The major portion of this program is devoted to critical ICH phenomena. The topics include edge physics, fast wave propagation, ICH induced high frequency instabilities, and a preliminary antenna design for Ignitor. This research was strongly coordinated with the world's experimental and design teams at JET, Culham, ORNL, and Ignitor. The results have been widely publicized at both general scientific meetings and topical workshops including the speciality workshop on ICRF design and physics sponsored by Lodestar in April 1992. The combination of theory, empirical modeling, and engineering design in this program makes this research particularly important for the design of future devices and for the understanding and performance projections of present tokamak devices. Additionally, the development of a diagnostic of runaway electrons on TEXT has proven particularly useful for the fundamental understanding of energetic electron confinement. This work has led to a better quantitative basis for quasilinear theory and the role of magnetic vs. electrostatic field fluctuations on electron transport. An APS invited talk was given on this subject and collaboration with PPPL personnel was also initiated. Ongoing research on these topics will continue for the remainder fo the contract period and the strong collaborations are expected to continue, enhancing both the relevance of the work and its immediate impact on areas needing critical understanding.
The major portion of this program is devoted to critical ICH phenomena. The topics include edge physics, fast wave propagation, ICH induced high frequency instabilities, and a preliminary antenna design for Ignitor. This research was strongly coordinated with the world`s experimental and design teams at JET, Culham, ORNL, and Ignitor. The results have been widely publicized at both general scientific meetings and topical workshops including the speciality workshop on ICRF design and physics sponsored by Lodestar in April 1992. The combination of theory, empirical modeling, and engineering design in this program makes this research particularly important for the design of future devices and for the understanding and performance projections of present tokamak devices. Additionally, the development of a diagnostic of runaway electrons on TEXT has proven particularly useful for the fundamental understanding of energetic electron confinement. This work has led to a better quantitative basis for quasilinear theory and the role of magnetic vs. electrostatic field fluctuations on electron transport. An APS invited talk was given on this subject and collaboration with PPPL personnel was also initiated. Ongoing research on these topics will continue for the remainder fo the contract period and the strong collaborations are expected to continue, enhancing both the relevance of the work and its immediate impact on areas needing critical understanding.
We present a preliminary measurement of the electron angular distribution parameter {alpha}<sub>2</sub> in W {yields} e{nu} events using data collected by the D0 detector during the 1994-1995 Tevatron run. We compare our results with next-to- leading order perturbative QCD, which predicts an angular distribution of (1±{alpha}<sub>1</sub> cos{theta}* +{alpha}<sub>2</sub> cos²{theta}*), where {theta}* is the angle between the charged lepton and the antiproton in the Collins-Soper frame. In the presence of QCD corrections, the parameters {alpha}<sub>1</sub> and {alpha}<sub>2</sub> become functions of p<sup>W</sup><sub>T</sub> , the W boson transverse momentum. We present the first measurement of {alpha}<sub>2</sub> as a function of p<sup>W</sup><sub>T</sub>. This measurement is of importance, because it provides a test of next-to-leading order QCD corrections which are a non-negligible contribution to the W mass measurement.
In an effort to better characterize and classify austenitic stainless steel resistance upset welds, standard methods have been examined and alternative methods investigated. Optical microscopy yields subjective classification due to deformation obscured bond lines and individual perception. The use of specimen preparations that better reveal grain boundaries aids in substantiating optical information. Electron microscopy techniques produce quantitative information in relation to microstructural constituents. Orientation Imaging Microscopy (OIM) is a relatively new technique for obtaining objective, quantitative information pertaining to weld integrity, i.e., percent grain boundary growth across the interface.
The thermodynamic and transport properties of crystals and fluids at high temperature and pressure play a central role in the Earth and planetary sciences as well as in a variety of technologies and constitute a principal probe into the internuclear potential energy function at high density. Observation of surface waves by coherent time-domain optical spectroscopy provides an experimental approach to the determination, in the diamond-anvil high-pressure cell, of the elastic constants and thermal diffusivity of metal crystals as well as the equation of state and thermal transport properties of fluids. The electrical resistivities of metals may also be approximately accessible via the Wiedemann Franz Law. Preliminary results on Ta to pressures of 5.2 GPa are reported here. [Ta, elasticity, sound velocity, thermal diffusivity, equation of state].
The work performed in the program suggests that cobalt catalytic performance is a complex function of crystallite size, crystallite composition, and cobalt-support interaction. These properties are determined by the nature of support, the bimetallic component, the promoters, and the method of preparation. Results so far indicate that the lowest methane selectivity occurs on support No. 8, and the highest activity is obtained on support No. 10. Also, promoters 2 and 3 may help lower the formation of methane. These findings, along with the catalyst knowledge gained during Union Carbide's former contract AC22-84PC70028, will be used to develop a superior cobalt catalyst.
The work performed in the program suggests that cobalt catalytic performance is a complex function of crystallite size, crystallite composition, and cobalt-support interaction. These properties are determined by the nature of support, the bimetallic component, the promoters, and the method of preparation. Results so far indicate that the lowest methane selectivity occurs on support No. 8, and the highest activity is obtained on support No. 10. Also, promoters 2 and 3 may help lower the formation of methane. These findings, along with the catalyst knowledge gained during Union Carbide`s former contract AC22-84PC70028, will be used to develop a superior cobalt catalyst.
Congressional Research Service (CRS) report entailing the Constitutional difference between legislative prayer and school prayer. Topics include, descriptions of both types of prayer, their distinctions, and a conclusion on the matter.
The Supreme Court's decisions holding government-sponsored prayer in the public schools to violate the First Amendment's establishment clause but prayer in legislative assemblies to be constitutional are sometimes lifted up as contradictory. This report summarizes the relevant decisions and identifies the distinctions the Court has drawn between the two situations.
The purpose of this program was to examine methods of increasing the efficiency of producing pulses to drive Klystrons in the 150 MW range. This may include 2 Klystrons in the 75 MW range. Specific methods of interest to improve the pulse efficiency were the use of a circuit to add energy to the tail of the pulse, the use of a bipyrimidal transformer, and the use of gas insulation as a means of improving the pulse shape. These methods were investigated using both thyratron and IGBT switching. The low cost designs developed in this work consisted of low voltage designs which don't require the oil immersion. These designs can be ''hot tuned'' based on the use of simple, tunable inductors.
This supporting document contains a database of waste transactions and waste status reports for all the waste tanks in the southwest quadrant of the 200 Area of the Hanford Site.
Legislation provides Caribbean countries similar tariff benefits as Mexico under the Caribbean and Central American Relief and Economic Stabilization Act. A senate bill provides relief to the hurricane affected countries of Central America. The senate bill is more restrictive than the House bill in the scope of tariff benefits offered.
This report discusses the following topics: Rayleigh-Benard convection with an imposed horizontal flow; Rayleigh-Benard convection in a gas under non-boussinesq conditions; electro- convection in a nematic liquid crystal; and Rayleigh-Benard convection in a nematic liquid crystal. (LSP)
This report discusses the following topics: Rayleigh-Benard convection with an imposed horizontal flow; Rayleigh-Benard convection in a gas under non-boussinesq conditions; electro- convection in a nematic liquid crystal; and Rayleigh-Benard convection in a nematic liquid crystal. (LSP)
The formation of quantum wires has much interest due to their novel electronic properties which may lead to enhanced optoelectronic device performance and greater photovoltaic efficiencies. One method of forming these structures is through spontaneous lateral modulation found during the epitaxial growth of III/V alloys. In this paper, we report and summarize our investigations on the formation of lateral moduation in the MBE grown InAlAs/InP(001) system. This system was grown as a short-period superlattice where n-monolayers of InAs are deposited followed by m-Monolayers of AlAs (with n and m~2) and this sequence is repeated to grown a low strain InAlAs ternary alloy on InP(001) that exhibits lateral modulation. Films were grown under a variety of condition (growth temperature, effective alloy composition, superlattice period, and growth rate). These films have been extensively analyzed using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and microcharacterization, in addition to photon-based spectroscopes. Here we present results of several microstructural characterizations using a wide range of TEM-based techniques, and compare them to results from the other methods to obtain a unified understanding of composition modulation. Two strong points consistently emerge: 1) The lateral modulation wavelength is insensitive to growth temperature and effective alloy composition, but the strength of the lateral modulation is greatest near an effective alloy composition of In(0.46)Al(0.54)As, which corresponds to a slightly tensile global strain with respect to InP. 2) The composition variation for the strongly modulated films is as much as 0.38 InAs mole fraction. In addition, for these strongly modulated films, the modulation wave is asymmetric showing strongly peaked, narrower InAs-rich regions separated by flat AlAs-rich regions. We discuss these results and their possible implications in addition to detailing the techniques used to obtain them.
This report summarizes a comparative analysis of the impact of roof surface solar absorptance, attic, and duct insulation on simulated residential annual cooling and heating energy use in sixteen sunbelt climates. These locations cover a wide range of climates where cool roofs are expected to save energy and money, and are areas with high growth rates in new residential construction. The residences are single-story, single-family of new construction with either a gas furnace or an electric heat pump, and with ducts in the attic OT conditioned zone. The objective is to demonstrate that a residence with a cool roof could utilize a lower level of attic insulation than one with a dark roof with a zero net change in the annual energy bill. Annual energy use is simulated with DOE-2. lE, which was adapted with a validated residential duct-attic function, for dark and cool roofs and eleven attic insulation R-values ranging from 1 through 60. Analysis of the simulated energy savings from the light-colored roofs show that the savings can be transformed into an equivalent reduction in the level of attic insulation. Reductions in R-value are observed in varying degrees for residences with both gas and electric heat, all duct configurations, and all climates. In some cooling dominated climates there are cases where a cool roof could be implemented without attic insulation.
This document establishes the methods for configuration control of the sample truck alarm and control logic. Responsibility for documentation change control and custody are described.
A subsurface imaging system is utilized to test the ability of the spectral polarization difference imaging technique for deep subsurface imaging in tissues. The illumination of the system is derived from compact class III lasers in the red and NIR spectral region and, alternatively, from a white light source and selection of the appropriate illumination wavelength using band-pass optical filters. The experimental results demonstrate detection and imaging of a high-scattering object located up to 1.5 cm underneath the surface of a host chicken tissue.
We show that the signal and idler beams generated by certain types of unseeded, nanosecond optical parametric oscillators are tilted and angularly dispersed and have anomalously large bandwidths. This effect is demonstrated in both laboratory measurements and a numerical model. We show how the optical cavity design influences the tilts and how they can be eliminated or minimized. We also determine the conditions necessary to injection seed these parametric oscillators.
Characterization tools have been developed to study the performance characteristics and reliability of surface micromachined actuators. These tools include (1) the ability to electrically stimulate or stress the actuator, (2) the capability to visually inspect the devices in operation, (3) a method for capturing operational information, and (4) a method to extract performance characteristics from the operational information. Additionally, a novel test structure has been developed to measure electrostatic forces developed by a comb drive actuator.
Research was concentrated on two-phase Ti-TiCr{sub 2} alloys, two- phase Fe-ZrFe{sub 2} alloys, and two-phase ternary Ni-Cu-Mg alloys containing MgNi{sub 2} and MgCu{sub 2} phases. Work demonstrated that a variety of room-temperature deformation processes are possible in Laves phases. A strain-induced phase transformation from C36{r_arrow}C15 structures is one mechanism for plastic deformation in ZrFe{sub 2}. The C15 structure in TiCr{sub 2} deforms by slip and twinning. The microstructure after indentation of specimens containing C36 phases ZrFe{sub 2} and MgNi{sub 2} indicates that a variety of slip systems operate in this form. 8 figs.
Research was concentrated on two-phase Ti-TiCr[sub 2] alloys, two- phase Fe-ZrFe[sub 2] alloys, and two-phase ternary Ni-Cu-Mg alloys containing MgNi[sub 2] and MgCu[sub 2] phases. Work demonstrated that a variety of room-temperature deformation processes are possible in Laves phases. A strain-induced phase transformation from C36[r arrow]C15 structures is one mechanism for plastic deformation in ZrFe[sub 2]. The C15 structure in TiCr[sub 2] deforms by slip and twinning. The microstructure after indentation of specimens containing C36 phases ZrFe[sub 2] and MgNi[sub 2] indicates that a variety of slip systems operate in this form. 8 figs.
We report the application of a novel material, InGaAsN, with bandgap energy of 1.05 eV as a junction in an InGaP/GaAs/InGaAsN/Ge 4-junction design. Results of the growth and structural, optical, and electrical properties were demonstrated, showing the promising perspective of this material for ultra high efficiency solar cells. Photovoltaic properties of an as-grown pn diode structure and improvement through post growth annealing were also discussed.
Radiation damage production and accumulation in solids can be divided into two stages. In the production stage, the impinging particle gradually gives off its kinetic energy to lattice atoms in the form of energetic recoils. These deposit their energy by generating secondary and higher order recoils that result in a displacement collision cascade. The outcome of this stage, of the time scale of a few to 100 picoseconds, is a population of point or clustered defects known as the primary state of damage. In the second stage, which can extend over seconds, defects that survive recombination within their nascent cascade migrate over long distances, interacting with the microstructure. These freely migrating defects (FMD) are responsible for the changes in the macroscopic properties of metals under irradiation, such as void swelling, embrittlement, radiation enhanced diffusion, etc. Such changes in mechanical properties are most often detrimental and severely limit the flexibility in materials choice and operating temperature when designing a fusion power plant. Under most conditions, such as those that would be present in a magnetic fusion energy plant, or when bombarding with fission or spallation neutrons, irradiation takes place at a certain dose rate and temperature, but in a continuous manner. However, in an Inertial Fusion Energy (IFE) reactor, or when using a pulsed neutron source such as that recently proposed by Perkins [1], the irradiation flux is pulsed and the interplay between temperature, flux and pulse frequency controls the kinetics of damage accumulation. For sufficiently low pulse frequency, and at elevated temperature where the defects migrate fast, it may be expected that annealing between pulses may result in a significantly decreased rate of damage accumulation compared to that seen under steady state conditions. On the other hand, very high neutron fluxes in the pulse itself may severely limit recombination therefore …
Experiment 791 at Fermilab`s Tagged Photon Laboratory has just accumulated a high statistics charm sample by recording 20 billion events on 24000 8mm tapes. A 500 GeV/c {pi}{sup {minus}} beam was used with a fixed target and a magnetic spectrometer which now includes 23 silicon microstrip planes for vertex reconstruction. A new data acquisition system read out 9000 events/sec during the part of the Tevatron cycle that delivered beam. Digitization and readout took 50 {mu}S per event. Data was buffered in eight large FIFO memories to allow continuous event building and continuous tape writing to a wall of 42 Exabytes at 9.6 MB/sec. The 50 terabytes of data buffered to tape is now being filtered on RISC CPUs. Preliminary results show D{sup 0} {yields} K{sup {minus}}{pi}{sup +} and D{sup +} {yields} K{sup {minus}}{pi}{pi}{sup +} decays. Rarer decays will be pursued.
Experiment 791 at Fermilab's Tagged Photon Laboratory has just accumulated a high statistics charm sample by recording 20 billion events on 24000 8mm tapes. A 500 GeV/c [pi][sup [minus]] beam was used with a fixed target and a magnetic spectrometer which now includes 23 silicon microstrip planes for vertex reconstruction. A new data acquisition system read out 9000 events/sec during the part of the Tevatron cycle that delivered beam. Digitization and readout took 50 [mu]S per event. Data was buffered in eight large FIFO memories to allow continuous event building and continuous tape writing to a wall of 42 Exabytes at 9.6 MB/sec. The 50 terabytes of data buffered to tape is now being filtered on RISC CPUs. Preliminary results show D[sup 0] [yields] K[sup [minus]][pi][sup +] and D[sup +] [yields] K[sup [minus]][pi][pi][sup +] decays. Rarer decays will be pursued.
Formation of vapor bubbles is characteristic of many applications of short-pulse lasers in medicine. An understanding of the dynamics of vapor bubble generation is useful for developing and optimizing laser-based medical therapies. To this end, experiments in vapor bubble generation with laser light deposited in an aqueous dye solution near a fiber-optic tip have been performed. Numerical hydrodynamic simulations have been developed to understand and extrapolate results from these experiments. Comparison of two-dimensional simulations with the experiment shows excellent agreement in tracking the bubble evolution. Another regime of vapor bubble generation is short-pulse laser interactions with melanosomes. Strong shock generation and vapor bubble generation are common physical features of this interaction. A novel effect of discrete absorption by melanin granules within a melanosome is studied as a possible role in previously reported high Mach number shocks.
This test plan specifies the requirements and conditions for the injection of tracer gases into eight tanks. Eight single shell tanks shall be injected with inert tracer gas, Helium (He), and then samples taken periodically to measure breathing rates. The eight tanks to be tested are; A-101, AX-102, AX-103, BY-105, C-107, U-103 (tested once in the winter and will be tested once in the summer), and U-105. The headspace of these tanks shall be sampled and analyzed periodically to obtain breathing rate information.
During the past 20 years the Geothermal Resources Council (GRC), has grown and changed dramatically. An educational organization, the GRC sponsors an annual scientific meeting, and short courses, workshops, and symposia. Meetings and workshops typically are held at locations where members can also attend field trips. The GRC also publishes special reports, a monthly magazine, the GRC BULLETIN, and annual meeting transactions. The GRC On-line Information System, a relatively new service, is a library containing over 20,000 technical geothermal papers, articles, maps and periodicals. Presently, citations for 10,000 of these library materials are stored on computer and available via modem to users anywhere in the world. New citations are added to the library frequently. The GRC's sister association, the Geothermal Energy Association (GEA), collaborates with the GRC on educational programs.
New measurements of the electric GE(Q2) and magnetic GM(Q2) form factors of the nucleons are reported. The proton data cover the Q2 range from 1.75 to 8.83 (GeV/c)2 and the neutron data from 1.75 to 4.00 (GeV/c)2, more than doubling the range of previous data. Scaled by the dipole fit, GD(Q2), the results forGMp(Q2) /¿pGD(Q2) decrease smoothly from 1.05 to 0.92, while GEp(Q2)/GD(Q2)is consistent with unity. The preliminary results for GMn(Q2) /¿nGD(Q2) are consistent with unity, while GEn is consistent with zero at all values of Q2.
Research continued on group ignition of a cloud of coal particles. Work included: investigation of the effect of particle size on ignition; and investigation of the effect of particle size on ignition temperatures. 4 refs., 3 figs.
The objectives of this project are to develop a new catalyst, the kinetics for this catalyst, reactor models for trickle bed, slurry and fixed bed, and simulate the performance of fixed bed trickle flow reactors, slurry flow reactors, and fixed bed gas phase reactors for conversion of a hydrogen lean synthesis gas to isobutylene.
The objectives of this project are to develop a new catalyst, the kinetics for this catalyst, reactor models for trickle bed, slurry and fixed bed, and simulate the performance of fixed bed trickle flow reactors, slurry flow reactors, and fixed bed gas phase reactors for conversion of a hydrogen lean synthesis gas to isobutylene.
The Underground Injection Control Branch of the Office of Drinking Water, US Environmental Protection Agency requested evaluation of a document submitted by Disposal Systems, Incorporated (DSI), in which health based limits (HBLS) were established for 442 hazardous compounds listed in 40 CFR 261, Appendix VII[I and 40 CFR 264, Appendix IX. The contractor was asked to review the document, evaluate the proposed methods for assigning HBLS, and determine whether - the relationship established between HBLs and concentration reduction factors is valid. He was also asked to determine the suitability of the use of ``reference molecules`` as a substitute for those compounds for which no data allows specification of HBLs and evaluate whether DSI`s approach could be used to modify and upgrade UIC Guidance No. 7 1. Finally, the feasibility of computer model simulations was to be considered if complex and varied mixes of compounds were to be injected.
Pre- and post-fracturing well tests in TG-2 well drilled next to the Matsukawa field are interpreted for evaluating effects of a massive hydraulic fracturing treatment. The interpreted data include multiple-step rate tests, a two-step rate test, and falloff tests. Pressure behaviors of massive hydraulic fracturing are matched by a simulator of dynamic fracture option. Fracture parting pressures can be evaluated from the multiple-step rate test data. The multiple-step rates during the massive hydraulic fracturing treatment show that multiple fractures have been induced in sequence. Although the pre-fracturing falloff tests are too short, fracture propagation can be evaluated qualitatively from the falloff data. Interpretation of the falloff test immediately after the MHF suggests that extensive fractures have been created by the MHF, which is verified by simulation. The post-fracturing falloff tests show that the fractures created by the MHF have closed to a great degree.
This engineering report will discuss the ventilation tasks necessary for minimizing the current K3 ventilation systems volumetric airflows while continuing to maintain negative pressures in both the canyon area and the related hot cells, assuring radiological confinement and containment of WESF.
The Federal Emergency Management Information Systems (FEMIS) is an emergency management planning and response tool that was developed by the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) under the direction of the US Army Chemical Biological Defense Command. The FEMIS System Administration Guide provides information necessary for the system administrator to maintain the FEMIS system. The FEMIS system is designed for a single Chemical Stockpile Emergency Preparedness Program (CSEPP) site that has multiple Emergency Operations Centers (EOCs). Each EOC has personal computers (PCs) that emergency planners and operations personnel use to do their jobs. These PCs are connected via a local area network (LAN) to servers that provide EOC-wide services. Each EOC is interconnected to other EOCs via a Wide Area Network (WAN). Thus, FEMIS is an integrated software product that resides on client/server computer architecture. The main body of FEMIS software, referred to as the FEMIS Application Software, resides on the PC client(s) and is directly accessible to emergency management personnel. The remainder of the FEMIS software, referred to as the FEMIS Support Software, resides on the UNIX server. The Support Software provides the communication, data distribution, and notification functionality necessary to operate FEMIS in a networked, client/server environment. The UNIX server provides an Oracle relational database management system (RDBMS) services, ARC/INFO GIS (optional) capabilities, and basic file management services. PNNL developed utilities that reside on the server include the Notification Service, the Command Service that executes the evacuation model, and AutoRecovery. To operate FEMIS, the Application Software must have access to a site specific FEMIS emergency management database. Data that pertains to an individual EOC`s jurisdiction is stored on the EOC`s local server. Information that needs to be accessible to all EOCs is automatically distributed by the FEMIS database to the other EOCs at the site.
This paper presents a space integrated zero dimensional model that describes the thermodynamic behavior of a geothermal fracture undergoing exploitation. The main assumptions involved are: fluid and energy entering the fracture come from the surrounding matrix, fracture of infinite conductivity, and that the steam and water phases are gravitationally segregated and in thermodynamic equilibrium. The nonlinear equations of mass and energy conservation are numerically solved. A sensitivity analysis on the main parameters that affect this problem was carried out. Water recharge is described by a linear infinite aquifer, and heat flow from the matrix to the fluid was also considered by means of a linear infinite system. The behavior of the system is clearly described for conditions of exploitation in the steam, in the water, or mixed completion in both steam and water zones.
The impending transition of the Hartford Site management and operations (M&O) contract to a management and integrating (M&I) contract format, together with weak radiological performance assessments by external organizations and reduced financial budgets prompted the `re-engineering` of the previous Hanford prime contractor Radiological Control (Rad Con) organization. This paper presents the methodology, identified areas of improvements, and results of the re-engineering process. The conversion from the M&O to the M&I contract concept resulted in multiple independent Rad Con organizations reporting to separate major contractors who are managed by an integrating contractor. This brought significant challenges when establishing minimum site standards for sitewide consistency, developing roles and responsibilities, and maintaining site Rad Con goals. Championed by the previous contractor`s Rad Con Director, Denny Newland, a five month planning effort was executed to address the challenges of the M&I and to address identified weaknesses. Fluor Daniel Hanford assumed the responsibility as integrator of the Project Hanford Management Contract on October 1, 1996. The Fluor Daniel Hanford Radiation Protection Director Jeff Foster presents the results of the re-engineering effort, including the significant cost savings, process improvements, field support improvements, and clarification of roles and responsibilities that have been achieved.
Corrosion of rebar in concrete bridges causes subsurface cracks and is a major cause of structural degradation that necessitates repair or replacement. Early detection of corrosion effects can limit the location and extent of necessary repairs, while providing long-term information about the infrastructure status. Most current detection methods, however, are destructive of the road surface and require closing or restricting traffic while the tests are performed. A ground-penetrating radar imaging system has been designed and developed that will perform the nondestructive evaluation of road-bed cracking at traffic speeds; i.e., without the need to restrict traffic flow. The first-generation system (called the HERMES bridge inspector), consists of an offset-linear array of 64 impulse radar transceivers and associated electronics housed in a trailer. Computers in the trailer and in the towing vehicle control the data acquisition, processing, and display. Cross-road resolution is three centimeters at up to 30 cm in depth, while down-road resolution depends on speed; 3 cm below 20 mph up to 8 cm at 50 mph. A two-meter- wide path is inspected on each pass over the roadway. This paper, describes the design of this system, shows preliminary results, and lays out its deployment schedule.
The structure of PEO doped with lithium perchlorate has been determined using neutron diffraction on protonated and deuterated samples. The experiments were done in the liquid state. Preliminary analysis indicates the Li-O distance is about 2.0 {angstrom}. The geometries of a series of gas phase lithium salts [LiCF{sub 3}SO{sub 3}, Li(CF{sub 3}SO{sub 2}){sub 2}N, Li(CF{sub 3}SO{sub 2}){sub 2}CH, LiClO{sub 4}, LiPF{sub 6}, LiAsF{sub 6}] used in polymer electrolytes have been optimized at B3LYP/6-31G(d) density functional level of theory. All local minima have been identified. For the triflate, imide, methanide, and perchlorate anions, the lithium cation is coordinated to two oxygens and have binding energies of ca 141 kcal/mol at the B3LYP/6-311+G(3df,2p)/B3LYP/6-31G* level of theory. For the hexafluoroarsenate and hexafluorophosphate the lithium cation is coordinated to three oxygens and have binding energies of ca. 136 kcal/mol.
This report documents some cooperative research into volumetric image reconstruction from single radiographs. Imaging dynamic events is the most important application for this type of work, but the techniques have possible extensions. Two general objectives guide this work. The first objective is to gain an understanding of the assumptions and limitations of single-view methods for representing internal features. Second, we endeavor to obtain and/or develop techniques for performing image reconstructions with FXR radiographs. If possible, we seek to obtain some quantitative measure of the accuracy of this class of image reconstructions in two respects: (i) in terms of the dimensional accuracy of feature boundaries, and (ii) as pertains to the accuracy of the voxel intensities. Dynamic events are not always self-calibrating, and it is important to establish the reconstruction accuracy of single-view methods for placing bounds on the kinds of conclusions which can be advanced from single-view reconstructed images. Computed tomographic image reconstructions provide dimensional detail of internal structures of objects and provide a measure of the per-voxel attenuation of material in the object. When assumptions behind a reconstruction algorithm are not satisfied, or are satisfied in a limited way, the accuracy of the reconstructed image is compromised. It is the goal of Cr analysis to discern the {open_quotes}real{close_quotes} features of the internals of an object in the midst of a certain level of artifactual content in the image. By understanding the ways in which CT reconstructions from a single radiograph can produce misleading results we hope to develop some measure of the benefits and limitations of single view techniques. 31 refs., 20 figs.
This system measures tritium on-line and collects tritium from a flowing inert gas stream. It separates the tritium from other non-hydrogen isotope contaminating gases, whether radioactive or not. The collecting portion of the system is constructed of various zirconium alloys called getters. These alloys adsorb tritium in any of its forms at one temperature and at a higher temperature release it as a gas. The system consists of four on-line getters and heaters, two ion chamber detectors, two collection getters, and two guard getters. When the incoming gas stream is valved through the on-line getters, 99.9% of it is adsorbed and the remainder continues to the guard getter where traces of tritium not collected earlier are adsorbed. The inert gas stream then exits the system to the decay chamber. Once the on-line getter has collected tritium for a predetermined time, it is valved off and the next online getter is valved on. Simultaneously, the first getter is heated and a pure helium purge is employed to carry the tritium from the getter. The tritium loaded gas stream is then routed through an ion chamber which measures the tritium activity. The ion chamber effluent passes through a collection getter that readsorbs the tritium and is removable from the system once it is loaded and is then replaced with a clean getter. Prior to removal of the collection getter, the system switches to a parallel collection getter. The effluent from the collection getter passes through a guard getter to remove traces of tritium prior to exiting the system. The tritium loaded collection getter, once removed, is analyzed by liquid scintillation techniques. The entire sequence is under computer control except for the removal and analysis of the collection getter.
The last stage of ionization cooling for the muon collider requires a multistage liquid lithium lens. This system uses a large ({approximately}0.5 MA) pulsed current through liquid lithium to focus the beam while energy loss in the lithium removes momentum which is replaced by linacs. The beam optics are designed to maximize the 6 dimensional transmission from one lens to the next while minimizing emittance growth. The mechanical design of the lithium vessel is constrained by a pressure pulse due to the sudden ohmic heating, and the stress on the Be window. The authors describe beam optics, the liquid lithium pressure vessel, pumping, power supplies, as well as the overall optimization of the system.
The Forest Service in the Department of Agriculture and the Bureau of Land Management in the Department of the Interior each currently have a system of administrative appeals for moat agency land management decisions. Critics assert that administrative and judicial appeals are stopping or unacceptably slowing the decision-making processes and the use of federal lands and resources; that many appeals are "frivolous" and brought for the purpose of frustrating rather than improving land management actions, and that appeals greatly increase the costs of management
The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA, P.L. 95-87), enacted in 1977, established reclamation standards for all coal surface mining operations, and for the surface effects of underground mining. It also established the Abandoned Mine Land (AML) program to promote the reclamation of sites mined and abandoned prior to the enactment of SMCRA. To finance reclamation of abandoned mine sites, the legislation established fees on coal production. These collections are divided into federal and state shares; subject to annual appropriation, AML funds are distributed annually to states with approved reclamation programs. This report describes the distribution of these funds and the various issues that arise from said distribution.
The low field option for the VLHC includes a 3 TeV proton booster with a circumference of 34 km. The authors are studying the option of an electron ring to fit in this tunnel which can produce ep collisions with a luminosity of 1 fb{sup {minus}1}/yr with a center of mass energy of 1 TeV. The machine would utilize superconducting rf and small low field magnets for the {approximately} 80 GeV electron beam. They describe the vacuum chamber/magnet system, rf power supply requirements, vacuum chamber cooling, interaction regions and installation of the facility in the tunnel, as well as provide preliminary estimates of beam stability and lifetimes.
At the Hanford Site organic compounds were measured in tank supernate simulant solutions during FY 1995. This solubility information will be used to determine if these organic salts could exist in solid phases (saltcake or sludges) in the waste where they might react violently with the nitrate or nitrite salts present in the tanks. Solubilities of sodium glycolate, succinate, and caproate salts; iron and aluminum and butylphosphate salts; and aluminum oxalate were measured in simulated waste supernate solutions at 25 {degree}C, 30 {degree}C, 40 {degree}C, and 50 {degree}C. The organic compounds were selected because they are expected to exist in relatively high concentrations in the tanks. The solubilities of sodium glycolate, succinate, caproate, and butylphosphate in HLW tank supernate solutions were high over the temperature and sodium hydroxide concentration ranges expected in the tanks. High solubilities will prevent solid sodium salts of these organic acids from precipitating from tank supernate solutions. The total organic carbon concentrations (YOC) of actual tank supernates are generally much lower than the TOC ranges for simulated supernate solutions saturated (at the solubility limit) with the organic salts. This is so even if all the dissolved carbon in a given tank and supernate is due to only one of these eight soluble compounds (an unlikely situation). Metal ion complexes of and butylphosphate and oxalate in supernate solutions were not stable in the presence of the hydroxide concentrations expected in most tanks. Iron and aluminum dibutylphosphate compounds reacted with hydroxide to form soluble sodium dibutylphosphate and precipitated iron and aluminum hydroxides. Aluminum oxalate complexes were also not stable in the basic simulated supernate solutions. Solubilities of all the organic salts decrease with increasing sodium hydroxide concentration because of the common ion effect of Na+. Increasing temperatures raised the solubilities of the organic salts, especially the succinate and …
Isotopic labeling experiments have revealed correlations between hydrogen reactions, Ga desorption, and ammonia decomposition in GaN CVD. Low energy electron diffraction (LEED) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) were used to demonstrate that hydrogen atoms are available on the surface for reaction after exposing GaN(0001) to deuterium at elevated temperatures. Hydrogen reactions also lowered the temperature for Ga desorption significantly. Ammonia did not decompose on the surface before hydrogen exposure. However, after hydrogen reactions altered the surface, N<sup>15</sup>H<sub>3</sub> did undergo both reversible and irreversible decomposition. This also resulted in the desorption of N<sub>2</sub> of mixed isotopes below the onset of GaN sublimation, This suggests that the driving force of the high nitrogen-nitrogen bond strength (226 kcal/mol) can lead to the removal of nitrogen from the substrate when the surface is nitrogen rich. Overall, these findings indicate that hydrogen can influence G-aN CVD significantly, being a common factor in the reactivity of the surface, the desorption of Ga, and the decomposition of ammonia.
Galerkin methods are used in separable Hilbert spaces to construct and compute L{sup 2} [0,{pi}] solutions to large classes of differential equations. In this note a Galerkin method is used to construct series solutions of a nonhomogeneous Sturm-Liouville problem defined on [0,{pi}]. The series constructed are shown to converge to a specified du Bois-Reymond function f in L{sup 2} [0,{pi}]. It is then shown that the series solutions can be made to converge uniformly to the specified du Bois-Reymond function when averaged by the Ces{'a}ro-one summability method. Therefore, in the Ces{'a}ro-one sense, every continuous function f on [0,{pi}] is the uniform limit of solutions of nonhomogeneous Sturm-Liouville problems.
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