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open access

Privacy and Ethics Recommendations for Computing Applications Developed to Mitigate COVID-19

Description: The first of three white papers authored by members of the National Security Commission on Artificial Intelligence (NSCAI) on harnessing data and computing technologies to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic. The report analyzes how computing applications can supplement the United States' manual contract tracing efforts and recommends privacy and ethics considerations in developing and fielding these applications.
Date: May 6, 2020
Creator: Horvitz, Eric J. (Eric Joel); Clyburn, Mignon Leticia, 1962-; Griffiths, José-Marie & Matheny, Jason
open access

Iran Sanctions

Description: This report analyzes U.S. and international sanctions against Iran. The report tracks "implementation" of the various U.S. laws and Executive Orders as designations and imposition of sanctions. Some sanctions require the blocking of U.S.-based property of sanctioned entities.
Date: November 6, 2018
Creator: Katzman, Kenneth
open access

The Posse Comitatus Act and Related Matters: The Use of the Military to Execute Civilian Law

Description: This report provides an historical analysis of the use of the Armed Forces to execute domestic law and of the Posse Comitatus Act, including their apparent theoretical and constitutional underpinnings. The report then outlines the current application of the act as well as its statutory exceptions, and reviews the consequences of its violation.
Date: November 6, 2018
Creator: Elsea, Jennifer K.
open access

Civilian Nuclear Waste Disposal

Description: This report discusses disposal of nuclear waste, primarily highly-radioactive spent fuel from nuclear power plants, including: Presidential and Congressional actions regarding nuclear waste disposal sites and the Yucca Mountain Project, other alternatives previously proposed by the Obama Administration, and temporary solutions.
Date: September 6, 2018
Creator: Holt, Mark
open access

The U.S. Nuclear Weapons Complex: Overview of Department of Energy Sites

Description: This report summarizes the operations at each of the U.S. nuclear energy sites. The nuclear weapons complex consists primarily of nine government-owned, contractor-operated sites in seven states, and a Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) nuclear reactor used to produce tritium for nuclear weapons.
Date: September 6, 2018
Creator: Woolf, Amy F. & Werner, James D.
open access

Advising the President: Rules Governing Access and Accountability of Presidential Advisors

Description: This Sidebar examines three categories of Presidential advisors and the related ethics requirements and limitations that apply to their respective roles: employees who serve full-time, regular appointments; outside advisors who are formally appointed to temporary roles; and informal, personal advisors with whom the President consults.
Date: August 6, 2018
Creator: Brown, Cynthia
open access

Buy America and the Electric Bus Market

Description: This report discusses a current controversy over how Buy America (which requires that federally-funded highway, public transportation, aviation, and intercity passenger rail projects use U.S.-made manufactured goods) applies to battery-powered buses. This controversy illustrates the challenges in determining whether or not a product is made in the United States.
Date: August 6, 2018
Creator: Canis, Bill & Mallett, William J.
open access

Categorical Exclusions, Metroplexes, and Aircraft Noise Complaints

Description: This report discusses changes made by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to airspace and flight procedures to take advantage of new technologies deployed under NextGen, a comprehensive air traffic modernization initiative. In some neighborhoods, however, FAA's changes have increased overflights, triggering complaints about aircraft noise; some affected residents are seeking remedies from the agency, the courts, and Congress.
Date: August 6, 2018
Creator: Elias, Bart
open access

Iran's Threats, the Strait of Hormuz, and Oil Markets: In Brief

Description: This report discusses the how the exchange of threats between members of the governments of Iran and the United States, have again raised the specter of an interruption of shipping through the Strait of Hormuz. The Strait is a key waterway for the transit of oil and natural gas to world markets. The report also discusses the possibility of Congress to consider legislation regarding sanctions on Iran.
Date: August 6, 2018
Creator: Ratner, Michael
open access

Maritime Fuel Regulations

Description: This report describes new, more stringent maritime emission regulations for all ocean-going vessels, that are scheduled to take effect January 1, 2020. Implementing major industry regulatory reform can cause uncertainty and market disruption. As a result, investment plans and market supply and demand might be affected, leading to rapid price changes.
Date: August 6, 2018
Creator: Pirog, Robert
open access

Proposals to Impose Sanctions on Russian Sovereign Debt

Description: This report discusses sanctions the U.S. imposes against Russia. The United States imposes sanctions on hundreds of Russian individuals and entities for aggression against Ukraine, election interference, malicious cyber activity, human rights violations, weapons proliferation, and other activities. Some Members of Congress are proposing additional sanctions in response to continuing objectionable behavior by the Russian government. One proposal is to sanction new debt issued by the Russian gove… more
Date: August 6, 2018
Creator: Nelson, Rebecca M.
open access

Proposals to Impose Sanctions on Russian Sovereign Debt

Description: This report discusses proposals to impose sanctions on Russian sovereign debt. The U.S. already imposes sanctions on Russia for aggression against Ukraine, election interference, malicious cyber activity, human rights violations, weapons proliferation, and other activities. The sovereign debt sanction would prohibit U.S. investors from buying or trading new Russian sovereign debt.
Date: August 6, 2018
Creator: Nelson, Rebecca M.
open access

Coast Guard Cutter Procurement: Background and Issues for Congress

Description: This report provides background information and potential oversight issues for Congress on the Coast Guard's programs for procuring 8 National Security Cutters (NSCs), 25 Offshore Patrol Cutters (OPCs), and 58 Fast Response Cutters (FRCs). The Coast Guard's proposed FY2019 budget requests a total of $705 million in acquisition funding for the NSC, OPC, and FRC programs.
Date: July 6, 2018
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
open access

The Designation of Election Systems as Critical Infrastructure

Description: This report discusses the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) designating the election infrastructure used in federal elections as a component of U.S. critical infrastructure. The designation was made in January 2017, in response to a series of cyberattacks that occurred on information systems of state and local election jurisdictions prior to the 2016 election. The report explains the concept of critical infrastructure and the implications of the designation.
Date: July 6, 2018
Creator: Fischer, Eric A.
open access

Navy Force Structure and Shipbuilding Plans: Background and Issues for Congress

Description: This report presents background information and issues for Congress concerning the Navy's force structure and shipbuilding plans. The current and planned size and composition of the Navy, the rate of Navy ship procurement, and the prospective affordability of the Navy's shipbuilding plans have been oversight matters for the congressional defense committees for many years. The issue for Congress is whether to approve, reject, or modify the Navy's proposed FY2019 shipbuilding program and the Navy… more
Date: July 6, 2018
Creator: O'Rourke, Ronald
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