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Airship Model Tests in the Variable Density Wind Tunnel
This report presents the results of wind tunnel tests conducted to determine the aerodynamic characteristics of airship models. Eight Goodyear-Zeppelin airship models were tested in the original closed-throat tunnel. After the tunnel was rebuilt with an open throat a new model was tested, and one of the Goodyear-Zeppelin models was retested. The results indicate that much may be done to determine the drag of airships from evaluations of the pressure and skin-frictional drags on models tested at large Reynolds number.
Experiments With an Airfoil Model on Which the Boundary Layers Are Controlled Without the Use of Supplementary Equipment
This report describes test made in the Variable Density Wind Tunnel of the NACA to determine the possibility of controlling the boundary layer on the upper surface of an airfoil by use of the low pressure existing near the leading edge. The low pressure was used to induce flow through slots in the upper surface of the wing. The tests showed that the angle of attack for maximum lift was increased at the expense of a reduction in the maximum lift coefficient and an increase in the drag coefficient.
The aerodynamic characteristics of six commonly used Airfoils over a large range of positive and negative angles of attack
From Summary: "This paper presents the results of tests of six commonly used airfoils: the CYH, the N-22, the C-72, the Boeing 106, and the Gottingen 398. The lifts, drags, and pitching moments of the airfoils were measured through a large range of positive and negative angles of attack. The tests were made in the variable density wind tunnel of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics at a large Boeing 106, and the Gottingen 398 airfoils, the negative maximum lift coefficients were found to be approximately half the positive; but for the M-6 and the CYH, which have less effective values were, respectively, 0.8 and 0.6 of the positive values."
The aerodynamic characteristics of three tapered airfoils tested in the variable density wind tunnel
From Summary: "This report contains the lift, drag, and moment characteristics of tapered Clark Y, Gottingen 393, and USA 45 airfoils as obtained from tests made in the Variable Density Wind Tunnel of the NACA. The results are given at both low and high Reynolds Numbers to show scale effect and to provide data for use in airplane design."
An Investigation of Cotton for Parachute Cloth
"This is a resume of the work of the Bureau of Standards on a cotton parachute cloth for use as a substitute for silk in the event of an emergency curtailing the supply. Cotton yarn of high strength in proportion to its weight and otherwise specially suitable for parachute cloth was developed. Cloth woven from this yarn in the bureau mill was equal or superior to parachute silk in strength and tear resistance, met the requirements with respect to air permeability, and weighed only a few tenths of an ounce per square yard more than the silk cloth" (p. 1).
Investigation of Certain Wing Shapes With Sections Varying Progressively Along the Span
This investigation has a double object: 1) the calculation of the general characteristics of certain wings with progressively varying sections; 2) the determination of data furnishing, in certain cases, some information on the actual distribution of the external forces acting on a wing. We shall try to show certain advantages belonging to the few wing types of variable section which we shall study and that, even if the general aerodynamic coefficients of these wings are not often clearly superior to those of certain wings of uniform section, the wings of variable section nevertheless have certain advantages over those of uniform section in the distribution of the attainable stresses.
Wind-Tunnel Tests on Airfoil Boundary Layer Control Using a Backward-Opening Slot (1931)
"This report presents the results of an investigation to determine the effect of boundary layer control on the lift and drag of an airfoil. Boundary layer control was accomplished by means of a backward-opening slot in the upper surface of the hollow airfoil. Air was caused to flow through this slot by a pressure which was maintained inside the airfoil by a blower. Various slot locations, slot openings, and wing pressures were used" (p. 3).
Wrinkling Phenomena of Thin Flat Plates Subjected to Shear Stresses
This report covers a series of tests on thin flat elastic strips restrained at two parallel edges and subjected to shear by conversely directed stresses. Theoretical treatments, particularly those of Lilly, Southwell and Skan, and Timoshenko are briefly outlined. The problem to be solved by these tests was to find out whether, and to what extent the conditions and assumptions upon which the calculations are based are complied with in the tests.
Advantages of Oxide Films as Bases for Aluminum Pigmented Surface Coatings for Aluminum Alloys
Report discussing both laboratory and weather-exposure corrosion tests showed conclusively that the protection afforded by aluminum pigmented spar varnish coatings applied to previously anodized aluminum surfaces was greatly superior to that afforded by the same coatings applied to surfaces which had simply been cleaned free from grease and not anodized.
Method of Determining the Weights of the Most Important Simple Girders
"This paper presents a series of tables for the simple and more common types of girders, similar to the tables given in handbooks under the heading "Strength of Materials," for determining the moments, deflections, etc., of simple beams. Instead of the uniform cross section there assumed, the formulas given here apply only to girders of "uniform strength," i.e., it is assumed that a girder is so dimensioned that a given load subjects it to a uniform stress throughout its whole length. This principle is particularly applicable to very strong structures" (p. 1).
A comparison of the aerodynamic characteristics of the normal and three reflexed airfoils in the variable density wind tunnel
"An investigation was made of the aerodynamic effects of reflexing the trailing edge of three commonly used airfoils. Six airfoils were used in the investigation: three having the normal profiles of the Navy 60, the Boeing 106, and the Gottingen 398, and three having these profiles modified to obtain a reflexed trailing edge with the mean camber line changed to give Cmc/4=0. The tests were conducted at a value of the Reynolds Number of approximately 3,100,000 in the variable density wind tunnel of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Measurements of lift, drag, and pitching moment were made on each of the six airfoils" (p. 1).
Reduction of turbulence in wind tunnels
From Summary: "A brief nonmathematical outline is given of modern views as to the nature of the effect of turbulence, and their bearing on the desirability of designing wind tunnels for small or large turbulence. Experiments made on a particular wind tunnel for the purpose of reducing the turbulence are described, to illustrate the influence of certain factors on the magnitude of the turbulence. Moderate changes in the size, shape, and wall thickness of cells of the honeycomb were found to have little effect. The addition of a room honeycomb at the entrance was also of little value in reducing the turbulence."
A proof of the theorem regarding the distribution of lift over the span for minimum induced drag
The proof of the theorem that the elliptical distribution of lift over the span is that which will give rise to the minimum induced drag has been given in a variety of ways, generally speaking too difficult to be readily followed by the graduate of the average good technical school of the present day. In the form of proof this report makes an effort to bring the matter more readily within the grasp of this class of readers.
The Transference of Heat From a Hot Plate to an Air Stream
The object of the present study was to define experimentally the field of temperature and velocity in a heated flat plate when exposed to an air stream whose direction is parallel to it, then calculate therefrom the heat transference and the friction past the flat plate, and lastly, compare the test data with the mathematical theory. To ensure comparable results, we were to actually obtain or else approximate: a) two-dimensional flow; b) constant plate temperature in the direction of the stream. To approximate the flow in two dimensions, we chose a relatively wide plate and measured the velocity and temperature in the median plane.
The Wibault 280 T.10 Commercial Airplane (French): An All-Metal, Cantilever, Low-Wing Monoplane
Circular presenting a description of the Wibault 280 T.10, which is an all-metal cantilever low-wing monoplane. The flight characteristics, design, blueprints, and photographs are provided.
The effect of small angles of yaw and pitch on the characteristics of airplane propellers
This report presents the results of wind tunnel tests to determine the effect on the characteristics of a propeller of inclining the propeller axis at small angles to the relative wind. Tests were made of a full-scale propeller and fuselage combination at four angles of yaw (0 degree, +5 degrees, +10 degrees, +15 degrees), and of a model propeller, nacelle, and wing combination of five angles of pitch (-5 degrees, 0 degree, +5 degrees, +10 degrees and +15 degrees). The results of the full-scale tests of a propeller and fuselage, without a wing, show that the effect on the propeller performance is small. Similar results are shown by the model test data except that where the propeller is directly in front of the wing there is an appreciable decrease in effective thrust and propulsive efficiency with increase of angle of pitch.
The Dangerous Flat Spin and the Factors Affecting It
This report deals first with the fundamental data required for the investigation. These are chiefly the aerodynamic forces and moments acting on an airplane in a flat spin. It is shown that these forces and moments depend principally on the angle of attack and on the rotation about the path axis, and can therefore either be measured in a wind tunnel or calculated from wind-tunnel measurements of lift, drag and moment about the leading edge of the wing of an airplane model at rest.
The Dangerous Sideslip of a Stalled Airplane and Its Prevention
This investigation covers only that phase of airplane accidents which are the result of sideslip. We examine the circumstances under which this occurs, study the behavior of present-day airplane types (monoplane, conventional and staggered biplane) therein and endeavor to find a solution whereby this danger may be avoided.
The Steady Spin
With the object of further clarifying the problem of spinning, the equilibrium of the forces and moments acting on an airplane is discussed in light of the most recent test data. Convinced that in a spin the flight attitude by only small angles of yaw is more or less completely steady, the study is primarily devoted to an investigation of steady spin with no side slip. At small angles, wholly arbitrary and perfectly steady spins may be forced, depending on the type of control displacements. But at large angles only very steep and only "approaching steady" spins are possible, no matter what the control displacements.
Effect of orifice length-diameter ratio on fuel sprays for compression-ignition engines
"Experimental results on the effect of the length-diameter ratio of the orifice on the spray characteristics, together with a brief analysis of the factors affecting these characteristics, are presented in this report. The length-diameter ratios tested ranged from 0.5 to 10; the orifice diameters from 0.008 to 0.040 inch; and the injection pressures from 2,000 to 8,000 pounds per square inch. The density of the air into which the fuel was discharged was varied from 0.38 to 1.35 pounds per cubic foot" (p. 79).
Effect of Orifice Length-Diameter Ratio on the Coefficient of Discharge of Fuel-Injection Nozzles
The variation of the coefficient of discharge with the length-diameter ratio of the orifice was determined for nozzles having single orifice 0.008 and 0.020 inch in diameter. Ratios from 0.5 to 10 were investigated at injection pressures from 500 to 5,000 pounds per square inch. The tests showed that, within the error of the observation, the coefficients were the same whether the nozzles were assembled at the end of a constant tube or in an automatic injection valve having a plain stem.
Eleventh Rhön Soaring-Flight Contest, 1930
This report presents the results and a recounting of the new technological developments that were developed for the 11th Rhon Soaring Contest.
Investigation of the Discharge Rate of a Fuel-Injection System
In connection with the development of a method for analyzing indicator cards taken from high-speed compression-ignition engines, this investigation was undertaken to determine the average quantity of fuel discharged during each crank degree of injection period.
The Variation in Pressure in the Cabin of an Airplane in Flight
From Summary: "The pressure in the cabin of a Fairchild cabin monoplane was surveyed in flight, and was found to decrease with increased air speed over the fuselage and to vary with the number and location of openings in the cabin. The maximum depression of 2.2 inches of water (equivalent pressure altitude at sea level of 152 feet) occurred at the high speed of the airplane in level flight with the cabin closed."
The 7 by 10 Foot Wind Tunnel of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics
This report presents a description of the 7 by 10 foot wind tunnel and associated apparatus of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics. Included also are calibration test results and characteristic test data of both static force tests and autorotation tests made in the tunnel.
Comparison of Weights of 17ST and Steel Tubular Structural Members Used in Aircraft Construction
Although the strong aluminum alloys have proved themselves to be very efficient in aircraft construction there is a growing competition from the high-strength steels for certain parts, especially for tubular members. This tendency is being reflected in research work carried on at the Bureau of Standards. This study will be based largely on data given in Technical Note No. 307 of the NACA.
The Use of Slots for Increasing the Lift of Airplane Wings
This report discusses in detail the results obtained with devices for preventing the separation of the boundary layer. In order to give an idea of the order of magnitude of the positive and negative pressures involved, we made a diagram of them, as measured at 15 degrees angle of attack on the Gottigen profile 387. The pressure scale is graduated in terms of the dynamic pressure q, which enables the evaluation of the positive and negative pressures at all velocities.
Goldstein's Solution of the Problem of the Aircraft Propeller With a Finite Number of Blades
This report examines the Betz theory on frictionless, lightly loaded propellers and Prandtl's addendum extended to moderately loaded propellers. The author then goes on to extend the discussion to Goldstein's solution for propellers with a finite number of blades.
Relative economy of different methods of airplane construction
"A comparison of the relative economy of airplane construction shows that monoplanes are cheaper than biplanes; that all-metal construction is much more expensive than mixed construction; that multi-engine airplanes are more expensive than single-engine types of the same carrying capacity and speed;that the cost of airplanes is materially reduced by increasing their size without increasing the number of engines. The greatest economy usually coincides with the best aerodynamic and static conditions and the cost is always increased by safety requirements" (p. 1).
Elmira Soaring Contest, 1930
This report details the Elmira, New York soaring contest of 1930 and provides up-current maps, experiences in piloting, distance flights, and a few details on glider design.
Investigation of damping liquids for aircraft instruments 2
"Data are presented on the kinematic viscosity, in the temperature range -50 degrees to +30 degrees C. of pure liquids and of solutions of animal oils, vegetable oils, mineral oils, glycerine, and ethylene glycol in various low freezing point solvents. It is shown that the thermal coefficient of kinematic viscosity as a function of the kinematic viscosity of the solutions of glycerine and ethylene glycol in alcohols is practically independent of the temperature and the chemical composition of the individual liquids. This is similarly true for the mineral oil group and, for a limited temperature interval, for the pure animal and vegetable oils. The efficiency of naphthol, hydroquinone, and diphenylamine to inhibit the change of viscosity of poppyseed and linseed oils was also investigated" (p. 679).
Tests of Six Symmetrical Airfoils in the Variable Density Wind Tunnel
"This paper is the first of a series covering an investigation of a family of airfoils all formed from a basic profile. It gives in preliminary form the results of six symmetrical airfoils, differing only in maximum thickness. The maximum thickness-to-chord ratios are 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18, and 0.21" (p. 1).
Tests of N.A.C.A. airfoils in the variable-density wind tunnel Series 43 and 63
This note is one of a series covering an investigation of a family of related airfoils. It gives in preliminary form the results obtained from tests in the N.A.C.A. Variable-Density Wind Tunnel of two groups of six airfoils each. One group, the 43 series, has a maximum mean camber of 4 per cent of the chord at a position 0.3 of the chord from the leading edge; the other group, the 63 series, has a maximum mean camber of 6 per cent of the chord at the same position. The members within each group differ only in maximum thickness, the maximum thickness/chord ratios being:0.06, 0.09, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18, and 0.21. The results are analyzed with a view to indicating the variation of the aerodynamic characteristics with profile thickness for airfoils having a certain mean camber line.
Tests of N.A.C.A. airfoils in the variable density wind tunnel Series 44 and 64
This note is one of a series covering an investigation of a number of related airfoils. It presents the results obtained from tests in the N.A.C.A. Variable Density Wind Tunnel of two groups of six airfoils each. One group, the 44 series, has a maximum mean camber of 4 percent of the chord at a position 0.4 of the chord behind the leading edge and the other group, the 64 series, has a maximum mean camber of 6 percent of the chord at the same position. The members within each group differ only in maximum thickness, the maximum thickness/chord ratios being: 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18, and 0.21. The results are analyzed with a view to indicating the variation of the aerodynamic characteristics with profile thickness for airfoils having a certain mean camber line form.
Tests of N.A.C.A. airfoils in the variable-density wind tunnel Series 45 and 65
"This note is one of a series covering an investigation of a number of related airfoils. It presents the results obtained from tests in N.A.C.A. Variable-Density Wind Tunnel of two groups of six airfoils each. One group, the 45 series, has a maximum mean camber of 4 per cent of the chord at a position 0.5 of the chord behind the leading edge, and the other group, the 65 series, has a maximum mean camber of 6 per cent of the chord at the same position. The members within each group differ only in maximum thickness, the maximum thickness/chord ratios being: 0.06, 0.09, 0.12, 0.15, 0.18, and 0.21. The results are analyzed with a view to indicating the variation of the aerodynamic characteristics with profile thickness for airfoils having a certain mean camber line form" (p. 1).
The Design and Development of an Automatic Injection Valve With an Annular Orifice of Varying Area
The purpose of this investigation was to provide an automatic injection valve of simple construction which would produce a finely atomized oil spray of broad cone angle and would fulfill the requirements of fuel injection in aircraft oil engines. The injection valve designed has only six parts - i. e., two concentric nozzle tubes flared at one end, two body parts, and two nuts. Analysis and engine tests indicate that the fuel spray from this type of injection valve has characteristics which reduce the time lag of autoignition and promote efficient combustion in high-speed oil engines.
Aeronautical education and research at the Swiss Institute of Technology in Zurich
Progress in the scientific and practical fields of aviation has caused the Swiss Institute of Technology to organize lectures and practical training courses in all three branches of aeronautics and to found centers of scientific research, laboratories, etc., in order to supply the government and industries with scientifically and technically trained engineers.
Static Longitudinal Stability Of "Ente" Airplanes
The stability conditions of Ente (duck) airplanes are investigated in this report. In developing the formulas, which afford an approximate solution, the unimportant effect of the height of the C.G. and the moment of the residual resistance are neglected. The effect of downwash from the forward horizontal empennage on the wing are also disregarded.
Span-load distribution as a factor in stability in roll
"This report gives the results of pressure-distribution tests made to study the effects on lateral stability of changing the span-load distribution on a rectangular monoplane wing model of fairly thick section. Three methods of changing the distribution were employed: variation in profile along the span to a thin symmetrical section at the tip, twist from +5 degrees to -15 degrees at the tip, and sweepback from +20 degrees to -20 degrees. The tests were conducted in a 5-foot closed-throat atmospheric wind tunnel" (p. 567).
A Study of Curvilinear Flight
"When an airplane describes a curve it takes a certain time for it to turn from level to inclined position and then back to level again. In the following, we express the motion about the horizontal axis as "roll" or "bank" and the motion perpendicular to the vertical axis, i.e., the actual curve, as "turn." Equations and tables provide results on various aspects of turns, control settings, acceleration, inertia moments, and angular velocity" (p. 2).
Measurement of Visibility From the Pilot's Cockpit on Different Airplane Types
A process for the measurement of the visibility of airplanes from the pilot's cockpit is developed. The apparatus necessary for the measurements was suitably constructed and measurements of the fields of vision were made with it. The visibilities of six airplanes of different types of construction and use were measured, as well as the visibility of an automobile for comparison. An attempt was made to establish minimum visibility requirements and to express the excellence of visibility by means of a numerical coefficient.
Fire Prevention on Aircraft
The following discussion is at first restricted to the light-oil engines now in use. We shall consider how far it is possible to reduce fire hazards by changes in the design of the engines and carburetors and in the arrangement of the fuel pipes.
Optico-Photographic Measurements of Airplane Deformations
"The deformation of aircraft wings is measured by photographically recording a series of bright shots on a moving paper band sensitive to light. Alternating deformations, especially vibrations, can thus be measured in operation, unaffected by inertia. A handy recording camera, the optograph, was developed by the static division of the D.V.L. (German Experimental Institute for Aeronautics) for the employment of this method of measurement on airplanes in flight" (p. 1).
The Frictionless Flow in the Region Around Two Circles
This investigation attempts to surpass the boundaries of pure mathematical interest in that it possesses as an example, a flow investigation in a multiply-connected region. Then the results appear to be carried out by means of an appropriate conformal representation of the region around two chosen closed curves. Thus we have the basis of an exact plane theory of the biplane.
Measurements of Vertical Air Currents in the Atmosphere
To summarize, the experiments with balloons, sailplanes and light airplanes conducted thus far, reveal the vertical velocities of the air to be primarily dependent on the vertical temperature distribution. Stable stratifications result in up-and-down currents forced by the contour of the ground, which are readily recognized in flight and, if need be, may be avoided.
The Aerodynamic Wind Vane and the Inherent Stability of Airplanes
Report discussing the design of the wind vane described rests on the following line of reasoning: An airplane, originally in equilibrium about its C.G. is assumed to be deflected from this position through an angle (delta)i, the variation (delta)i being so sudden that the path of the C.G. and the airplane speed do not change while it is taking place. The aerodynamic forces acting on the wings, tail surfaces, fuselage, etc., which, as a whole, exerted a zero moment (M(sub G) = 0) about the center of gravity at the instant of equilibrium, now exert a moment M(sub G) not equal to 0.
The development, design and construction of gliders and sailplanes
This report explains and details the history of glider design and construction through the impetus of the Rhon Sailplane contests. Some of the topics considered include: whether the longitudinal stability (dynamic and static) is sufficient in the tailless typo and a consideration that the structural weight of sweptback wings would be greater than that of a corresponding normal wing.
Estimated Effect of Ring Cowl on the Climb and Ceiling of an Airplane
From Summary: "Although the application of a ring cowl to an airplane with an air-cooled engine increases the maximum L/D and the high speed to an appreciable extent, the performance in climb and ceiling is not increased as much as one would expect without analyzing the conditions. When a ring cowl is installed on an airplane, the propeller is set at a higher pitch to allow the engine to turn its rated r.p.m. at the increased high speed. V/nD is increased and the propeller efficiency at high speed is increased slightly. The ratio of r.p.m. at climbing speed, V(sub c) , to the r.p.m. at maximum speed, V (sub m) is dependent upon the ratio of V(sub c) to V(sub m)."
The pressure distribution over a modified elliptical wing tip on a biplane in flight
This note presents the results of flight pressure-distribution tests on the right upper wing panel of a Douglas M-3 airplane equipped with a modified elliptical tip having a slight amount of washout. The results are given in tables and curves in such form that the load distribution for any normal force coefficient within the usual range encountered in flight may be determined.
The Bernard 120 Seaplane (French): A 1400 hp Single-Seat Monoplane Racer
Circular presenting a description of the Bernard 120, which is a seaplane. Descriptions of the structural elements, engine, and fuel distribution system are provided.
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