview Cavanagh, M. Suzanne Teasley, David Children Juveniles tried as adults - U.S. Criminal justice Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-08 Report Text crs: 98-449 GOV local-cont-no: 98-449 GOV 1998-05-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs568/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs568 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs569 2017-02-13T18:10:27Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Juvenile Justice Act Reauthorization: The Current Debate Cavanagh, M. Suzanne Teasley, David Children Juvenile delinquency - Law and legislation Juvenile corrections - Law and legislation Criminal justice Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-02-05 Report Text crs: 98-95 GOV local-cont-no: 98-95 GOV 1998-02-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs569/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs569 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1451 2026-04-06T18:15:23Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Education for the Disadvantaged: ESEA Title I Allocation Formula Provisions Riddle, Wayne Children Federal aid to education Education of disadvantaged children Budgets Welfare Elementary and secondary education Title I, Part A of the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA) authorizes federal aid to state and local educational agencies (SEAs, LEAs) for the education of disadvantaged children. Title I grants are used to provide supplementary educational and related services to low-achieving children attending schools with relatively high concentrations of pupils from low-income families. Services may be provided at pre-kindergarten through high school levels. Title I has been the anchor of the ESEA since it was first enacted in 1965, and is the largest federal elementary and secondary education assistance program. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-08 Report 23 pages. Text crs: RL30491 local-cont-no: RL30491 2001-01-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1451/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1451 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1452 2017-02-13T13:05:02Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Juvenile Justice Legislation: Overview and the Legislative Debate Teasley, David Cooper, Edith Fairman Children Juvenile delinquency - Law and legislation Juvenile corrections - Law and legislation Criminal justice Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-11-28 Report Text crs: RL30741 local-cont-no: RL30741 2001-11-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1452/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1452 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2235 2017-02-13T14:15:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Juvenile Justice Legislation: Overview and the Legislative Debate O'Bryant, JoAnne Teasley, David Cooper, Edith Fairman Children Juvenile delinquency - Law and legislation Juvenile corrections - Law and legislation Criminal justice Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-04 Report Text crs: RL30741 local-cont-no: RL30741 2002-10-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2235/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2235 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2236 2017-02-13T14:15:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Juvenile Justice Legislation: Overview and the Legislative Debate O'Bryant, JoAnne Teasley, David Cooper, Edith Fairman Children Juvenile delinquency - Law and legislation Juvenile corrections - Law and legislation Criminal justice Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-27 Report Text crs: RL30741 local-cont-no: RL30741 2002-11-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2236/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2236 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3892 2017-02-13T14:15:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Juvenile Justice Legislation: Overview and the Legislative Debate O'Bryant, JoAnne Teasley, David Cooper, Edith Fairman Children Juvenile delinquency - Law and legislation Juvenile corrections - Law and legislation Criminal justice Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-25 Report Text crs: RL30741 local-cont-no: RL30741 2003-09-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3892/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3892 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2237 2017-02-10T16:25:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Welfare: The Promoting Safe and Stable Families Program Stoltzfus, Emilie Spar, Karen Children Child welfare - Law and legislation The report describes the authorization of funding for the Promoting Safe and Stable Families program (first created in 1993 under a different name) that has expired in the end of FY2001; thus, the 107th Congress acted to reauthorize this program and make some program changes (H.R. 2873, P.L. 107-133). P.L. 107-133 expands the definition of family preservation services under the Promoting Safe and Stable Families Program to include infant safe haven programs; clarifies the meaning of family support to include services that “strengthen parental relationships and promote healthy marriages”; provides for reallocation of unused program funds; and states that, out of any discretionary funds appropriated for the Safe and Stable Families Program, 3.3% will be added to the existing $10 million setaside for Court Improvement Grants; 3.3% will be added to the existing $6 million reservation for evaluation, technical assistance, research and training; and 2% will be added to the existing set-aside for Indian tribes (1% of mandatory funds). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-01-24 Report 25 pages. Text crs: RL30894 local-cont-no: RL30894 2002-01-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2237/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2237 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2238 2026-04-13T18:58:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Care Issues in the 107th Congress 107th Congress Gish, Melinda Children Children - Law and legislation This report includes recent developments in federal child care programs and tax provisions. The report discusses several federal programs that support child care or related services, primarily for low-income working families. In addition, the tax code includes provisions specifically targeted to assist families with child care expenses. The report presents the legislative activity in the 107th Congress in regard to child care legislature and provisions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-02 Report 21 pages. Text crs: RL30944 local-cont-no: RL30944 2002-07-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2238/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2238 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2239 2026-04-13T18:58:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Care Issues in the 107th Congress 107th Congress Gish, Melinda Children Children - Law and legislation This report includes recent developments in federal child care programs and tax provisions. The report discusses several federal programs that support child care or related services, primarily for low-income working families. In addition, the tax code includes provisions specifically targeted to assist families with child care expenses. The report presents the legislative activity in the 107th Congress in regard to child care legislature and provisions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-09-09 Report 24 pages. Text crs: RL30944 local-cont-no: RL30944 2002-09-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2239/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2239 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2240 2026-04-13T18:58:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Care Issues in the 107th Congress 107th Congress Gish, Melinda Children Children - Law and legislation This report includes recent developments in federal child care programs and tax provisions. The report discusses several federal programs that support child care or related services, primarily for low-income working families. In addition, the tax code includes provisions specifically targeted to assist families with child care expenses. The report presents the legislative activity in the 107th Congress in regard to child care legislature and provisions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-29 Report 25 pages. Text crs: RL30944 local-cont-no: RL30944 2002-10-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2240/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2240 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3893 2026-04-13T18:58:34Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Care Issues in the 107th Congress 107th Congress Gish, Melinda Children Children - Law and legislation This report includes recent developments in federal child care programs and tax provisions. The report discusses several federal programs that support child care or related services, primarily for low-income working families. In addition, the tax code includes provisions specifically targeted to assist families with child care expenses. The report presents the legislative activity in the 107th Congress in regard to child care legislature and provisions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-10 Report 24 pages. Text crs: RL30944 local-cont-no: RL30944 2003-03-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3893/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3893 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3894 2026-04-08T01:04:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Head Start Issues in the 108th Congress 108th Congress Gish, Melinda Butler, Alice D. Children Head Start programs Elementary and secondary education This report examines various legislative issues regarding Head Start, which is a federal program that has provided comprehensive early childhood development services to low income children since 1965. The program is administered by the Administration for Children and Families of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-25 Report 16 Pages. Text crs: RL30952 local-cont-no: RL30952_2003Jun25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3894/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3894 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3895 2026-04-08T01:04:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Head Start Issues in the 108th Congress 108th Congress Gish, Melinda Butler, Alice D. Children Head Start programs Elementary and secondary education This report examines various legislative issues regarding Head Start, which is a federal program that has provided comprehensive early childhood development services to low income children since 1965. The program is administered by the Administration for Children and Families of the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-14 Report 18 Pages. Text crs: RL30952 local-cont-no: RL30952_2003Aug14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3895/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3895 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3896 2016-02-25T18:40:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Missing and Exploited Children: Overview and Policy Concerns Cooper, Edith Fairman Children Missing children - Law and legislation Criminal justice This report presents an overview of two national incidence studies prepared by Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to determine annually the number of reported missing and recovered children in the nation. It also discusses the AMBER Alert System created to help recover reported missing children, legislation introduced in the 108th Congresses to address the missing children issue, and questions that remain regarding concerns about missing children. S. 151, the Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today (PROTECT) Act, which was signed into law (P.L. 108-21) by the President on April 30, 2003, contains provisions related to missing and exploited children. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-13 Report 27 pages. Text crs: RL31655 local-cont-no: RL31655_2003May13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3896/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3896 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3897 2016-02-24T19:17:29Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Missing and Exploited Children: Overview and Policy Concerns Cooper, Edith Fairman Children Missing children - Law and legislation Criminal justice This report presents an overview of two national incidence studies prepared by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to determine annually the number of reported missing and recovered children in the nation. It also discusses the AMBER Alert System created to help recover reported missing children, legislation introduced in the 108th Congresses to address the missing children issue, and questions that remain regarding concerns about missing children. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-25 Report 27 pages. Text crs: RL31655 local-cont-no: RL31655_2003Jun25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3897/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3897 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3898 2016-02-24T19:20:18Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Missing and Exploited Children: Overview and Policy Concerns Cooper, Edith Fairman Children Missing children - Law and legislation Criminal justice This report presents an overview of two national incidence studies prepared by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to determine annually the number of reported missing and recovered children in the nation. It also discusses the AMBER Alert System created to help recover reported missing children, legislation introduced in the 108th Congresses to address the missing children issue, and questions that remain regarding concerns about missing children. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-01 Report 28 pages. Text crs: RL31655 local-cont-no: RL31655_2003Aug01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3898/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3898 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3899 2016-02-25T19:44:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Missing and Exploited Children: Overview and Policy Concerns Cooper, Edith Fairman Children Missing children - Law and legislation Criminal justice This report presents an overview of two national incidence studies prepared by Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to determine annually the number of reported missing and recovered children in the nation. It also discusses the AMBER Alert System created to help recover reported missing children, legislation introduced in the 108th Congresses to address the missing children issue, and questions that remain regarding concerns about missing children. S. 151, the Prosecutorial Remedies and Other Tools to End the Exploitation of Children Today (PROTECT) Act, which was signed into law (P.L. 108-21) by the President on April 30, 2003, contains provisions related to missing and exploited children. Exploitation of Children Today (PROTECT) Act, which was signed into law (P.L. 108-21) by the President on April 30, 2003, contains provisions related to missing and exploited children. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-06 Report 28 pages. Text crs: RL31655 local-cont-no: RL31655_2003Aug06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3899/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3899 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3900 2016-02-24T19:20:26Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Missing and Exploited Children: Overview and Policy Concerns Cooper, Edith Fairman Children Missing children - Law and legislation Criminal justice This report presents an overview of two national incidence studies prepared by the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to determine annually the number of reported missing and recovered children in the nation. It also discusses the AMBER Alert System created to help recover reported missing children, legislation introduced in the 108th Congresses to address the missing children issue, and questions that remain regarding concerns about missing children. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-26 Report 28 pages. Text crs: RL31655 local-cont-no: RL31655_2003Sep26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3900/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3900 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3901 2026-04-13T23:06:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Pornography Produced Without an Actual Child: Constitutionality of 108th Congress Legislation 108th Congress Cohen, Henry Children Supreme Court decisions Child pornography - Law and legislation - U.S. Law Criminal justice This report analyzes S. 151, 108th Congress, as reported by the Senate Committee on the Judiciary (S.Rept. 108-2) and passed by the Senate, and considers whether it would violate freedom of speech. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-25 Report 17 pages. Text crs: RL31744 local-cont-no: RL31744 2003-02-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3901/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3901 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3902 2026-04-13T23:06:34Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Pornography Produced Without an Actual Child: Constitutionality of 108th Congress Legislation 108th Congress Cohen, Henry Children Supreme Court decisions Child pornography - Law and legislation - U.S. Law Criminal justice This report analyzes the First Amendment issues raised by S. 151, 108th Congress, in the versions passed by the Senate and the House. The Senate passed the version reported by the Senate Committee on the Judiciary (S.Rept. 108-2). The House version began as H.R. 1161, which, except for its section 10, was adopted as an amendment (Title V) to H.R. 1104, which the House passed as S. 151, the Child Abduction Prevention Act. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-31 Report 19 pages. Text crs: RL31744 local-cont-no: RL31744 2003-03-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3902/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3902 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3903 2017-02-10T16:27:52Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Welfare Issues in the 108th Congress 108th Congress Stoltzfus, Emilie Children Child welfare - Law and legislation The purpose of this report is to present a number of generally less broad legislative proposals related to child welfare financing have been introduced in the 108th Congress. Additional child welfare-related proposals designed to improve services, promote timely placement of children across state lines, and for other purposes, are described in this report. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-03 Report 15 pages. Text crs: RL31746 local-cont-no: RL31746 2003-03-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3903/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3903 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3904 2017-02-10T16:27:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Welfare Issues in the 108th Congress 108th Congress Stoltzfus, Emilie Children Child welfare - Law and legislation The purpose of this report is to present a number of generally less broad legislative proposals related to child welfare financing have been introduced in the 108th Congress. Additional child welfare-related proposals designed to improve services, promote timely placement of children across state lines, and for other purposes, are described in this report. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-01 Report 16 pages. Text crs: RL31746 local-cont-no: RL31746 2003-04-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3904/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3904 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3905 2017-02-10T16:28:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Welfare Issues in the 108th Congress 108th Congress Stoltzfus, Emilie Children Child welfare - Law and legislation The purpose of this report is to present a number of generally less broad legislative proposals related to child welfare financing have been introduced in the 108th Congress. Additional child welfare-related proposals designed to improve services, promote timely placement of children across state lines, and for other purposes, are described in this report. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-06 Report 17 pages. Text crs: RL31746 local-cont-no: RL31746 2003-05-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3905/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3905 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3906 2017-02-10T16:27:50Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Welfare Issues in the 108th Congress 108th Congress Stoltzfus, Emilie Children Child welfare - Law and legislation The purpose of this report is to present a number of generally less broad legislative proposals related to child welfare financing have been introduced in the 108th Congress. Additional child welfare-related proposals designed to improve services, promote timely placement of children across state lines, and for other purposes, are described in this report. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-23 Report 18 pages. Text crs: RL31746 local-cont-no: RL31746 2003-06-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3906/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3906 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3907 2017-02-08T13:25:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Welfare Issues in the 108th Congress 108th Congress Stoltzfus, Emilie Children Child welfare - Law and legislation Child safety Child welfare services are intended to protect children who have been abused or neglected or are at risk of maltreatment. These services take various forms, ranging from counseling and other supports for parents — which are intended to improve child well-being and prevent child abuse and neglect — to removal of the children from their homes. At the most extreme, these services include termination of parental rights and placement of the children for adoption. This report describes child welfare legislative issues in the 108th Congress. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-11 Report 18 Pages. Text crs: RL31746 local-cont-no: RL31746_2003Aug11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3907/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3907 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5750 2017-02-10T16:28:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Welfare Issues in the 108th Congress 108th Congress Stoltzfus, Emilie Children Child welfare - Law and legislation The purpose of this report is to present a number of generally less broad legislative proposals related to child welfare financing have been introduced in the 108th Congress. Additional child welfare-related proposals designed to improve services, promote timely placement of children across state lines, and for other purposes, are described in this report. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-09-17 Report 32 pages. Text crs: RL31746 local-cont-no: RL31746 2004-09-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5750/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5750 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3908 2026-04-13T18:58:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Care Issues in the 108th Congress 108th Congress Gish, Melinda Children Children - Law and legislation This report includes recent developments in federal child care programs and tax provisions. The report discusses several federal programs that support child care or related services, primarily for low-income working families. In addition, the tax code includes provisions specifically targeted to assist families with child care expenses. The report presents the legislative activity in the 108th Congress in regard to child care legislature and provisions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-10 Report 17 pages. Text crs: RL31817 local-cont-no: RL31817 2003-04-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3908/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3908 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3909 2026-04-13T18:58:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Care Issues in the 108th Congress 108th Congress Gish, Melinda Children Children - Law and legislation This report includes recent developments in federal child care programs and tax provisions. The report discusses several federal programs that support child care or related services, primarily for low-income working families. In addition, the tax code includes provisions specifically targeted to assist families with child care expenses. The report presents the legislative activity in the 108th Congress in regard to child care legislature and provisions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-15 Report 21 pages. Text crs: RL31817 local-cont-no: RL31817 2003-09-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3909/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3909 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3910 2026-04-13T18:58:46Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Care Issues in the 108th Congress 108th Congress Gish, Melinda Children Children - Law and legislation This report includes recent developments in federal child care programs and tax provisions. The report discusses several federal programs that support child care or related services, primarily for low-income working families. In addition, the tax code includes provisions specifically targeted to assist families with child care expenses. The report presents the legislative activity in the 108th Congress in regard to child care legislature and provisions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-16 Report 19 pages. Text crs: RL31817 local-cont-no: RL31817 2003-09-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3910/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3910 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3911 2017-02-10T16:28:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Child Welfare Waiver Demonstrations Shuman, Matthew Children Intergovernmental fiscal relations Child welfare State and local government This report provides background information on the child welfare waivers and a description of the progress states have made on these demonstration projects. Waiver projects must be cost neutral to the federal government; may be conducted for no longer than 5 years (though HHS may grant an extension of up to 5 years); and must include an evaluation comparing the existing state program to the waiver project. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-16 Report 22 pages. Text crs: RL31964 local-cont-no: RL31964 2003-06-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3911/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3911 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3912 2017-02-13T12:53:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

SCHIP Financing Issues for the 108th Congress 108th Congress Kraut, Peter Baumrucker, Evelyne P. Children Children - Health insurance - Law and legislation Health policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-27 Report Text crs: RL31977 local-cont-no: RL31977 2003-06-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3912/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3912 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3913 2017-02-13T12:53:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

SCHIP Financing Issues for the 108th Congress 108th Congress Baumrucker, Evelyne P. Kraut, Peter Children Children - Health insurance - Law and legislation Health policy Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-15 Report Text crs: RL31977 local-cont-no: RL31977 2003-08-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3913/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3913 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1108 2026-04-08T01:04:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Head Start: Background and Funding Butler, Alice D. Gish, Melinda Children Federal budgets Head Start programs Budgets Elementary and secondary education This report examines the history of federal funding for Head Start, which has provided comprehensive early childhood development services to low-income children since 1965. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-09-11 Report 6 Pages. Text crs: RS20537 local-cont-no: RS20537_2000Sep11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1108/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1108 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5749 2025-05-28T18:50:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Reducing Teen Pregnancy: Adolescent Family Life and Abstinence Education Programs Solomon-Fears, Carmen Children Sex education Teenage pregnancy Elementary and secondary education Women Welfare Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing information about Adolescent Family Life (AFL) and Abstinence Education programs in regards to reducing teen pregnancy. Topics include, purpose of the programs, allowable projects, evaluations and research, etc. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-10-04 Report 6 p. : ill. Text crs: RS20873 local-cont-no: RS20873 2004-10-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5749/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5749 English United States 1973/2004

info:ark/67531/metacrs181 2020-07-01T18:24:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Property Rights Issue Meltz, Robert Civil liberties Right of property The property rights issue arises because societal goals are sometimes pursued through government restrictions on the use of private property. At bottom, it is the age-old conflict between public goals and private rights. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1995-01-20 Report Text crs: 95-200 A local-cont-no: 95-200 A 1995-01-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs181/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs181 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs182 2026-04-13T20:17:09Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Courts Rulings During 1994 on Constitutional Taking Claims Against the United States Meltz, Robert Civil liberties Judicial opinions Right of privacy - Law and legislation - U.S. Law In 1994, the second session of the 103rd Congress saw the political pressure exerted by property rights bills ascend new heights. Members supporting property rights legislation sought to add such provisions to nearly every major environmental bill. Opponents, including several committee chairmen, therefore declined to move the bills, and gridlock resulted. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1995-07-19 Report Text crs: 95-790 A local-cont-no: 95-790 A 1995-07-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs182/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs182 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs300 2026-04-13T19:50:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Property Rights: Comparison of H.R. 9 as Passed and S. 605 as Reported Meltz, Robert Civil liberties Right of property - Law and legislation - U.S. The leading property rights bills in the Congress are the Contract with America-derived H.R. 9 (Division B), as passed by the House in March, 1995, and S. 605, as reported from the Committee on the Judiciary. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-03-07 Report Text crs: 95-509 A local-cont-no: 95-509 A 1996-03-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs300/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs300 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1453 2018-03-08T13:20:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment Cohen, Henry Civil liberties Constitutional amendments - U.S. - 1 Freedom of the press Freedom of speech Constitution Communications The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. . . .” This language restricts government both more and less than it would if it were applied literally. It restricts government more in that it applies not only to Congress, but to all branches of the federal government, and to all branches of state and local government. It restricts government less in that it provides no protection to some types of speech and only limited protection to others. This report provides an overview of the major exceptions to the First Amendment — of the ways that the Supreme Court has interpreted the guarantee of freedom of speech and press to provide no protection or only limited protection for some types of speech. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-11-05 Report 35 Pages. Text crs: 95-815A local-cont-no: 95-815A_2001Nov05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1453/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1453 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2241 2017-09-21T16:16:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment Cohen, Henry Civil liberties Constitutional amendments - U.S. - 1 Freedom of the press Freedom of speech Constitution Communications The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “Congress shall make no law... abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press....” This language restricts government both more and less than it would if it were applied literally. It restricts government more in that it applies not only to Congress, but to all branches of the federal government, and to all branches of state and local government. It restricts government less in that it provides no protection to some types of speech and only limited protection to others. This report provides an overview of the major exceptions to the First Amendment — of the ways that the Supreme Court has interpreted the guarantee of freedom of speech and press to provide no protection or only limited protection for some types of speech. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-16 Report 35 Pages. Text crs: 95-815A local-cont-no: 95-815A_2002May16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2241/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2241 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2242 2015-11-24T12:15:19Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment Cohen, Henry Civil liberties Constitutional amendments - U.S. - 1 Freedom of the press Freedom of speech Constitution Communications The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. . . .” This language restricts government both more and less than it would if it were applied literally. It restricts government more in that it applies not only to Congress, but to all branches of the federal government, and to all branches of state and local government. It restricts government less in that it provides no protection to some types of speech and only limited protection to others. This report provides an overview of the major exceptions to the First Amendment — of the ways that the Supreme Court has interpreted the guarantee of freedom of speech and press to provide no protection or only limited protection for some types of speech. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-20 Report 35 Pages. Text crs: 95-815A local-cont-no: 95-815A_2002Nov20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2242/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2242 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3915 2017-02-10T15:51:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment Cohen, Henry Civil liberties Constitutional amendments - U.S. - 1 Freedom of the press Freedom of speech Constitution Communications The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. . . .” This language restricts government both more and less than it would if it were applied literally. It restricts government more in that it applies not only to Congress, but to all branches of the federal government, and to all branches of state and local government. It restricts government less in that it provides no protection to some types of speech and only limited protection to others. This report provides an overview of the major exceptions to the First Amendment — of the ways that the Supreme Court has interpreted the guarantee of freedom of speech and press to provide no protection or only limited protection for some types of speech. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-06 Report 36 Pages. Text crs: 95-815A crs: 95-815A_2003May06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3915/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3915 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3916 2017-02-10T15:51:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment Cohen, Henry Civil liberties Constitutional amendments - U.S. - 1 Freedom of the press Freedom of speech Constitution Communications The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. . . .” This language restricts government both more and less than it would if it were applied literally. It restricts government more in that it applies not only to Congress, but to all branches of the federal government, and to all branches of state and local government. It restricts government less in that it provides no protection to some types of speech and only limited protection to others. This report provides an overview of the major exceptions to the First Amendment — of the ways that the Supreme Court has interpreted the guarantee of freedom of speech and press to provide no protection or only limited protection for some types of speech. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-26 Report 37 Pages. Text crs: 95-815A local-cont-no: 95-815A_2003Jun26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3916/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3916 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3917 2017-02-10T15:51:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment Cohen, Henry Civil liberties Constitutional amendments - U.S. - 1 Freedom of the press Freedom of speech Constitution Communications The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. . . .” This language restricts government both more and less than it would if it were applied literally. It restricts government more in that it applies not only to Congress, but to all branches of the federal government, and to all branches of state and local government. It restricts government less in that it provides no protection to some types of speech and only limited protection to others. This report provides an overview of the major exceptions to the First Amendment – of the ways that the Supreme Court has interpreted the guarantee of freedom of speech and press to provide no protection or only limited protection for some types of speech. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-27 Report 38 Pages. Text crs: 95-815A crs: 95-815A_2003Aug27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3917/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3917 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5752 2020-08-12T17:58:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Freedom of Speech and Press: Exceptions to the First Amendment Cohen, Henry Civil liberties Constitutional amendments - U.S. - 1 Freedom of the press Freedom of speech Government and Law - Constitutions Business, Economics and Finance - Communications The First Amendment to the United States Constitution provides that “Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press. . . .” This language restricts government both more and less than it would if it were applied literally. It restricts government more in that it applies not only to Congress, but to all branches of the federal government, and to all branches of state and local government. It restricts government less in that it provides no protection to some types of speech and only limited protection to others. This report provides an overview of the major exceptions to the First Amendment — of the ways that the Supreme Court has interpreted the guarantee of freedom of speech and press to provide no protection or only limited protection for some types of speech. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-01-07 Report 38 Pages. Text crs: 95-815A local-cont-no: 95-815A_2004Jan07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5752/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5752 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs402 2017-02-10T13:09:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Tobacco Advertising: Whether the FDA's Restrictions Violate Freedom of Speech Cohen, Henry Civil liberties Tobacco - Advertising - Law and legislation - U.S. Freedom of speech Consumers Communications Medicine Agriculture Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-05-23 Report Text crs: 96-825 A local-cont-no: 96-825 A 1997-05-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs402/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs402 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs570 2023-03-22T14:33:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Religious Freedom Restoration Act: Its Rise, Fall, and Current Status Ackerman, David M. Civil liberties Supreme Court decisions Religious liberty - Law and legislation Law Religion This report briefly summarizes Employment Division, Oregon Department of Human Resources v. Smith, the legislative history of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (RFRA), the Supreme Court's decision in City of Boerne, Texas v. Flores, and RFRA's current legal status, and notes the introduction of the Religious Liberty Protection Act (RLPA). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-06-25 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-795 A local-cont-no: 97-795 A 1998-06-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs570/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs570 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs571 2026-04-17T02:08:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

"Property Rights" Bills Take a Process Approach: H.R. 992 and H.R. 1534 Meltz, Robert Civil liberties Right of privacy - Law and legislation - U.S. In the 105th Congress, the property rights agenda has shifted from "compensation" to "process" bills. While the former would ease the standards for when property owners harmed by government action are compensated, the new approach simply streamlines how federal courts handle such claims. This report examines the three leading process bills -- H.R. 992, House-passed H.R. 1534, and Senate-reported H.R. 1534. The bills embody two process approaches: allowing property owners suing the United States to bring invalidation and compensation claims in the same court, and lowering abstention and ripeness barriers when suing local governments in federal court for property rights violations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-06-24 Report 29 pages. Text crs: 97-877 A local-cont-no: 97-877 A 1998-06-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs571/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs571 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs572 2026-04-14T00:01:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Religious Persecution Abroad: Congressional Concerns and Actions Bite, Vita Civil liberties Congress and foreign policy Religious liberty Foreign policy Congress Religion The 105 Congress has sought to raise the priority of combating religious persecution worldwide among U.S. foreign policy objectives. The difficulty has been in agreeing on legislation that would effectively deal with religious persecution without adversely affecting other important U.S. interests. On May 14, 1998, the House passed H.R. 2431 (the Freedom from Religious Persecution Act of 1998) establishing in the State Department a Director of the Office of Religious Persecution Monitoring who is to issue an annual report assessing religious persecution abroad. The legislation places sanctions on countries and groups that carry out or permit such activities. The Senate may soon consider S. 1868 establishing an office in the Department of State to monitor religious persecution headed by an Ambassador at Large and requiring the President to take some action from a broad list of options against countries found engaging in or tolerating religious persecution. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-06-25 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-968 F local-cont-no: 97-968 F 1998-06-25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs572/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs572 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs573 2026-03-31T18:01:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Immigration-Related Provisions of Selected Bills on Religious Persecution Eig, Larry M. Vialet, Joyce C. Civil liberties Immigration policy Religious liberty - Law and legislation Immigration Religion This report analyzes immigration-related provisions of H.R. 2431, the “Freedom from Religious Persecution Act,” as passed by the House on May 14, 1998, and S. 1868, the “International Religious Freedom Act,” as introduced in the Senate. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-06-04 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-978 local-cont-no: 97-978_1998Jun04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs573/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs573 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs574 2017-02-15T20:36:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Law of Church and State: The Proposed Religious Freedom Amendment, H.J. Res. 78 Ackerman, David M. Civil liberties Religious liberty - Law and legislation - U.S. Religion This report summarizes legislative developments on the proposal and briefly analyzes its likely legal effect if added to the Constitution. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-04-20 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 98-387 local-cont-no: 98-387_1998Apr20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs574/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs574 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs576 2026-04-13T19:50:26Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Property Rights Implementation Act of 1998 Meltz, Robert Civil liberties Right of privacy - Law and legislation - U.S. On July 7, 1998, Senator Hatch introduced S. 2271, the "Property Rights Implementation Act of 1998." The bill appears to be the likely replacement on the Senate floor for H.R. 1534 as reported by the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. S. 2271 retains the basic "process" approach of its predecessor, but makes numerous changes. Among these are a restriction of H.R. 1534's takings-ripeness provisions to real property rather than all types of property, a new definition of "futility," different restrictions on district court abstention, and new provisions as to attorneys fees and prior notice applicable to parties suing local governments for takings under 42 U.S.C. sec. 1983. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-07-10 Report Text crs: 98-601 A local-cont-no: 98-601 A 1998-07-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs576/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs576 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs575 2026-04-13T19:51:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Religious Freedom Amendment: H.J. Res. 78, As Reported by the House Judiciary Committee Ackerman, David M. Sayler, James Civil liberties Religious liberty - Law and legislation - U.S. Religion This report details the legislative, political, and legal contexts of H.J.Res 78 (Religious Freedom Amendment) and analyzes its legal effect. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-28 Report 25 pages. Text crs: 98-504 A local-cont-no: 98-504 A 1998-05-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs575/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs575 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs895 2026-04-03T20:30:41Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Online Privacy Protection: Issues and Developments Stevens, Gina Marie Privacy and Civil Liberties Oversight Board Electronic commerce Internet Right of privacy Business Technology It is routinely acknowledged that the success of the Internet and electronic commerce depends upon the resolution of issues related to the privacy of online personal information. This paper discusses some potential threats to the privacy of online personal information, and efforts by businesses, governments, and citizens to respond to them. The paper also provides an overview of the legal framework for the protection of personal information. Individuals and businesses increasingly rely upon computers to transact business and to access the Internet. Online users may voluntarily disclose personal information, such information is often collected by Web sites for commercial purposes. The proliferation of online personal information has focused the attention of citizens, businesses, and governments on the issue. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-09-28 Report Text crs: RL30322 local-cont-no: RL30322 1999-09-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs895/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs895 English United States 1998/1999

info:ark/67531/metacrs1454 2017-02-10T13:01:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Online Privacy Protection: Issues and Developments Stevens, Gina Marie Civil liberties Electronic commerce Internet Right of privacy Business Technology Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-11 Report Text crs: RL30322 local-cont-no: RL30322 2001-01-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1454/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1454 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2243 2017-02-14T16:49:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Privacy Act: Emerging Issues and Related Legislation Relyea, Harold C. Civil liberties Right of privacy - Law and legislation - U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-02-26 Report Text crs: RL30824 local-cont-no: RL30824 2002-02-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2243/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2243 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1455 2020-06-01T22:05:48Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

China's Relations with Central Asian States and Problems with Terrorism McNeal, Dewardric L. Civil liberties Terrorism Human rights - China Criminal justice International affairs This report provides an overview of the Muslim separatist movement in China’s northwestern Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region, China’s attempts to stifle activities which it considers terrorism, and implications for U.S. policy. Some analysts suggest that the U.S.-led campaign against terrorism may make it difficult to pressure the Chinese government on human rights and religious freedoms, particularly as they relate to Uighur Muslims in Xinjiang. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-12-17 Report 20 pages. Text crs: RL31213 local-cont-no: RL31213 2001-12-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1455/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1455 English China Central Asia

info:ark/67531/metacrs2245 2017-02-14T16:24:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Treatment of "Battlefield Detainees" in the War on Terrorism Elsea, Jennifer K. Civil liberties Detention of persons - Law - U.S. Law Criminal justice Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-04-11 Report Text crs: RL31367 local-cont-no: RL31367 2002-04-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2245/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2245 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs6141 2017-02-14T16:24:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Treatment of "Battlefield Detainees" in the War on Terrorism Elsea, Jennifer K. Civil liberties Detention of persons - Law - U.S. Law Criminal justice Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-01-13 Report Text crs: RL31367 local-cont-no: RL31367 2005-01-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6141/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6141 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3914 2017-02-14T15:01:20Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Critical Infrastructure Information Disclosure and Homeland Security Moteff, John D. Stevens, Gina Marie Civil liberties Freedom of information Infrastructure Government information This report discusses the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) that was passed to ensure by statute citizen access to government information. Nine categories of information may be exempted from disclosure. Three of the nine exemptions provide possible protection against the release of critical infrastructure information: exemption 1 (national security information); exemption 3 (information exempted by statute); and exemption 4 (confidential business information). Congress has considered several proposals to exempt critical infrastructure information from the FOIA. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-29 Report 22 pages. Text crs: RL31547 local-cont-no: RL31547 2003-01-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3914/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3914 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2244 2017-02-14T15:00:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Critical Infrastructure Information Disclosure and Homeland Security Moteff, John D. Stevens, Gina Marie Civil liberties Freedom of information Infrastructure Government information This report discusses the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) that was passed to ensure by statute citizen access to government information. Nine categories of information may be exempted from disclosure. Three of the nine exemptions provide possible protection against the release of critical infrastructure information: exemption 1 (national security information); exemption 3 (information exempted by statute); and exemption 4 (confidential business information). Congress has considered several proposals to exempt critical infrastructure information from the FOIA. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-31 Report 22 pages. Text crs: RL31547 local-cont-no: RL31547 2002-08-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2244/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2244 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3919 2017-02-14T16:22:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Detention of American Citizens as Enemy Combatants Elsea, Jennifer K. Civil liberties Counterterrorism - National policy - U.S. Detention of persons Defense policy Criminal justice This report provides background information regarding the cases of two U.S. citizens deemed “enemy combatants,” Yaser Esam Hamdi, who has been returned to Saudi Arabia, and Jose Padilla, who remains in military custody. The report addresses the constitutional and statutory sources that arguably provide authority for the detention of enemy combatants, as well as those that may prevent the exercise of that power with respect to U.S. citizens. The report concludes that historically, even during declared wars, additional statutory authority has been seen as necessary to validate the detention of citizens not members of any armed forces, casting in some doubt the argument that the power to detain is necessarily implied by an authorization to use force. Finally, the report briefly analyzes the Detention of Enemy Combatants Act, H.R. 1029, which would authorize the President to detain U.S. citizens and residents who are determined to be “enemy combatants” in certain circumstances. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-30 Report 46 pages. Text crs: RL31724 local-cont-no: RL31724 2003-01-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3919/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3919 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs5753 2017-02-14T16:22:23Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Detention of American Citizens as Enemy Combatants Elsea, Jennifer K. Civil liberties Counterterrorism - National policy - U.S. Detention of persons Defense policy Criminal justice This report provides background information regarding the cases of two U.S. citizens deemed “enemy combatants,” Yaser Esam Hamdi, who has been returned to Saudi Arabia, and Jose Padilla, who remains in military custody. The report addresses the constitutional and statutory sources that arguably provide authority for the detention of enemy combatants, as well as those that may prevent the exercise of that power with respect to U.S. citizens. The report concludes that historically, even during declared wars, additional statutory authority has been seen as necessary to validate the detention of citizens not members of any armed forces, casting in some doubt the argument that the power to detain is necessarily implied by an authorization to use force. Finally, the report briefly analyzes the Detention of Enemy Combatants Act, H.R. 1029, which would authorize the President to detain U.S. citizens and residents who are determined to be “enemy combatants” in certain circumstances. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-03-15 Report 57 pages. Text crs: RL31724 local-cont-no: RL31724 2004-03-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5753/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5753 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs6142 2017-02-14T16:22:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Detention of American Citizens as Enemy Combatants Elsea, Jennifer K. Civil liberties Counterterrorism - National policy - U.S. Detention of persons Defense policy Criminal justice This report provides background information regarding the cases of two U.S. citizens deemed “enemy combatants,” Yaser Esam Hamdi, who has been returned to Saudi Arabia, and Jose Padilla, who remains in military custody. A brief introduction to the law of war pertinent to the detention of different categories of individuals is offered, followed by brief analyses of the main legal precedents invoked to support the President’s actions, as well as Ex parte Milligan, which some argue supports the opposite conclusion. The report concludes that historically, even during declared wars, additional statutory authority has been seen as necessary to validate the detention of citizens not members of any armed forces, casting in some doubt the argument that the power to detain persons arrested in a context other than actual hostilities is necessarily implied by an authorization to use force. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-02-24 Report 54 pages. Text crs: RL31724 local-cont-no: RL31724 2005-02-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6142/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6142 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs6143 2017-02-14T16:22:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Detention of American Citizens as Enemy Combatants Elsea, Jennifer K. Civil liberties Counterterrorism - National policy - U.S. Detention of persons Defense policy Criminal justice This report provides background information regarding the cases of two U.S. citizens deemed “enemy combatants,” Yaser Esam Hamdi, who has been returned to Saudi Arabia, and Jose Padilla, who remains in military custody. A brief introduction to the law of war pertinent to the detention of different categories of individuals is offered, followed by brief analyses of the main legal precedents invoked to support the President’s actions, as well as Ex parte Milligan, which some argue supports the opposite conclusion. The report concludes that historically, even during declared wars, additional statutory authority has been seen as necessary to validate the detention of citizens not members of any armed forces, casting in some doubt the argument that the power to detain persons arrested in a context other than actual hostilities is necessarily implied by an authorization to use force. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-03-31 Report 61 pages. Text crs: RL31724 local-cont-no: RL31724 2005-03-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6143/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6143 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3918 2017-02-10T15:18:21Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Privacy: Total Information Awareness Programs and Related Information Access, Collection, and Protection Laws Stevens, Gina Marie Civil liberties Right of privacy - Law and legislation - U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-14 Report Text crs: RL31730 local-cont-no: RL31730 2003-02-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3918/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3918 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3920 2017-02-10T15:18:18Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Privacy: Total Information Awareness Programs and Related Information Access, Collection, and Protection Laws Stevens, Gina Marie Civil liberties Right of privacy - Law and legislation - U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-21 Report Text crs: RL31730 local-cont-no: RL31730 2003-03-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3920/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3920 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1456 2020-06-18T18:10:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Privacy Protection for Customer Financial Information Murphy, M. Maureen Civil liberties Customer service Financial institutions Right of privacy Business Finance Title V of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999 (P.L. 106-102, H.Rept. 106-434) requires financial institutions to provide their customers with notice of their privacy policies, including those relating to sharing of customer information with affiliated entities. It prohibits sharing personally identifiable customer information with non-affiliated third parties and prohibits financial institutions from providing account numbers to non-affiliated third parties for marketing purposes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-05 Report Text crs: RS20185 local-cont-no: RS20185 2001-01-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1456/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1456 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs6139 2020-07-14T17:59:09Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Freedom of Information Act Amendments: 109th Congress 109th Congress Relyea, Harold C. Civil liberties Freedom of information - Law and legislation - U.S. Freedom of Information Act - U.S. Government information Government and Law amendments This report discusses the Freedom of Information Act (FOIA), which was designed to enable any person — individual or corporate, regardless of citizenship — to request, without explanation or justification, presumptive access to existing, identifiable, unpublished, executive branch agency records on any topic. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-02-25 Report 10 Pages. Text crs: RL32780 local-cont-no: RL32780_2005Feb25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6139/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6139 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2246 2017-02-10T15:18:09Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Privacy Protection for Customer Financial Information Murphy, M. Maureen Civil liberties Customer service Financial institutions Right of privacy Business Finance Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-10 Report Text crs: RS20185 local-cont-no: RS20185 2002-05-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2246/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2246 English

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Privacy Protection for Customer Financial Information Murphy, M. Maureen Civil liberties Customer service Financial institutions Right of privacy Business Finance Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-06 Report Text crs: RS20185 local-cont-no: RS20185 2002-08-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2247/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2247 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2248 2017-02-10T15:18:05Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Privacy Protection for Customer Financial Information Murphy, M. Maureen Civil liberties Customer service Financial institutions Right of privacy Business Finance Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-07 Report Text crs: RS20185 local-cont-no: RS20185 2002-10-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2248/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2248 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3921 2017-02-10T15:17:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Privacy Protection for Customer Financial Information Murphy, M. Maureen Civil liberties Customer service Financial institutions Right of privacy Business Finance Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-31 Report Text crs: RS20185 local-cont-no: RS20185 2003-01-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3921/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3921 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3922 2017-02-10T15:17:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Privacy Protection for Customer Financial Information Murphy, M. Maureen Civil liberties Customer service Financial institutions Right of privacy Business Finance Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-28 Report Text crs: RS20185 local-cont-no: RS20185 2003-02-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3922/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3922 English

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Privacy Protection for Customer Financial Information Murphy, M. Maureen Civil liberties Customer service Financial institutions Right of privacy Business Finance Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-16 Report Text crs: RS20185 local-cont-no: RS20185 2003-04-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3923/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3923 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3924 2017-02-10T15:18:11Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Privacy Protection for Customer Financial Information Murphy, M. Maureen Civil liberties Customer service Financial institutions Right of privacy Business Finance Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-02 Report Text crs: RS20185 local-cont-no: RS20185 2003-05-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3924/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3924 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3925 2017-02-10T15:17:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Privacy Protection for Customer Financial Information Murphy, M. Maureen Civil liberties Customer service Financial institutions Right of privacy Business Finance Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-13 Report Text crs: RS20185 local-cont-no: RS20185 2003-06-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3925/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3925 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3926 2017-02-10T15:18:14Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Privacy Protection for Customer Financial Information Murphy, M. Maureen Civil liberties Customer service Financial institutions Right of privacy Business Finance Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-30 Report Text crs: RS20185 local-cont-no: RS20185 2003-06-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3926/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3926 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1457 2017-01-23T14:16:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

China and "Falun Gong" Lum, Thomas Civil liberties Congress and foreign policy Human rights - China Foreign policy Congress International affairs The “Falun Gong” movement has led to the largest and most protracted public demonstrations in China since the democracy movement of 1989. On April 25, 1999, an estimated 10,000 to 30,000 adherents assembled in front of Zhongnanhai, the Chinese Communist Party leadership compound, and participated in a silent protest against state repression of their activities. On July 21, 1999, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) government, fearful of the spread of social unrest, outlawed the movement and began to arrest Falun Gong protesters. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-08-03 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20333 local-cont-no: RS20333 2001-08-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1457/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1457 English China

info:ark/67531/metacrs2249 2017-01-23T14:16:27Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

China and "Falun Gong" Lum, Thomas Civil liberties Congress and foreign policy Human rights - China Foreign policy Congress International affairs “Falun Gong,” also known as “Falun Dafa,”1 combines an exercise regimen with meditation and moral tenets. The “Falun Gong” movement has led to the largest and most protracted public demonstrations in China since the democracy movement of 1989. On April 25, 1999, an estimated 10,000 to 30,000 adherents assembled in front of Zhongnanhai, the Chinese Communist Party leadership compound, and participated in a silent protest against state repression of their activities. On July 21, 1999, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) government, fearful of the spread of social unrest, outlawed the movement and began to arrest Falun Gong protesters. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-01 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20333 local-cont-no: RS20333 2002-05-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2249/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2249 English China

info:ark/67531/metacrs2250 2017-01-23T14:16:29Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

China and "Falun Gong" Lum, Thomas Civil liberties Congress and foreign policy Human rights - China Foreign policy Congress International affairs “Falun Gong,” also known as “Falun Dafa,”1 combines an exercise regimen with meditation and moral tenets. The “Falun Gong” movement has led to the largest and most protracted public demonstrations in China since the democracy movement of 1989. On April 25, 1999, an estimated 10,000 to 30,000 adherents assembled in front of Zhongnanhai, the Chinese Communist Party leadership compound, and participated in a silent protest against state repression of their activities. On July 21, 1999, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) government, fearful of the spread of social unrest, outlawed the movement and began to arrest Falun Gong protesters. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-01 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20333 local-cont-no: RS20333 2002-11-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2250/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2250 English China

info:ark/67531/metacrs3927 2017-01-23T14:16:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

China and "Falun Gong" Lum, Thomas Civil liberties Congress and foreign policy Human rights - China Foreign policy Congress International affairs “Falun Gong,” also known as “Falun Dafa,”1 combines an exercise regimen with meditation and moral tenets. The “Falun Gong” movement has led to the largest and most protracted public demonstrations in China since the democracy movement of 1989. On April 25, 1999, an estimated 10,000 to 30,000 adherents assembled in front of Zhongnanhai, the Chinese Communist Party leadership compound, and participated in a silent protest against state repression of their activities. On July 21, 1999, the People’s Republic of China (PRC) government, fearful of the spread of social unrest, outlawed the movement and began to arrest Falun Gong protesters. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-12 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20333 local-cont-no: RS20333 2003-02-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3927/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3927 English China

info:ark/67531/metacrs1109 2026-04-13T19:50:20Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Property Rights: House Judiciary Committee Reports H.R. 2372 Meltz, Robert Civil liberties Right of privacy - Law and legislation - U.S. On March 9, 2000, the House Committee on the Judiciary reported favorably H.R. 2372. The bill, titled "Private Property Rights Implementation Act of 2000," is aimed principally at lowering the threshold barriers of ripeness and abstention encountered when land owners file in federal court challenging local government actions as "takings." (1) Under the Fifth Amendment's Takings Clause (which applies to state and local, not only federal, actions), private property may not be "taken" for public use without just compensation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-03-10 Report Text crs: RS20493 local-cont-no: RS20493 2000-03-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1109/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1109 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1458 2016-02-04T19:31:27Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medical Records Privacy: Questions and Answers on the HIPAA Final Rule Redhead, C. Stephen Civil liberties Government regulation Patients' rights Right of privacy Economic policy Medicine This report discusses the issue facing Congress on whether to continue to support the executive branch’s prosecution of medical marijuana patients and their providers, in accordance with marijuana’s status as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act, or whether to relax federal marijuana prohibition enough to permit the medical use of botanical cannabis products by seriously ill persons, especially in states that have created medical marijuana programs under state law. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-09-10 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20500 local-cont-no: RS20500_2001Sep10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1458/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1458 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2251 2016-02-04T19:39:17Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medical Records Privacy: Questions and Answers on the HIPAA Final Rule Redhead, C. Stephen Civil liberties Government regulation Patients' rights Right of privacy Economic policy Medicine This report discusses the issue facing Congress on whether to continue to support the executive branch’s prosecution of medical marijuana patients and their providers, in accordance with marijuana’s status as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act, or whether to relax federal marijuana prohibition enough to permit the medical use of botanical cannabis products by seriously ill persons, especially in states that have created medical marijuana programs under state law. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-03 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20500 local-cont-no: RS20500_2002Oct03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2251/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2251 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3928 2016-02-04T19:41:02Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medical Records Privacy: Questions and Answers on the HIPAA Final Rule Redhead, C. Stephen Civil liberties Government regulation Patients' rights Right of privacy Economic policy Medicine This report discusses the issue facing Congress on whether to continue to support the executive branch’s prosecution of medical marijuana patients and their providers, in accordance with marijuana’s status as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act, or whether to relax federal marijuana prohibition enough to permit the medical use of botanical cannabis products by seriously ill persons, especially in states that have created medical marijuana programs under state law. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-03 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20500 local-cont-no: RS20500_2003Jan03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3928/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3928 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3929 2016-02-04T19:42:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medical Records Privacy: Questions and Answers on the HIPAA Final Rule Redhead, C. Stephen Civil liberties Government regulation Patients' rights Right of privacy Economic policy Medicine This report discusses the issue facing Congress on whether to continue to support the executive branch’s prosecution of medical marijuana patients and their providers, in accordance with marijuana’s status as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act, or whether to relax federal marijuana prohibition enough to permit the medical use of botanical cannabis products by seriously ill persons, especially in states that have created medical marijuana programs under state law. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-11 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20500 local-cont-no: RS20500_2003Jun11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3929/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3929 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5751 2016-02-04T19:37:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Medical Records Privacy: Questions and Answers on the HIPAA Final Rule Redhead, C. Stephen Civil liberties Government regulation Patients' rights Right of privacy Economic policy Medicine This report discusses the issue facing Congress on whether to continue to support the executive branch’s prosecution of medical marijuana patients and their providers, in accordance with marijuana’s status as a Schedule I drug under the Controlled Substances Act, or whether to relax federal marijuana prohibition enough to permit the medical use of botanical cannabis products by seriously ill persons, especially in states that have created medical marijuana programs under state law. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-03-10 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20500 local-cont-no: RS20500_2004Mar10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5751/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5751 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5754 2026-04-14T02:38:13Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Privacy Protection: Mandating New Arrangements to Implement and Assess Federal Privacy Policy and Practice Relyea, Harold C. Civil liberties Right of privacy - Law and legislation - U.S. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-05-27 Report Text crs: RS21851 local-cont-no: RS21851 2004-05-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5754/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5754 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5755 2020-05-22T22:03:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

9/11 Commission Recommendations: A Civil Liberties Oversight Board Relyea, Harold C. Federal advisory bodies civil Among the recommendations made by the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (9/11 Commission) in its final report is the creation of a board within the executive branch to oversee adherence to guidelines on, and the commitment to defend, civil liberties by the federal government. This report examines this recommendation and its implications, and will be updated as events warrant. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-08-09 Report 5 pages. Text crs: RS21906 local-cont-no: RS21906 2004-08-09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5755/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5755 English Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs6144 2017-02-09T15:42:42Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Detention of U.S. Citizens Fisher, Louis Civil liberties Counterterrorism - National policy - U.S. Detention of persons Defense policy Criminal justice In 1971, Congress passed legislation to repeal the Emergency Detention Act of 1950 and to enact the following language: “No citizen shall be imprisoned or otherwise detained by the United States except pursuant to an Act of Congress.” The new language, codified at 18 U.S.C. §4001(a), is called the Non-Detention Act. This statutory provision received attention after the 9/11 terrorist attacks when the Administration designated certain U.S. citizens as “enemy combatants” and claimed the right to detain them indefinitely without charging them, bringing them to trial, or giving them access to counsel. In litigation over Yaser Esam Hamdi and Jose Padilla, both designated enemy combatants, the Administration has argued that the Non-Detention Act restricts only imprisonments and detentions by the Attorney General, not by the President or military authorities. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-04-28 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS22130 local-cont-no: RS22130 2005-04-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6144/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6144 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs577 2025-07-30T17:34:29Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Sex Discrimination in Education: Overview of Title IX Gladstone, Leslie W. Galemore, Gary L. Civil rights Sex discrimination in education - Law and legislation - U.S. Women Higher education Elementary and secondary education Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing an overview of title IX in regards to sex discrimination in education. Topics include, a history of IX, changes attributed to title IX, continuing controversies, etc.. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-01-14 Report 5 p. Text crs: 97-954 GOV local-cont-no: 97-954 GOV 1998-01-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs577/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs577 English United States 1970/1998

info:ark/67531/metacrs1460 2017-02-10T12:09:03Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Statutory Language and Recent Issues Jones, Nancy Lee Civil rights Supreme Court decisions Discrimination against the disabled - law and legislation Law Disabled This report summarizes the major provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and also discusses selected recent issues, including ten ADA Supreme Court cases. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-12-13 Report 33 pages. Text crs: 98-921 A local-cont-no: 98-921 A 2001-12-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1460/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1460 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2253 2017-02-10T12:09:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Statutory Language and Recent Issues Jones, Nancy Lee Civil rights Supreme Court decisions Discrimination against the disabled - law and legislation Law Disabled This report summarizes the major provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and also discusses selected recent issues, including ten ADA Supreme Court cases. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-01 Report 35 pages. Text crs: 98-921 A local-cont-no: 98-921 A 2002-08-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2253/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2253 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3931 2017-02-10T12:09:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Statutory Language and Recent Issues Jones, Nancy Lee Civil rights Supreme Court decisions Discrimination against the disabled - law and legislation Law Disabled This report summarizes the major provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and also discusses selected recent issues, including ten ADA Supreme Court cases. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-21 Report 40 pages. Text crs: 98-921 A local-cont-no: 98-921 A 2003-01-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3931/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3931 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3932 2017-02-10T12:09:08Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA): Statutory Language and Recent Issues Jones, Nancy Lee Civil rights Supreme Court decisions Discrimination against the disabled - law and legislation Law Disabled This report summarizes the major provisions of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), and also discusses selected recent issues, including ten ADA Supreme Court cases. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-23 Report 41 pages. Text crs: 98-921 A local-cont-no: 98-921 A 2003-04-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3932/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3932 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs6146 2020-07-11T01:04:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Homosexuals and U.S. Military Policy: Current Issues Burrelli, David F. Dale, Charles V. Civil rights Gay military personnel - U.S. Gays - Military policy - U.S. Defense policy This report discusses policy towards homosexuals in the U.S. military service. In 1993, new laws and regulations pertaining to homosexuals and U.S. military service came into effect reflecting a compromise in policy. This compromise, colloquially referred to as “don’t ask, don’t tell,” holds that the presence in the armed forces of persons who demonstrate a propensity or intent to engage in homosexual acts would create an unacceptable risk to the high standards of morale, good order and discipline, and unit cohesion which are the essence of military capability. Service members are not to be asked about nor allowed to discuss their homosexuality. This compromise notwithstanding, the issue has remained politically contentious. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-02-10 Report 37 pages. Text crs: RL30113 local-cont-no: RL30113_2005Feb10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6146/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6146 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1459 2017-02-16T16:25:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Flag Protection: A Brief History and Summary of Recent Supreme Court Decisions and Proposed Constitutional Amendment Luckey, John R. Commemorations Constitutional amendments Supreme Court decisions Flags Constitution Law This report is divided into two parts. The first gives a brief history of the protection of the flag issue from the enactment of the Flag Protection Act in 1968 until the present consideration of an amendment to the Constitution in the 106th Congress. The second part briefly summarizes the two decisions of the United States Supreme Court, Texas v. Johnson and United States v. Eichmann, which struck down the state and federal flag protection statutes as applied in the context punishing expressive conduct. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-22 Report 10 Pages. Text crs: 95-709A local-cont-no: 95-709A_2001Jan22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1459/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1459 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1461 2017-02-16T16:25:38Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Flag Protection: A Brief History and Summary of Recent Supreme Court Decisions and Proposed Constitutional Amendment Luckey, John R. Commemorations Constitutional amendments Supreme Court decisions Flags Constitution Law This report is divided into two parts. The first gives a brief history of the flag protection issue, from the enactment of the Flag Protection Act in 1968 through current consideration of a constitutional amendment. The second part briefly summarizes the two decisions of the United States Supreme Court, Texas v. Johnson and United States v. Eichman, that struck down the state and federal flag protection statutes as applied in the context punishing expressive conduct. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-07-18 Report 11 Pages. Text crs: 95-709A local-cont-no: 95-709A_2001Jul18 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1461/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1461 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3930 2017-02-16T16:25:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Flag Protection: A Brief History and Summary of Recent Supreme Court Decisions and Proposed Constitutional Amendment Luckey, John R. Commemorations Constitutional amendments Supreme Court decisions Flags Constitution Law This report is divided into two parts. The first gives a brief history of the flag protection issue, from the enactment of the Flag Protection Act in 1968 through current consideration of a constitutional amendment. The second part briefly summarizes the two decisions of the United States Supreme Court, Texas v. Johnson and United States v. Eichman, that struck down the state and federal flag protection statutes as applied in the context punishing expressive conduct. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-27 Report 11 Pages. Text crs: 95-709A local-cont-no: 95-709A_2003Jan27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3930/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3930 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3933 2017-02-16T16:25:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Flag Protection: A Brief History and Summary of Recent Supreme Court Decisions and Proposed Constitutional Amendment Luckey, John R. Commemorations Constitutional amendments Supreme Court decisions Flags Constitution Law This report is divided into two parts. The first gives a brief history of the flag protection issue, from the enactment of the Flag Protection Act in 1968 through current consideration of a constitutional amendment. The second part briefly summarizes the two decisions of the United States Supreme Court, Texas v. Johnson and United States v. Eichman, that struck down the state and federal flag protection statutes as applied in the context punishing expressive conduct. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-06 Report 10 Pages. Text crs: 95-709A local-cont-no: 95-709A_2003May06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3933/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3933 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3934 2017-02-16T16:25:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Flag Protection: A Brief History and Summary of Recent Supreme Court Decisions and Proposed Constitutional Amendment Luckey, John R. Commemorations Constitutional amendments Supreme Court decisions Flags Constitution Law This report is divided into two parts. The first gives a brief history of the flag protection issue, from the enactment of the Flag Protection Act in 1968 through current consideration of a constitutional amendment. The second part briefly summarizes the two decisions of the United States Supreme Court, Texas v. Johnson and United States v. Eichman, that struck down the state and federal flag protection statutes as applied in the context punishing expressive conduct. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-04 Report 11 Pages. Text crs: 95-709A local-cont-no: 95-709A_2003Jun04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3934/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3934 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5756 2017-02-16T16:25:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Flag Protection: A Brief History and Summary of Recent Supreme Court Decisions and Proposed Constitutional Amendment Luckey, John R. Commemorations Constitutional amendments Supreme Court decisions Flags Constitution Law This report is divided into two parts. The first gives a brief history of the flag protection issue, from the enactment of the Flag Protection Act in 1968 through current consideration of a constitutional amendment. The second part briefly summarizes the two decisions of the United States Supreme Court, Texas v. Johnson and United States v. Eichman, that struck down the state and federal flag protection statutes as applied in the context punishing expressive conduct. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-09-01 Report 11 Pages. Text crs: 95-709A local-cont-no: 95-709A_2004Sep01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5756/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5756 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3935 2016-01-20T20:48:11Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Historic Preservation: Background and Funding Boren, Susan Commemorations Historic sites - Government spending Budgets Public lands History This report summarizes the federal role in historic preservation. It provides descriptions of and funding information for some of the major preservation programs, including the Historic Preservation Fund (HPF), the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and the National Register for Historic Places. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-11 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 96-123 local-cont-no: 96-123_2003Aug11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3935/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3935 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs578 2017-02-15T20:52:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Commemorative Observances 1997 and 1998: A Chronological List Richardson, Glenda Commemorations Historically, national commemorative observances were recommended by Congress through the legislative process. This practice was discontinued by the House of Representatives in January 1995, although the Senate continues to issue sense of the Senate resolutions recommending the establishment of commemoratives. It has now become standard practice for special observances to be designated by a proclamation issued by the President. This report is a chronological list of these proclamations for 1997 and 1998, indicating the proclamation number and its Federal Register citation Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-08-13 Report 13 pages. Text crs: 98-45 C local-cont-no: 98-45 C 1998-08-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs578/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs578 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2252 2017-02-07T16:21:51Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Commemorative Observances: A Chronological List Richardson, Glenda Commemorations Historically, national commemorative observances were recommended by Congress through the legislative process. This practice was discontinued by the House of Representatives in January 1995, although the Senate continues to issue sense of the Senate resolutions recommending the establishment of commemoratives. It has now become standard practice for special observances to be designated by a proclamation issued by the President. This report is a chronological list of these proclamations for 1997 and 1998, indicating the proclamation number and its Federal Register citation Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-21 Report 14 pages. Text crs: 98-45 C local-cont-no: 98-45 C 2002-05-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2252/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2252 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2254 2017-02-07T16:21:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Commemorative Observances: A Chronological List Richardson, Glenda Commemorations Historically, national commemorative observances were recommended by Congress through the legislative process. This practice was discontinued by the House of Representatives in January 1995, although the Senate continues to issue sense of the Senate resolutions recommending the establishment of commemoratives. It has now become standard practice for special observances to be designated by a proclamation issued by the President. This report is a chronological list of these proclamations for 1997 and 1998, indicating the proclamation number and its Federal Register citation Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-12-04 Report 12 pages. Text crs: 98-45 C local-cont-no: 98-45 C 2002-12-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2254/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2254 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3936 2017-02-07T16:22:02Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Commemorative Observances: A Chronological List Richardson, Glenda Commemorations Historically, national commemorative observances were recommended by Congress through the legislative process. This practice was discontinued by the House of Representatives in January 1995, although the Senate continues to issue sense of the Senate resolutions recommending the establishment of commemoratives. It has now become standard practice for special observances to be designated by a proclamation issued by the President. This report is a chronological list of these proclamations for 1997 and 1998, indicating the proclamation number and its Federal Register citation Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-12 Report 13 pages. Text crs: 98-45 C local-cont-no: 98-45 C 2003-02-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3936/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3936 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3937 2017-02-07T16:21:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Commemorative Observances: A Chronological List Richardson, Glenda Commemorations Historically, national commemorative observances were recommended by Congress through the legislative process. This practice was discontinued by the House of Representatives in January 1995, although the Senate continues to issue sense of the Senate resolutions recommending the establishment of commemoratives. It has now become standard practice for special observances to be designated by a proclamation issued by the President. This report is a chronological list of these proclamations for 1997 and 1998, indicating the proclamation number and its Federal Register citation Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-28 Report 13 pages. Text crs: 98-45 C local-cont-no: 98-45 C 2003-04-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3937/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3937 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3938 2017-02-07T16:21:59Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Commemorative Observances: A Chronological List Richardson, Glenda Commemorations Historically, national commemorative observances were recommended by Congress through the legislative process. This practice was discontinued by the House of Representatives in January 1995, although the Senate continues to issue sense of the Senate resolutions recommending the establishment of commemoratives. It has now become standard practice for special observances to be designated by a proclamation issued by the President. This report is a chronological list of these proclamations for 1997 and 1998, indicating the proclamation number and its Federal Register citation Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-21 Report 13 pages. Text crs: 98-45 C local-cont-no: 98-45 C 2003-08-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3938/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3938 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs5757 2017-02-07T16:21:44Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Commemorative Observances: A Chronological List Fischer, Hannah Commemorations Historically, national commemorative observances were recommended by Congress through the legislative process. This practice was discontinued by the House of Representatives in January 1995, although the Senate continues to issue sense of the Senate resolutions recommending the establishment of commemoratives. It has now become standard practice for special observances to be designated by a proclamation issued by the President. This report is a chronological list of these proclamations for 1997 and 1998, indicating the proclamation number and its Federal Register citation Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-09-07 Report 13 pages. Text crs: 98-45 C local-cont-no: 98-45 C 2004-09-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5757/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5757 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs579 2024-06-26T14:48:25Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument Hardy Vincent, Carol Commemorations National monuments Public lands This report discusses controversial issues regarding the creation of the Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument in Utah. Issues include the President's use of the Antiquities Act of 1906 to create the Monument; the Monument's general effect on land uses; the implications for development of minerals and school trust lands; and the bearing on the designation of wilderness. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-12-21 Report 5 pages. Text crs: 98-993 ENR local-cont-no: 98-993_1998Dec21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs579/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs579 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5758 2017-02-07T16:21:48Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Commemorative Observances: A Chronological List Fischer, Hannah Commemorations Historically, national commemorative observances were recommended by Congress through the legislative process. This practice was discontinued by the House of Representatives in January 1995, although the Senate continues to issue sense of the Senate resolutions recommending the establishment of commemoratives. It has now become standard practice for special observances to be designated by a proclamation issued by the President. This report is a chronological list of these proclamations for 1997 and 1998, indicating the proclamation number and its Federal Register citation Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-11-17 Report 14 pages. Text crs: 98-45 C local-cont-no: 98-45 C 2004-11-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5758/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5758 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1111 2026-03-31T18:10:31Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

National Monuments and the Antiquities Act Hardy Vincent, Carol Baldwin, Pamela Commemorations Presidential powers National monuments Presidents Public lands This report analyzes the history of the Antiquities Act of 1906. It explains the controversies associated with the act, describes the four monuments established by President Clinton in January 2000, and speculates on the possible designation of future monuments. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-04-17 Report 1 document Text crs: RL30528 local-cont-no: RL30528 2000-04-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1111/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1111 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs1110 2026-04-14T02:18:37Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The United States Flag: Federal Law Relating to Display and Associated Questions Luckey, John R. Commemorations Flags Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-06-14 Report Text crs: RL30243 local-cont-no: RL30243 2000-06-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1110/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1110 English United States

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National Monuments and the Antiquities Act: Recent Designations and Issues Hardy Vincent, Carol Baldwin, Pamela Commemorations Presidential powers National monuments Presidents Public lands This report summarizes the history of the Antiquities Act of 1906. It explains the controversies surrounding the act, analyzes the land use in the monuments designated by President Clinton, and speculates on future monuments. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-15 Report 29 pages Text crs: RL30528 local-cont-no: RL30528 2001-01-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1462/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1462 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3939 2026-04-14T00:05:58Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

A Guide to Major Congressional and Presidential Awards Salazar, Barbara A. Commemorations Congressional Medal of Honor Awards, medals, prizes Congress This report is designed to help congressional offices obtain information about major awards given by Congress and the President. It lists details about the establishment, criteria, selection process, and presentation of each of the major presidential and congressional awards: Congressional Award, Congressional Gold Medal, Medal of Honor, Presidential Citizens Medal, and Presidential Medal of Freedom. Brief entries are provided for additional awards made by the President including two new military medals for service in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT): the GWOT Expeditionary Medal and the GWOT Service Medal. Contact information for the organization responsible for making the award and for more data about an award is provided. References to CRS products on awards are also given. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-13 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20884 local-cont-no: RS20884 2003-06-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3939/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3939 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs3940 2026-04-14T00:06:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

A Guide to Major Congressional and Presidential Awards Salazar, Barbara A. Commemorations Congressional Medal of Honor Awards, medals, prizes Congress This report is designed to help congressional offices obtain information about major awards given by Congress and the President. It lists details about the establishment, criteria, selection process, and presentation of each of the major presidential and congressional awards: Congressional Award, Congressional Gold Medal, Medal of Honor, Presidential Citizens Medal, and Presidential Medal of Freedom. Brief entries are provided for additional awards made by the President including two new military medals for service in the Global War on Terrorism (GWOT): the GWOT Expeditionary Medal and the GWOT Service Medal. Contact information is provided for the organization responsible for making the award and for more data about an award. References to CRS products on awards are also given. This report will be updated as necessary. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-12-16 Report 6 pages. Text crs: RS20884 local-cont-no: RS20884 2003-12-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3940/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3940 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs1463 2024-06-26T14:48:34Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

National Monument Issues Hardy Vincent, Carol Commemorations National monuments Public lands Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-12-19 Report Text crs: RS20902 local-cont-no: RS20902 2001-12-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1463/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1463 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs2255 2024-06-26T14:48:38Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

National Monument Issues Hardy Vincent, Carol Commemorations National monuments Public lands Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-07-08 Report Text crs: RS20902 local-cont-no: RS20902 2002-07-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2255/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2255 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3941 2024-06-26T14:48:43Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

National Monument Issues Hardy Vincent, Carol Commemorations National monuments Public lands Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-22 Report Text crs: RS20902 local-cont-no: RS20902 2003-08-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3941/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3941 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs403 2017-02-16T13:28:52Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

English as the Official Language of the United States: An Overview Aleman, Steven R. Bruno, Andorra Dale, Charles V. Communications English language - National policy - U.S. - Law and legislation Politics and government This report provides background on contemporary efforts to declare English the official language, a review of selected issues raised by official English proposals in Congress, and a summary of arguments that have been advanced in favor of and in opposition to such proposals. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-04-01 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 95-1054 EPW local-cont-no: 95-1054 EPW 1997-04-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs403/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs403 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs580 2020-01-24T11:57:22Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Federal Advertising Law: An Overview Cohen, Henry Communications Advertising -- Law and legislation Consumers This report provides a brief overview of federal law with respect to five selected advertising issues: alcohol advertising, tobacco advertising, the Federal Trade Commission Act, advertising by mail, and advertising by telephone. There are numerous federal statutes regulating advertising that do not fit within any of these categories; as random examples, the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act requires disclosures in advertisements for prescription drugs ; the Truth in Lending Act governs the advertising of consumer credit ; and a federal criminal statute makes it illegal falsely to convey in an advertisement that a business is connected with a federal agency. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-02-09 Report 5 Pages. Text crs: 96-920A local-cont-no: 96-920A_1998Feb09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs580/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs580 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs301 2017-02-16T14:19:04Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Public Speaking and Speechwriting: Selected References Bowers, Jean M. Communications Public speaking - Information resources Speechwriting - Information resources Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-12-20 Report Text crs: 97-26 L local-cont-no: 97-26 L 1996-12-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs301/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs301 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs581 2017-02-13T17:56:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Speechwriting in Perspective: A Brief Guide to Effective and Persuasive Communication Neale, Thomas H. Communications Public speaking Speechwriting “Rhetoric,” wrote Aristotle, “is the power of determining in a particular case what are the available means of persuasion.” This report reviews some effective means for the rhetoric of persuasive communication in speeches written by congressional staff for Senators and Representatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-02-25 Report 27 Pages. Text crs: 98-170 local-cont-no: 98-170_1998Feb25 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs581/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs581 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3942 2015-09-08T17:38:32Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

FCC Media Ownership Rules: Issues for Congress Goldfarb, Charles B. Communications Mass media - Government regulation - Law and legislation Economic policy Telecommunication The Federal Communications Commission adopted an order on June 2, 2003 that modified five of its media ownership rules and retained two others.1 The new rules will go into effect on September 4, 2003 – thirty days after their appearance in the Federal Register. Because of the potential that changes in these rules – which set limits on national television ownership, newspaper-broadcast and radio-television cross-ownership in a market, and ownership of multiple television or radio stations in a market – could have far-reaching effects, a number of bills have been introduced in the 108th Congress that reflect a range of positions on these issues. This report analyzes each of the areas that have changed as a result of the FCC action or may change as a result of congressional action. The various positions in the debate also are summarized. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-28 Report 22 Pages. Text crs: RL31925 local-cont-no: RL31925_2003Aug28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3942/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3942 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3943 2015-09-08T17:57:46Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

FCC Media Ownership Rules: Issues for Congress Goldfarb, Charles B. Communications Mass media - Government regulation - Law and legislation Economic policy Telecommunication The Federal Communications Commission adopted an order on June 2, 2003 that modified five of its media ownership rules and retained two others. The new rules were scheduled to go into effect on September 4, 2003, but the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit stayed implementation of the new rules pending adjudication of claims that the rules are unlawful. (Prometheus Radio Project v. FCC, 3rd Cir., No 03-3388, stay issued 9/3/03). Because of the potential that changes in these rules – which set limits on national television ownership, newspaper-broadcast and radio-television cross-ownership in a market, and ownership of multiple television or radio stations in a market – could have far-reaching effects, a number of bills have been introduced in the 108th Congress that reflect a range of positions on these issues. This report analyzes each of the areas that have changed as a result of the FCC action or may change as a result of congressional action. The various positions in the debate also are summarized. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-17 Report 22 Pages. Text crs: RL31925 local-cont-no: RL31925_2003Sep17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3943/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3943 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5759 2024-10-07T16:06:50Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Requirements for Linguists in Government Agencies [1] Kuenzi, Jeffrey J. Foreign language and bilingual programs federal employees translating and interpreting government employees linguists foreign language skills civil service recruitments This report discusses the need for government personnel with specific foreign language proficiencies and qualifications in the post-9/11 era, the difficulty finding those with the acceptable proficiencies and qualifications, and approaches taken in order to fulfill this need, including looking to those who learned the desired foreign language at home, funding "foreign language instruction in civilian institutions" (p. [2]), and training government employees in the target foreign language. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-09-02 Report 16 pages Text crs: RL32557 local-cont-no: RL32557 2004-09-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5759/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5759 English United States 1969/2004

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Journalists' Privilege to Withhold Information in Judicial and Other Proceedings: State Shield Statutes Lening, Carey Cohen, Henry Communications Newsman's privilege - State laws State and local government This report briefly provides an overview of general trends among the states individual statutes. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-03-08 Report 47 pages. Text crs: RL32806 local-cont-no: RL32806_2005Mar08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6147/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6147 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1112 2020-08-22T18:02:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Going to Conference in the Senate Bach, Stanley Communications Senate rules and procedure Conferences Congress This report discusses the steps that the Senate must take, and one more step that it may take, as it arranges to send a bill to conference committee. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-02-01 Report 3 p. Text crs: RS20454 local-cont-no: RS20454_2000Feb01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1112/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1112 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3944 2020-08-22T18:02:26Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Going to Conference in the Senate Rybicki, Elizabeth Bach, Stanley Communications Senate rules and procedure Conferences Congress This report discusses the steps that the Senate must take, and one more step that it may take, as it arranges to send a bill to conference committee. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-21 Report 3 p. Text crs: RS20454 local-cont-no: RS20454_2003Apr21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3944/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3944 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3945 2016-02-23T18:15:40Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Naming Post Offices Through Legislation Stevens, Nye Communications Postal facilities - Law and legislation This report describes how the practice of naming post offices through public law originated and how it is commonly done today. House and Senate practices for approving such legislation, and procedures followed by the U.S. Postal Service in organizing a dedication ceremony, are also described. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-03 Report 4 pages. Text crs: RS21562 local-cont-no: RS21562_2003Jul03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3945/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3945 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs99 2026-04-06T19:51:09Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Guiding a Bill Through the Legislative Process Nickels, Ilona B. Congress Legislative procedure Congressional sessions This report describes each stage of the legislative process that legislative assistants may find helpful as they seek to further the progress of a specific bill. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1994-04-04 Report Text crs: 94-322 GOV local-cont-no: 94-322_1994Apr04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs99/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs99 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs184 2015-10-17T15:09:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Investigative Oversight: An Introduction to the Law, Practice and Procedure of Congressional Inquiry Rosenberg, Morton Congress Congressional investigations This report will provide an overview of some of the more common legal, procedural and practical issues, questions, and problems that committees have faced in the course of an investigation. Following a summary of the case law developing the scope and limitations of the power of inquiry, the essential tools of investigative oversight--subpoenas, staff interviews and depositions, grants of immunity, and the contempt power -- are described. Next, some of the special problems of investigating the executive are detailed, with particular emphasis on claims of presidential executive privilege, the problems raised by attempts to access information with respect to open or closed civil or criminal investigative matters, or to obtain information that is part of the agency deliberative process, and the effect on congressional access of statutory prohibitions on public disclosure. The discussion then focuses on various procedural and legal requirements that accompany the preparation for, and conduct of, an investigative hearing, including matters concerning jurisdiction, particular rules and requirements for the conduct of such proceedings, and the nature, applicability and scope of certain constitutional and common law testimonial privileges that may be claimed by witnesses. The case law and practice respecting the rights of minority party members during the investigative process is also reviewed. The report concludes with a description of the roles played by the offices of House General Counsel and Senate Legal Counsel in such investigations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1995-04-07 Report Text crs: 95-464A local-cont-no: 95-464A_1995Apr07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs184/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs184 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs302 2016-03-03T18:30:53Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Legislative Process on the House Floor: An Introduction Bach, Stanley Congress House rules and procedure Legislative procedure This report discusses the complicated body of rules, precedents, and practices that governs the legislative process on the floor of the House of Representatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-07-30 Report 12 pages. Text crs: 95-563 local-cont-no: 95-563_1996Jul30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs302/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs302 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3946 2016-03-03T18:30:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Legislative Process on the House Floor: An Introduction Rybicki, Elizabeth Bach, Stanley Congress House rules and procedure Legislative procedure This report discusses the complicated body of rules, precedents, and practices that governs the legislative process on the floor of the House of Representatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-10-02 Report 18 pages. Text crs: 95-563 local-cont-no: 95-563_2003Oct02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3946/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3946 English United States

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The Committee System in the U.S. Congress Hardy Vincent, Carol Congress Congressional committees Due to the high volume and complexity of its work, Congress divides its tasks among approximately 44 committees with 154 subcommittees. The House and Senate each has its own committee systems, which are similar. Within chamber guidelines, however, each committee adopts its own rules; thus, there is considerable variation among panels. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1995-05-10 Report Text crs: 95-591 GOV local-cont-no: 95-591 GOV 1995-05-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs183/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs183 English United States

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Staff Depositions in Congressional Investigations Shampansky, Jay R. Congress Depositions Congressional committee staffing Congressional investigations Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-12-03 Report Text crs: 95-949 A local-cont-no: 95-949 A 1999-12-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs896/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs896 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs582 2020-05-21T11:12:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Term Limits for Members of Congress: State Activity Richardson, Sula P. Congress Congressional terms of office Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-06-04 Report Text crs: 96-152 GOV local-cont-no: 96-152 GOV 1998-06-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs582/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs582 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3947 2026-04-13T19:22:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Voting and Quorum Procedures in the Senate Palmer, Betsy Bach, Stanley Congress Congressional voting Senate rules and procedure Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-06-16 Report Text crs: 96-452 GOV local-cont-no: 96-452 GOV 2003-06-16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3947/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3947 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2256 2017-02-16T14:34:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Legislative Process on the Senate Floor: An Introduction Carr, Thomas P. Bach, Stanley Congress Senate rules and procedure This report discusses the legislative process on the senate floor; the right of extended debate that permits filibusters that can be brought to an end if the Senate invokes cloture, usually by a vote of three-fifths of all Senators. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-08 Report 18 pages. Text crs: 96-548 local-cont-no: 96-548_2002Nov08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2256/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2256 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs404 2017-02-16T13:22:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

How Measures Are Brought to the House Floor: A Brief Introduction Saturno, James V. Congress House rules and procedure This report presents a brief description of the five methods used to bring proposed legislation to the House floor for consideration. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-02-05 Report 3 pages. Text crs: 96-682 GOV local-cont-no: 96-682_1997Feb05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs404/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs404 English United States

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Congress' Early Organization Meetings Schneider, Judy Congress The purposes of these meetings are both educational and organizational. Educational sessions range from legislative procedures and staff hiring to current issues. Organizational sessions elect class officers, party leaders, and chamber officers; name committee representatives and other party officials; and select committee chairmen and often committee members. Such actions are officially ratified at the start of the new Congress. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-07-30 Report Text crs: 96-657 GOV local-cont-no: 96-657 GOV 1996-07-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs303/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs303 English United States

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Conference Committee and Related Procedures: An Introduction Bach, Stanley Congress Legislative procedure Congressional conference committees Conference committees generally are free to conduct their negotiations as they choose, but they are to address only the matters on which the House and Senate have disagreed. Moreover, they are to propose settlements that represent compromises between the positions of the two houses. When they have completed their work, they submit a conference report and joint explanatory statement, and the House and Senate vote on accepting the report without amendments. Sometimes conference reports are accompanied by amendments that remain in disagreement. Only after the two houses have reached complete agreement on all provisions of a bill can it be sent to the President for his approval or veto. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-07-29 Report Text crs: 96-708 local-cont-no: 96-708 1996-07-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs304/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs304 English United States

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House Administrative Reorganization: 104th Congress 104th Congress Rundquist, Paul S. (Paul Stanley) Tong, Lorraine H. Congress Congressional reorganization - House of Representatives This report discusses the management responsibility for financial, security, and legislative operations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-09-13 Report 3 pages. Text crs: 96-764 local-cont-no: 96-764_1996Nov13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs305/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs305 English United States

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Congressional Statistics: Bills Introduced and Laws Enacted, 1947-2003 Manning, Jennifer E. (Information research specialist) Congress Legislative statistics This report is designed to fill the need for a simple tabulation of legislative workload. It provides the numbers of bills and joint resolutions introduced, and the numbers of public and private laws enacted, from the 80' Congress through the 108th Congress, first session (1947-2003). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-03-03 Report 3 pages. Text crs: 96-727 C local-cont-no: 96-727 C 2004-03-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5760/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5760 English United States 1947/2003

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Special Rules in the House of Representatives Bach, Stanley Congress House rules and procedure The House Rules Committee enables the House to debate and vote on major legislation that is not privileged for floor consideration and that cannot pass by unanimous consent or under suspension of the rules. The Committee reports resolutions, known as rules or special rules, to make individual bills in order for floor action and to affect the procedures for debating, amending, and voting on the bills, usually in Committee of the Whole. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-11-12 Report Text crs: 96-938 GOV local-cont-no: 96-938 GOV 1996-11-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs308/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs308 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs307 2026-04-14T00:42:15Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Casework in a Congressional Office Pontius, John S. Congress Congressional casework Congressional employees Congressional office operations This report and its appendices present a general overview of congressional office procedures associated with handling casework and the assistance provided by a Member of Congress to help constituents in their dealings with federal agencies. It discusses options for assisting Members’ constituents and the role of Members and staff in providing casework services. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1996-11-19 Report 48 pages. Text crs: 96-935 GOV local-cont-no: 96-935 GOV 1996-11-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs307/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs307 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3948 2015-12-04T14:24:33Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

House and Senate Vacancies: How Are They Filled? Richardson, Sula P. Neale, Thomas H. Congress Members of Congress Vacancies in Congress occur due to the death, resignation, or declination (refusal to serve) of a Senator or Representative, or as the result of expulsion or exclusion by either house. The Constitution requires that vacancies in both houses be filled by special election, but in the case of the Senate, it empowers state legislatures to provide for temporary appointments by the state governor until special elections can be scheduled. This report describes this process. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-01-22 Report 5 Pages. Text crs: 97-1009GOV local-cont-no: 97-1009GOV_2003Jan22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3948/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3948 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3949 2020-06-02T12:31:36Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Salaries of Members of Congress: A List of Payable Rates and Effective Dates, 1789-2003 Dwyer, Paul E. Congress Congressional salaries Members of Congress This report contains information on the pay procedure and recent adjustments. It also contains historical information on the rate of pay for Members of Congress since 1789. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-10-29 Report 6 Pages. Text crs: 97-1011 local-cont-no: 97-1011_2003Oct29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3949/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3949 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3950 2020-06-02T12:31:41Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Salaries of Members of Congress: A List of Payable Rates and Effective Dates, 1789-2003 Dwyer, Paul E. Congress Congressional salaries Members of Congress This report summarizes by what measures the Constitution requires Congress to determine its own pay, the annual payment adjustment procedure, changes in pay over time since 1789, and related legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-12-01 Report 6 Pages. Text crs: 97-1011 local-cont-no: 97-1011_2003Dec01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3950/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3950 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs6145 2020-06-02T12:31:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Salaries of Members of Congress: A List of Payable Rates and Effective Dates, 1789-2006 Dwyer, Paul E. Congress Congressional salaries Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-04-14 Report Text crs: 97-1011 GOV local-cont-no: 97-1011 GOV 2005-04-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6145/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6145 English

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Grants Work in a Congressional Office Gerli, Merete F. Congress Congressional casework Members of Congress often get requests from constituents for information and help in obtaining funds for projects. Many state and local governments, nonprofit social service and community action organizations, private research groups, small businesses, and individuals approach congressional offices to find out about funding, both from the federal government and from the private sector. The success rate in obtaining federal assistance is not high, given the competition for federal funds. A grants staff’s effectiveness often depends on both an understanding of the grants process and on the relations it establishes with agency and other contacts. The following report does not constitute a blueprint for every office involved in grants and projects activity, nor does it present in-depth information about all aspects of staff activity in this area. The discussion is aimed at describing some basics about the grants process and some of the approaches and techniques used by congressional offices in dealing with this type of constituent service. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-01-24 Report 20 Pages. Text crs: 97-220C local-cont-no: 97-220C_1997Jan24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs405/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs405 English United States

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Grants Work in a Congressional Office Gerli, Merete F. Congress Congressional casework Members of Congress often get requests from constituents for information and help in obtaining funds for projects. Many state and local governments, nonprofit social service and community action organizations, private research groups, small businesses, and individuals approach congressional offices to find out about funding, both from the federal government and from the private sector. The success rate in obtaining federal assistance is not high, given the competition for federal funds. A grants staff’s effectiveness often depends on both an understanding of the grants process and on the relations it establishes with agency and other contacts. The following report does not constitute a blueprint for every office involved in grants and projects activity, nor does it present in-depth information about all aspects of staff activity in this area. The discussion is aimed at describing some basics about the grants process and some of the approaches and techniques used by congressional offices in dealing with this type of constituent service. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-02-14 Report 21 Pages. Text crs: 97-220C local-cont-no: 97-220C_2002Feb14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2257/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2257 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs2258 2015-12-01T12:01:28Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Grants Work in a Congressional Office Gerli, Merete F. Congress Congressional casework Members of Congress often get requests from constituents for information and help in obtaining funds for projects. Many state and local governments, nonprofit social service and community action organizations, private research groups, small businesses, and individuals approach congressional offices to find out about funding, both from the federal government and from the private sector. The success rate in obtaining federal assistance is not high, given the competition for federal funds. A grants staff’s effectiveness often depends on both an understanding of the grants process and on the relations it establishes with agency and other contacts. The following report does not constitute a blueprint for every office involved in grants and projects activity, nor does it present in-depth information about all aspects of staff activity in this area. The discussion is aimed at describing some basics about the grants process and some of the approaches and techniques used by congressional offices in dealing with this type of constituent service. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-10-14 Report 22 Pages. Text crs: 97-220C local-cont-no: 97-220C_2002Oct14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2258/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2258 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3951 2015-12-01T12:13:54Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Grants Work in a Congressional Office Gerli, Merete F. Congress Congressional casework Members of Congress often get requests from constituents for information and help in obtaining funds for projects. Many state and local governments, nonprofit social service and community action organizations, private research groups, small businesses, and individuals approach congressional offices to find out about funding, both from the federal government and from the private sector. The success rate in obtaining federal assistance is not high, given the competition for federal funds. A grants staff’s effectiveness often depends on both an understanding of the grants process and on the relations it establishes with agency and other contacts. The following report does not constitute a blueprint for every office involved in grants and projects activity, nor does it present in-depth information about all aspects of staff activity in this area. The discussion is aimed at describing some basics about the grants process and some of the approaches and techniques used by congressional offices in dealing with this type of constituent service. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-09-17 Report 23 Pages. Text crs: 97-220C local-cont-no: 97-220C_2003Sep17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3951/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3951 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1464 2017-02-09T18:41:07Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Floor Procedure in the House of Representatives: A Brief Overview Bach, Stanley Congress House rules and procedure Legislative procedure The House considers bills and resolutions on the floor under several different sets of procedures governing the time for debate and the opportunities for amendment. Some procedures allow 40 or 60 minutes for debate; others permit debate to continue until a majority of Members vote to end it. Some procedures prohibit most or all floor amendments; others allow Members to offer any amendments that meet the requirements of the House’s rules and precedents. Notwithstanding these differences, the rules, precedents, and practices of the House generally are designed to permit the majority to work its will in a timely manner. This report provides a brief overview of this procedure. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-24 Report 4 Pages. Text crs: 97-236GOV local-cont-no: 97-236GOV_2001Jan24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1464/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1464 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3952 2015-12-08T16:03:29Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Floor Procedure in the House of Representatives: A Brief Overview Rybicki, Elizabeth Bach, Stanley Congress House rules and procedure Legislative procedure The House considers bills and resolutions on the floor under several different sets of procedures governing the time for debate and the opportunities for amendment. Some procedures allow 40 or 60 minutes for debate; others permit debate to continue until a majority of Members vote to end it. Some procedures prohibit most or all floor amendments; others allow Members to offer any amendments that meet the requirements of the House’s rules and precedents. Notwithstanding these differences, the rules, precedents, and practices of the House generally are designed to permit the majority to work its will in a timely manner. This report provides a brief overview of this procedure. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-26 Report 4 Pages. Text crs: 97-236GOV local-cont-no: 97-236GOV_2003Aug26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3952/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3952 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs6148 2015-12-08T15:55:10Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Floor Procedure in the House of Representatives: A Brief Overview Rybicki, Elizabeth Bach, Stanley Congress House rules and procedure Legislative procedure The House considers bills and resolutions on the floor under several different sets of procedures governing the time for debate and the opportunities for amendment. Some procedures allow 40 or 60 minutes for debate; others permit debate to continue until a majority of Members vote to end it. Some procedures prohibit most or all floor amendments; others allow Members to offer any amendments that meet the requirements of the House’s rules and precedents. Notwithstanding these differences, the rules, precedents, and practices of the House generally are designed to permit the majority to work its will in a timely manner. This report provides a brief overview of this procedure. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-03-15 Report 4 Pages. Text crs: 97-236GOV local-cont-no: 97-236GOV_2005Mar15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6148/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6148 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs1465 2020-05-26T21:28:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The House's Corrections Calendar Oleszek, Walter J. Congress House rules and procedure This report discusses the establishment of the “Corrections Day”, a concept credited to Michigan Governor John Englerwhich, which is a procedure for repealing “the dumbest things the federal government is currently doing and just abolish them.” Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-28 Report 5 pages. Text crs: 97-301 GOV local-cont-no: 97-301_2001Mar28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1465/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1465 English United States

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House Rules Affecting Committees Bach, Stanley Hardy Vincent, Carol Congress House rules and procedure Congressional committees (House) House Rules, especially Rules X-XIII, govern the authority and operations of its committees and subcommittees. This report identifies and summarizes these and other rules and directives affecting committee powers, authority, activities, and operations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-02-22 Report 29 Pages. Text crs: 97-357GOV local-cont-no: 97-357GOV_1999Feb22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs897/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs897 English United States

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Senate Floor Procedure: A Summary Bach, Stanley Congress Senate rules and procedure Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-12 Report Text crs: 97-368 GOV local-cont-no: 97-368 GOV 2001-01-12 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1467/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1467 English

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Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress Tong, Lorraine H. Congress Asian American ethnic groups Members of Congress This report provides information on the 33 Asian Pacific Americans who have served in the United States Congress from 1903 to the present, including 13 Resident Commissioners from the Philippine Islands. These Resident Commissioners served from 1907-1946 while the Philippines were a U.S. territory and commonwealth (all were Philippine born). Information on Members and territorial delegates includes party affiliations, length and dates of service, and committee assignments. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-04-19 Report 22 pages. Text crs: 97-398 GOV local-cont-no: 97-398 GOV 2002-04-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2259/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2259 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs3953 2017-02-09T14:57:30Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Asian Pacific Americans in the United States Congress Tong, Lorraine H. Congress Asian American ethnic groups Members of Congress This report provides information on the 33 Asian Pacific Americans who have served in the United States Congress from 1903 to the present, including 13 Resident Commissioners from the Philippine Islands. These Resident Commissioners served from 1907-1946 while the Philippines were a U.S. territory and commonwealth (all were Philippine born). Information on Members and territorial delegates includes party affiliations, length and dates of service, and committee assignments. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-31 Report 22 pages. Text crs: 97-398 GOV local-cont-no: 97-398 GOV 2003-07-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3953/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3953 English

info:ark/67531/metacrs583 2017-02-10T12:55:38Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Legislative Powers of Congress: A Brief Reference Guide Costello, George Congress Congressional powers Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-13 Report Text crs: 97-434 A local-cont-no: 97-434 A 1998-05-13 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs583/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs583 English

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The Discharge Rule in the House: Principal Features and Uses Beth, Richard S. Congress House rules and procedure The “discharge rule” of the House of Representatives allows a measure to come to the floor for consideration, even if the committee of referral does not report it and the leadership does not schedule it. To initiate this action, a majority of House Members must first sign a petition for that purpose. The rule permits either (1) the committee of referral to be discharged from the measure itself; or (2) the Committee on Rules to be discharged from a special rule for considering the measure. Layover periods required by the rule permit the Committee on Rules to preempt a discharge attempt, and recover control of the floor agenda, by securing adoption of an alternative special rule for considering the measure. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-26 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-552 GOV local-cont-no: 97-552 GOV 2001-03-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1466/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1466 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs898 2026-04-11T00:59:47Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction Streeter, Sandy Congress Appropriations Congressional budget process Budgets This report describes the annual appropriations cycle from the President’s submission of his annual budget through enactment of the appropriations measures. It describes the three types of appropriations measures—regular appropriations bills, continuing resolutions, and supplemental bills. It explains the spending ceilings for appropriations bills that are associated with the budget resolution and the sequestration process, including a description of the mechanisms used to enforce the ceilings. It also explains the authorization appropriations process, which prohibits certain provisions in some of the appropriations bills. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-08-03 Report 39 pages. Text crs: 97-684 GOV local-cont-no: 97-684 GOV 1999-08-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs898/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs898 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3954 2026-04-11T00:59:41Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction Streeter, Sandy Congress Appropriations Congressional budget process Budgets This report describes the annual appropriations cycle from the President’s submission of his annual budget through enactment of the appropriations measures. It describes the three types of appropriations measures—regular appropriations bills, continuing resolutions, and supplemental bills. It explains the spending ceilings for appropriations bills that are associated with the budget resolution and the sequestration process, including a description of the mechanisms used to enforce the ceilings. It also explains the authorization appropriations process, which prohibits certain provisions in some of the appropriations bills. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-29 Report 29 pages. Text crs: 97-684 GOV local-cont-no: 97-684 GOV 2003-07-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3954/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3954 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs5761 2026-04-11T00:59:35Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Congressional Appropriations Process: An Introduction Streeter, Sandy Congress Appropriations Congressional budget process Budgets This report describes the annual appropriations cycle from the President’s submission of his annual budget through enactment of the appropriations measures. It describes the three types of appropriations measures—regular appropriations bills, continuing resolutions, and supplemental bills. It explains the spending ceilings for appropriations bills that are associated with the budget resolution and the sequestration process, including a description of the mechanisms used to enforce the ceilings. It also explains the authorization appropriations process, which prohibits certain provisions in some of the appropriations bills. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2004-12-06 Report 33 pages. Text crs: 97-684 GOV local-cont-no: 97-684 GOV 2004-12-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs5761/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs5761 English United States

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Congressional Campaign Spending: 1976-1996 Cantor, Joseph E. Congress Congressional elections - Costs Elections The data in this report reflect spending by congressional candidates from funds donated by individuals, political action committees (PACs), parties, and candidates. Thus, it includes expenditures under candidate control and does not reflect spending on their behalf, with or without their cooperation, by parties, PACs, and other groups. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-08-19 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-793 GOV local-cont-no: 97-793 GOV 1997-08-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs406/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs406 English United States

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Agriculture and Fast Track or Trade Promotion Authority Becker, Geoffrey S. Hanrahan, Charles E. Congress Trade agreements Expedited congressional procedure Trade International affairs New “fast track” (or, trade promotion) authority (TPA) is at issue in the 107th Congress. Such authority could enable the Administration to submit negotiated foreign trade agreements to Congress for consideration under expedited procedures. Efforts to renew this authority, which expired in 1994, have not succeeded since then. Many agricultural and food industry interests are among the export-oriented enterprises that support TPA, arguing that foreign trading partners will not seriously negotiate with an Administration that lacks it. However, some farm groups argue that fast track ultimately will lead to new agreements that could have adverse effects on U.S. producers, at least in some commodity sectors. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-10-11 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-817 ENR local-cont-no: 97-817 ENR 2001-10-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1468/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1468 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2260 2026-04-17T00:25:55Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agriculture and Fast Track or Trade Promotion Authority Becker, Geoffrey S. Hanrahan, Charles E. Congress Trade agreements Expedited congressional procedure Trade International affairs New “fast track” (or, trade promotion) authority (TPA) is at issue in the 107th Congress. Such authority could enable the Administration to submit negotiated foreign trade agreements to Congress for consideration under expedited procedures. Efforts to renew this authority, which expired in 1994, have not succeeded since then. Many agricultural and food industry interests are among the export-oriented enterprises that support TPA, arguing that foreign trading partners will not seriously negotiate with an Administration that lacks it. However, some farm groups argue that fast track ultimately will lead to new agreements that could have adverse effects on U.S. producers, at least in some commodity sectors. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-01-04 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-817 ENR local-cont-no: 97-817 ENR 2002-01-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2260/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2260 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2261 2026-04-17T00:25:56Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agriculture and Fast Track or Trade Promotion Authority Becker, Geoffrey S. Hanrahan, Charles E. Congress Trade agreements Expedited congressional procedure Trade International affairs New “fast track” (or, trade promotion) authority (TPA) is at issue in the 107th Congress. Such authority could enable the Administration to submit negotiated foreign trade agreements to Congress for consideration under expedited procedures. Efforts to renew this authority, which expired in 1994, have not succeeded since then. Many agricultural and food industry interests are among the export-oriented enterprises that support TPA, arguing that foreign trading partners will not seriously negotiate with an Administration that lacks it. However, some farm groups argue that fast track ultimately will lead to new agreements that could have adverse effects on U.S. producers, at least in some commodity sectors. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-05-10 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-817 ENR local-cont-no: 97-817 ENR 2002-05-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2261/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2261 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2262 2026-04-17T00:25:57Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agriculture and Fast Track or Trade Promotion Authority Becker, Geoffrey S. Hanrahan, Charles E. Congress Trade agreements Expedited congressional procedure Trade International affairs New “fast track,” or trade promotion, authority (TPA), legislation to implement trade agreements is at issue in the 107th Congress. Such authority would enable the Administration to submit negotiated foreign trade agreements to Congress for consideration under expedited procedures. Many agricultural and food industry interests are among the export-oriented enterprises that support TPA, arguing that foreign trading partners will not seriously negotiate with an Administration that lacks it. However, some farm groups argue that fast track ultimately will lead to new agreements that could have adverse effects on U.S. producers, at least in some commodity sectors. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-06-04 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-817 ENR local-cont-no: 97-817 ENR 2002-06-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2262/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2262 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2263 2026-04-17T00:26:00Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agriculture and Fast Track or Trade Promotion Authority Becker, Geoffrey S. Hanrahan, Charles E. Congress Trade agreements Expedited congressional procedure Trade International affairs New “fast track,” or trade promotion, authority (TPA) cleared the 107th Congress for the President’s expected signature in August 2002. Such authority enables the Administration to submit negotiated foreign trade agreements to Congress for consideration under expedited procedures. Many agricultural and food industry interests were among the export-oriented enterprises that supported TPA, arguing that foreign trading partners would not seriously negotiate with an Administration that lacked it. However, some farm groups argued that fast track ultimately will lead to new agreements that have adverse effects on U.S. producers, at least of some commodities. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-08-02 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-817 ENR local-cont-no: 97-817 ENR 2002-08-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2263/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2263 English United States Public

info:ark/67531/metacrs2264 2026-04-17T00:26:01Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Agriculture and Fast Track or Trade Promotion Authority Becker, Geoffrey S. Hanrahan, Charles E. Congress Trade agreements Expedited congressional procedure Trade International affairs New “fast track,” or trade promotion, authority (TPA) cleared the 107th Congress, and was signed into law (P.L. 107-210) on August 6, 2002. Such authority enables the Administration to submit negotiated foreign trade agreements to Congress for consideration under expedited procedures. Many agricultural and food industry interests were among the export-oriented enterprises that supported TPA, arguing that foreign trading partners would not seriously negotiate with an Administration that lacked it. However, some farm groups argued that fast track ultimately will lead to new agreements that have adverse effects on U.S. producers, at least of some commodities. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-07 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-817 ENR local-cont-no: 97-817 ENR 2002-11-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2264/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2264 English United States Public

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Agriculture and Fast Track Trade Legislation Becker, Geoffrey S. Hanrahan, Charles E. Congress Trade agreements Expedited congressional procedure Trade International affairs Senate and House committees in October reported legislation for new fast track authority enabling the Administration to negotiate trade agreements with foreign countries and to submit them to Congress for consideration under expedited procedures. Many agricultural and food industry interests are among the export-dependent enterprises that support new fast track authority, arguing that foreign trading partners will not seriously negotiate with an Administration that lacks it. However, some agricultural groups argue that fast track provides them with inadequate opportunities for dealing with their issues, and that it ultimately will lead to new agreements that benefit foreign more than U.S. producers, at least in some commodity sectors. Neither bill was taken to the floor in 1997 because of insufficient votes for passage in the House. However, the President is expected to seek approval in 1998. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-12-03 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-817 ENR local-cont-no: 97-817 ENR 1997-12-03 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs407/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs407 English United States Public

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Agriculture and Fast Track Trade Legislation Becker, Geoffrey S. Hanrahan, Charles E. Congress Trade agreements Expedited congressional procedure Trade International affairs The 107th Congress is expected to consider new "fast track" (or, Presidential trade promotion) authority, which could enable the Administration to submit trade agreements negotiated with foreign countries to Congress for consideration under expedited procedures. Many agricultural and food industry interests are among the export-oriented enterprises that support fast track authority, arguing that foreign trading partners will not seriously negotiate with an Administration that lacks it. However, some agricultural groups argue that fast track ultimately will lead to new agreements that deliver more benefits to foreign than to U.S. producers, at least in some commodity sectors. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-27 Report Text crs: 97-817 ENR local-cont-no: 97-817 ENR 2001-03-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1469/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1469 English United States Public

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The Discharge Rule in the House: Recent Use in Historical Context Beth, Richard S. Congress House rules and procedure The discharge rule of the House of Representatives affords a way for Members to bring to the floor a measure not reported from committee. Before a motion to discharge may be made, 218 Members must sign a petition for that purpose. This report provides summary data on discharge petitions filed since adoption of the present form of discharge rule in 1931. It also identifies the 32 occasions since 1967 on which a committee report or floor action occurred on a measure against which a petition was filed (or an alternative measure on the same subject). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-08-06 Report 37 pages. Text crs: 97-856 GOV local-cont-no: 97-856 GOV 2001-08-06 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1470/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1470 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3955 2026-04-13T20:17:51Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

The Discharge Rule in the House: Recent Use in Historical Context Beth, Richard S. Congress House rules and procedure The discharge rule of the House of Representatives affords a way for Members to bring to the floor a measure not reported from committee. Before a motion to discharge may be made, 218 Members must sign a petition for that purpose. This report provides summary data on discharge petitions filed since adoption of the present form of discharge rule in 1931. It also identifies the 32 occasions since 1967 on which a committee report or floor action occurred on a measure against which a petition was filed (or an alternative measure on the same subject). Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-17 Report 44 pages. Text crs: 97-856 GOV local-cont-no: 97-856 GOV 2003-04-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3955/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3955 English United States

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Points of Order in the Congressional Budget Process Saturno, James V. Congress Congressional budget process Budgets Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-04-15 Report Text crs: 97-865 GOV local-cont-no: 97-865 GOV 1999-04-15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs899/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs899 English United States

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Fast-Track Trade Authority: Which Environmental Issues are "Directly Related to Trade"? Wilson, Arlene Congress Environmental policy Expedited congressional procedure - Law and legislation Environmental protection This report discusses fast-track negotiating authority, which provides that Congress will consider trade agreements within mandatory deadlines, with limited debate, and without amendment. Trade negotiating objectives have generally been included in fast-track legislation to establish priorities for trade negotiators. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-10-02 Report Text crs: 97-886E local-cont-no: 97-886E_1997Oct02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs409/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs409 English United States

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Environment in Fast Track Trade Authority: Summary of the Clinton Administration Proposal Fletcher, Susan R. Congress Expedited congressional procedure - Law and legislation President Clinton has asked Congress for "fast track" authority for implementing future trade agreements; this authority would limit congressional debate and prevent amendments to implementing legislation. Delays in completing this proposal were attributed to difficulties in reconciling conflicting pressures over environment and labor concerns. The President's proposal contains references to environmental concerns, but various interests are likely to seek clarification on these points. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-10-01 Report 3 pages. Text crs: 97-879 ENR local-cont-no: 97-879 ENR 1997-10-01 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs408/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs408 English

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Out-of-State Money in the Congressional Elections of 1992, 1994, and 1996: Trends and Policy Issues Cantor, Joseph E. Congress Campaign finance reform Congressional elections - Finance Elections Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-09-26 Report Text crs: 97-894 GOV local-cont-no: 97-894 GOV 1997-09-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs410/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs410 English United States

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Suspension of Rules in the House: Measure Sponsorship by Party Carr, Thomas P. Congress House rules and procedure Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-01-07 Report Text crs: 97-901 GOV local-cont-no: 97-901 GOV 2002-01-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2265/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2265 English

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Congressional Oversight Kaiser, Frederick M. Congress Congressional oversight Congressional oversight of policy implementation and administration, which has occurred throughout the U.S. government experience under the Constitution, takes a variety of forms and utilizes various techniques. These range from specialized investigations by select committees to annual appropriations hearings, and from informal communications between Members or congressional staff and executive personnel to the use of extra congressional mechanisms, such as offices of inspector general and study commissions. Oversight, moreover, is supported by a variety of authorities—the Constitution, public law, and chamber and committee rules—and is an integral part of the system of checks and balances between the legislature and the executive Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-10-10 Report 5 pages. Text crs: 97-936 GOV local-cont-no: 97-936 GOV 1997-10-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs411/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs411 English United States

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Fast-Track Trade Authority Proposals: Which Environmental Issues are Included in the Principal Negotiating Objectives? Wilson, Arlene Congress Environmental policy Expedited congressional procedure - Law and legislation Environmental protection This report discusses fast-track negotiating authority, which provides that Congress will consider trade agreements within mandatory deadlines, with limited debate, and without amendment. Environmental provisions are eligible for the fast-track procedure only if they meet at least one of the principal trade negotiating objectives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-10-17 Report Text crs: 97-943E local-cont-no: 97-943E_1997Oct17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs412/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs412 English United States

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Congressional Oversight Kaiser, Frederick M. Congress Congressional oversight Congressional oversight of policy implementation and administration, which has occurred throughout the U.S. government experience under the Constitution, takes a variety of forms and utilizes various techniques. These range from specialized investigations by select committees to annual appropriations hearings, and from informal communications between Members or congressional staff and executive personnel to the use of extra congressional mechanisms, such as offices of inspector general and study commissions. Oversight, moreover, is supported by a variety of authorities—the Constitution, public law, and chamber and committee rules—and is an integral part of the system of checks and balances between the legislature and the executive Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-02 Report 6 pages. Text crs: 97-936 GOV local-cont-no: 97-936 GOV 2001-01-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1471/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1471 English United States

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Fast-Track Trade Negotiating Authority: A Comparison of 105th Congress Legislative Proposals 105th Congress Grimmett, Jeanne J. Congress Trade negotiations Expedited congressional procedure Trade This report provides a side-by-side comparison of H.R. 2621 and S. 2400, as reported, 105th Congress bills that would provide the President with trade negotiating authority and accord certain resulting agreements and implementing bills expedited -- or "fast-track" -- legislative consideration. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-09-15 Report Text crs: 97-957 local-cont-no: 97-957_1998Sep15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs585/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs585 English United States

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Fast-Track Trade Negotiating Authority: A Comparison of 105th Congress Legislative Proposals 105th Congress Grimmett, Jeanne J. Congress Trade negotiations Expedited congressional procedure Trade This report provides a side-by-side comparison of the reported versions of H.R. 2621 and S. 1269, 105 Congress bills that would provide the President with trade negotiating authority and accord certain resulting agreements and implementing bills expedited -- or “fast-track” -- legislative consideration. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-07-02 Report 31 p. Text crs: 97-957A local-cont-no: 97-957A_1998Jul02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs584/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs584 English United States

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Fast Track for Trade Agreements: Procedural Controls for Congress and Proposed Alternatives Beth, Richard S. Congress Expedited congressional procedure Trade This report discusses the fast track trade procedures in the Trade Act of 1974 operate as procedural rules of the House and Senate, and the statute itself declares them to be enacted as an exercise of the constitutional authority of each house to determine its own rules. These procedures prevent Congress from altering an implementing bill or declining to act, but permit it to enact or reject the bill. By these means Congress retains authority to legislate in the areas covered, yet affords the President conditions for effective negotiation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1997-10-31 Report 39 Pages. Text crs: 97-986GOV local-cont-no: 97-986GOV_1997Oct31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs414/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs414 English United States

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Procedural Distinctions Between the House and the Committee of the Whole Saturno, James V. Congress House rules and procedure Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-02-19 Report Text crs: 98-143 GOV local-cont-no: 98-143 GOV 1998-02-19 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs586/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs586 English United States

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House Committee Markup: Preparation Schneider, Judy Congress Legislation House rules and procedure Congressional committees (House) Markups provide Members on a committee an opportunity to change parts of a bill prior to its consideration by the full House. A number of administrative, procedural, and substantive steps must be undertaken in preparation for a markup, and other steps could or should be undertaken. Generally, the markup should be strategically planned to minimize controversy, provide Members with political dividends, and position the committee for future action. This report is intended as a guide for various tasks that could be accomplished by committee staff in order to prepare a smooth committee markup. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-11 Report Text crs: 98-168GOV local-cont-no: 98-168GOV_1999Jan11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs900/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs900 English United States

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House Committee Jurisdiction and Referral: Rules and Practice Schneider, Judy Congress House rules and procedure Congressional committee jurisdiction This report briefly discusses the factors that determine House committee jurisdiction and more specifically House Rule X. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-21 Report 2 Pages. Text crs: 98-175GOV local-cont-no: 98-175GOV_1999Jan21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs901/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs901 English United States

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Senate Committees: Categories and Rules for Committee Assignments Schneider, Judy Congress Senate rules and procedures Congressional committees (Senate) Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2000-02-02 Report Text crs: 98-183 GOV local-cont-no: 98-183 GOV 2000-02-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1113/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1113 English United States

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Senate Committees: Categories and Rules for Committee Assignments Schneider, Judy Congress Senate rules and procedures Congressional committees (Senate) Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-11-04 Report Text crs: 98-183 GOV local-cont-no: 98-183 GOV 2002-11-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2266/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2266 English United States

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Appropriations for FY1999: Legislative Branch Fiscal Year 1999 Dwyer, Paul E. Congress Congressional agencies - Appropriations Budgets Appropriations are one part of a complex federal budget process that includes budget resolutions, appropriations (regular, supplemental, and continuing) bills, rescissions, and budget reconciliation bills. This report is a guide to one of the 13 regular appropriations bills that Congress passes each year. It is designed to supplement the information provided by the House and Senate Appropriations Subcommittees on Legislative Branch Appropriations. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-03-11 Report 33 pages. Text crs: 98-212GOV local-cont-no: 98-212GOV 1999-03-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs903/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs903 English 1999

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Sponsorship and Cosponsorship of House Bills Sachs, Richard C. Congress House rules and procedure Legislation Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-21 Report Text crs: 98-222 GOV local-cont-no: 98-222 GOV 1999-01-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs902/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs902 English United States

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Unanimous Consent Agreements in the Senate Oleszek, Walter J. Congress Senate Senate rules and procedure This report discusses the idea of "unanimous consent" in the Senate. Without its tradition of unanimous consent, the Senate would find it harder to process its complex workload. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-02-20 Report 2 Pages. Text crs: 98-225 local-cont-no: 98-225_2001Feb20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1472/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1472 English United States

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Voting in the Senate: Forms and Requirements Oleszek, Walter J. Congress Congressional voting Senate rules and procedure Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-02-20 Report Text crs: 98-227 GOV local-cont-no: 98-227 GOV 2001-02-20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1473/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1473 English United States

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House Voting Procedures: Forms and Requirements Oleszek, Walter J. Congress Congressional voting House rules and procedure This report discusses the procedural considerations suffuse voting and the methods of voting in both the House and in the Committee of the Whole. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-02-20 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 98-228 GOV local-cont-no: 98-228_2001Feb20 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1474/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1474 English United States

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Committee Types and Roles Carr, Thomas P. Congress Congressional committees There are three main types of committees—standing, select, and joint. Most committees form subcommittees to share specific tasks within the jurisdiction of the full committee. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2002-02-14 Report 3 pages. Text crs: 98-241 GOV local-cont-no: 98-241 GOV 2002-02-14 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs2267/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs2267 English United States

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Preparation for Senate Committee Markup Carr, Thomas P. Congress Senate rules and procedure Congressional committees (Senate) Legislative procedure Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-22 Report Text crs: 98-243 GOV local-cont-no: 98-243 GOV 2003-04-22 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3956/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3956 English United States

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Markup in Senate Committee: Considering Amendments Carr, Thomas P. Congress Senate rules and procedure Congressional committees (Senate) Legislative procedure Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-29 Report Text crs: 98-245 GOV local-cont-no: 98-245 GOV 2003-04-29 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3957/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3957 English United States

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House Rules Manual: Summary of Contents Schneider, Judy Congress House rules and procedure Legislative procedure Congressional committees (House) This report briefly discusses The House Rules and Manual, officially titled Constitution, Jefferson’s Manual and Rules of the House of Representatives, which contains the fundamental source material describing procedures in the House of Representatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-04-05 Report 2 Pages. Text crs: 98-262GOV local-cont-no: 98-262GOV_2001Apr05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1475/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1475 English United States

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A User's Guide to the Congressional Record Amer, Mildred L. (Mildred Lehmann) Congress Congressional Record The Congressional Record is a substantially verbatim account of remarks made during the proceedings of the House and Senate, subject only to technical, grammatical, and typographical corrections. It consists of four main sections: the proceedings of the House and Senate, the Extensions of Remarks, and the Daily Digest. This fact sheet is one of a series on the legislative process. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-17 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 98-265 GOV local-cont-no: 98-265 GOV 2003-07-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3958/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3958 English Public

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House Committee Markup: Reporting Schneider, Judy Congress Legislation House rules and procedure Congressional committees (House) At the end of the amendment process, the chair normally entertains a motion to report a measure favorably to the House. This report addresses the procedural options committees have regarding the form of reporting, such as what happens to amendments adopted in markup, as well as other considerations at the time of reporting. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-11 Report Text crs: 98-267GOV local-cont-no: 98-267GOV_1999Jan11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs904/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs904 English United States

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Congressional Record: Its Production, Distribution, and Accessibility Amer, Mildred L. (Mildred Lehmann) Congress Congressional Record The Congressional Record is the most widely recognized published account of the debates and activities in Congress. The Record often reflects the intent of Congress in enacting legislation. This fact sheet is one of a series on the legislative process. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-17 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 98-266 GOV local-cont-no: 98-266 GOV 2003-07-17 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3959/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3959 English United States

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Sponsorship and Cosponsorship of Bills Sachs, Richard C. Congress Senate rules and procedure Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-02-02 Report Text crs: 98-279 GOV local-cont-no: 98-279 GOV 2001-02-02 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1476/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1476 English United States

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Sponsorship and Cosponsorship of Senate Bills Sachs, Richard C. Congress Senate rules and procedure Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-21 Report Text crs: 98-279 GOV local-cont-no: 98-279 GOV 2003-04-21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3960/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3960 English United States

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House Committee Hearings: Arranging Witnesses Carr, Thomas P. Congress House rules and procedure Congressional witnesses Congressional hearings This report briefly discusses the process of selecting and arranging witnesses for House committee hearings. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-15 Report 2 Pages. Text crs: 98-304GOV local-cont-no: 98-304GOV_2001Mar15 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1477/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1477 English United States

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Senate Committee Reports: Required Contents Carr, Thomas P. Congress Senate rules and procedure Congressional publications Congressional committees (Senate) Government information Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-28 Report Text crs: 98-305 GOV local-cont-no: 98-305 GOV 2003-04-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3961/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3961 English United States

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Points of Order, Rulings, and Appeals in the House of Representatives Bach, Stanley Congress House rules and procedure Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-03-30 Report Text crs: 98-307 GOV local-cont-no: 98-307 GOV 1998-03-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs587/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs587 English

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House Rules Governing Committee Markup Procedures Bach, Stanley Congress House rules and procedure Congressional committees (House) This report provides general guidance to committees for conducting meetings to mark up legislation. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-27 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 98-312 local-cont-no: 98-312_1999Jan27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs905/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs905 English United States

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Privileged Business on the House Floor Bach, Stanley Congress House rules and procedure Privileged business is the legislative business of the House that Members have a right to call up for consideration on the floor when the House is not engaged in considering some other matter. Privileged business consists of various kinds of bills, resolutions, and other matters Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-03-30 Report Text crs: 98-315 GOV local-cont-no: 98-315 GOV 1998-03-30 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs588/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs588 English

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House Committee Markup: Amendment Procedure Schneider, Judy Congress Legislation House rules and procedure Congressional committees (House) This report briefly discusses committee markups in the House of Representatives. The essential purpose of a committee markup is to determine whether a measure pending before a committee should be altered, or amended, in any substantive way. Of course, committees do not actually amend measures; instead a committee votes on which amendments it wishes to recommend to the House. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-11 Report Text crs: 98-335GOV local-cont-no: 98-335GOV_1999Jan11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs906/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs906 English United States

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Types of Committee Hearings Sachs, Richard C. Congress Congressional hearings Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-03-08 Report Text crs: 98-317 GOV local-cont-no: 98-317 GOV 2001-03-08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1478/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1478 English United States

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House Committee Hearings: Scheduling and Notification Hardy Vincent, Carol Congress House rules and procedure Congressional hearings Each House committee has authority to hold hearings whether the House is in session, has recessed, or has adjourned (Rule XI, clause 2(m)(1)(A)). Regardless of the type of hearing, or whether a hearing is held in or outside of Washington, hearings share common aspects of planning and preparation. this report discusses the issues a committee faces in deciding whether to schedule a hearing. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-03-08 Report 2 Pages. Text crs: 98-339GOV local-cont-no: 98-339GOV_1999Mar08 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs907/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs907 English United States

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House Committees: Assignment Process? Schneider, Judy Congress House rules and procedure Congressional committees (House) This report briefly discusses House Committee assignments, examining the process and assessing its effects. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-21 Report 2 Pages. Text crs: 98-367GOV local-cont-no: 98-367GOV_1999Jan21 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs908/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs908 English United States

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Senate Conferees: Their Selection and Authority Rybicki, Elizabeth Bach, Stanley Congress Senate rules and procedure Congressional conference committees Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-31 Report Text crs: 98-380 GOV local-cont-no: 98-380 GOV 2003-03-31 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3962/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3962 English

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Instructing House Conferees Bach, Stanley Congress House rules and procedure Congressional conference committees This report describes the process of reaching the final agreement between house and senate over the final version of a bill that the two houses have passes in different forms. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1999-01-27 Report Text crs: 98-381 GOV local-cont-no: 98-381 GOV 1999-01-27 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs909/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs909 English United States

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Conference Reports and Joint Explanatory Statements Bach, Stanley Congress Congressional publications Congressional conference committees Government information The conference report presents the formal legislative language on which the conference committee has agreed. The joint explanatory statement explains the various elements of the conferees’ agreement in relation to the positions that the House and Senate had committed to the conference committee. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2001-01-24 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 98-382 GOV local-cont-no: 98-382 GOV 2001-01-24 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs1479/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs1479 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs3963 2026-04-13T20:06:06Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Conference Reports and Joint Explanatory Statements Bach, Stanley Davis, Christopher M. Congress Congressional publications Congressional conference committees Government information The conference report presents the formal legislative language on which the conference committee has agreed. The joint explanatory statement explains the various elements of the conferees’ agreement in relation to the positions that the House and Senate had committed to the conference committee. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-02-28 Report 3 pages. Text crs: 98-382 GOV local-cont-no: 98-382 GOV 2003-02-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3963/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3963 English United States

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Senate Consideration of Treaties Rundquist, Paul S. (Paul Stanley) Bach, Stanley Congress Treaties Senate rules and procedure International affairs Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-10 Report Text crs: 98-384 GOV local-cont-no: 98-384 GOV 2003-04-10 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3964/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3964 English

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Senate Rule XIV Procedures for Placing Measures Directly on the Senate Calendar Rundquist, Paul S. (Paul Stanley) Congress Legislation Senate rules and procedure Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-08-04 Report Text crs: 98-389 GOV local-cont-no: 98-389 GOV 2003-08-04 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3965/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3965 English

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Questions of Privilege in the House Bach, Stanley Congress House rules and procedure The House of Representatives distinguishes between privileged business and questions of privilege. Privileged business consists of those bills, resolutions, and other matters that Members can bring up for consideration on the House floor. These matters are privileged to interrupt the regular order of business that is defined in the House's rules. Questions of privilege constitute one form of privileged business. Clause 1 of House Rule IX recognizes two kinds of questions of privilege: questions of the privileges of the House, and questions of personal privilege. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-04-28 Report Text crs: 98-411 GOV local-cont-no: 98-411 GOV 1998-04-28 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs589/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs589 English

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Guide to Individuals Seated on the Senate Dais Amer, Mildred L. (Mildred Lehmann) Congress Congressional officers - Senate This report is a brief summary of House and Senate procedures for reaching agreement on legislation. It discusses the provisions of House Rule XXII and Senate Rule XXVIII as well as other applicable rules, precedents, and practices. The report focuses on the most common and customary procedures. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-07-16 Report 2 pages. Text crs: 98-397 GOV local-cont-no: 98-397_2003Jul16 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3966/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3966 English United States

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Senate Administrative Officers and Officials Tong, Lorraine H. Congress Congressional officers - Senate Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-04-07 Report Text crs: 98-418 GOV local-cont-no: 98-418 GOV 2003-04-07 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3967/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3967 English

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Invoking Cloture in the Senate Davis, Christopher M. Congress Senate rules and procedure Cloture This report discuses cloture, which is is the only procedure by which the Senate can vote to set an end to a debate without also rejecting the bill, amendment, conference report, motion, or other matter it has been debating. A Senator can make a nondebatable motion to table an amendment, and if a majority of the Senate votes for that motion, the effect is to reject the amendment. Thus, the motion to table cannot be used to conclude a debate when Senators still wish to speak and to enable the Senate to vote for the proposal it is considering. Only the cloture provisions of Rule XXII achieve this purpose. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-05-09 Report 2 Pages. Text crs: 98-425GOV local-cont-no: 98-425GOV_2003May09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3968/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3968 English United States

info:ark/67531/metacrs6149 2020-06-10T13:14:45Z partner:UNTGD collection:CRSR access_rights:public

Invoking Cloture in the Senate Davis, Christopher M. Congress Senate rules and procedure Cloture This report discuses cloture, which is is the only procedure by which the Senate can vote to set an end to a debate without also rejecting the bill, amendment, conference report, motion, or other matter it has been debating. A Senator can make a nondebatable motion to table an amendment, and if a majority of the Senate votes for that motion, the effect is to reject the amendment. Thus, the motion to table cannot be used to conclude a debate when Senators still wish to speak and to enable the Senate to vote for the proposal it is considering. Only the cloture provisions of Rule XXII achieve this purpose. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-02-09 Report 2 Pages. Text crs: 98-425GOV local-cont-no: 98-425GOV_2005Feb09 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6149/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6149 English United States

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Special Rules and Waivers of House Rules Saturno, James V. Congress House rules and procedure To the extent that a special rule is silent with respect to the terms for considering a measure, the standing rules of the House apply. The standing rules impose various limitations on consideration; however, it is not always in the interest of the House to observe these limitations. Therefore, special rules may sometimes include exemptions from one or more provisions of the standing rules, which appear in the form of waivers of those provisions. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-05-05 Report Text crs: 98-433 GOV local-cont-no: 98-433 GOV 1998-05-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs590/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs590 English

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The Senate's Calendar of Business Palmer, Betsy Bach, Stanley Congress Legislative calendars Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-26 Report Text crs: 98-429 GOV local-cont-no: 98-429 GOV 2003-03-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3969/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3969 English

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Calendars of the House of Representatives Davis, Christopher M. Congress House rules and procedure Legislative calendars In the House of Representatives, the term “calendar” has two related meanings. This fact sheet, one of a series of fact sheets on legislative process, explains calendars and their use in the House of Representatives. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-01-11 Report 3 pages. Text crs: 98-437 GOV local-cont-no: 98-437 GOV 2005-01-11 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6150/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6150 English

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The Senate's Executive Calendar Palmer, Betsy Bach, Stanley Congress Legislative calendars Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2003-03-26 Report Text crs: 98-438 GOV local-cont-no: 98-438 GOV 2003-03-26 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs3970/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs3970 English

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The Senate's Executive Calendar Palmer, Betsy Bach, Stanley Congress Legislative calendars Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 2005-01-05 Report Text crs: 98-438 GOV local-cont-no: 98-438 GOV 2005-01-05 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs6151/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs6151 English

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Congressional Liaison Offices of Selected Federal Agencies Kay, Kendra C. Coleman, Mary F. Congress Congressional liaison Congressional-executive relations Presidents Executive departments This is a directory of approximately 150 government agencies designed to assist congressional staff in contacting agencies of the legislative branch, cabinet departments and other executive branch agencies and boards and commissions. This directory contains names of congressional liaison officers, addresses, telephone and fax numbers, and occasionally e-mail addresses. It is regularly updated each spring. Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service. 1998-06-23 Report 41 pages. Text crs: 98-446 RSH local-cont-no: 98-446 RSH 1998-06-23 https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metacrs591/ ark: ark:/67531/metacrs591 English United States metadataPrefix%3Doai_dc%26cursor%3D1000%26batch_size%3D1001