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An analysis of the stability and ultimate compressive strength of short sheet-stringer panels with special reference to the influence of the riveted connection between sheet and stringer
A method of strength analysis of short sheet-stringer panels subjected to compression is presented which takes into account the effect that the riveted attachments between the plate and the stiffeners have on the strength of panels. An analysis of experimental data shows that panel strength is highly influenced by rivet pitch, diameter, and location and that the degree of influence for a given riveting depends on the panel configuration and panel material.
Average Properties of Compressible Laminar Boundary Layer on Flat Plate With Unsteady Flight Velocity
The time-average characteristics of boundary layers over a flat plate in nearly quasi-steady flow are determined. The plate may be either insulated or isothermal. The time averages are found without specifying the plate velocity explicitly except that it is positive and has an average value.
Comparison of several methods for obtaining the time response of linear systems to either a unit impulse or arbitrary input from frequency-response data
From Summary: "Several methods of obtaining the time response of Linear systems to either a unit impulse or an arbitrary input from frequency-response data are described and compared. Comparisons indicate that all the methods give good accuracy when applied to a second-order system; the main difference is the required computing time. The methods generally classified as inverse Laplace transform methods were found to be most effective in determining the response to a unit impulse from frequency-response data of higher order systems. Some discussion and examples are given of the use of such methods as flight-data-analysis techniques in predicting loads and motions of a flexible aircraft on the basis of simple calculations when the aircraft frequency response is known."
Correlation, Evaluation, and Extension of Linearized Theories for Tire Motion and Wheel Shimmy
"An evaluation is made of the existing theories of a linearized tire motion and wheel shimmy. It is demonstrated that most of the previously published theories represent varying degrees of approximation to a summary theory developed in this report which is a minor modification of the basic theory of Von Schlippe and Dietrich. In most cases where strong differences exist between the previously published theories and summary theory, the previously published theories are shown to possess certain deficiencies" (p. 139).
Determination of vortex paths by series expansion technique with application to cruciform wings
A series method of determining two-dimensional vortex paths is considered and applied to the computation of vortex positions behind a slender equal-span cruciform wing at any angle of bank as a function of the distance behind the trailing edge. Calculated paths are shown for four bank angles. For a bank angle of 45 degrees comparison is made with the results of a closed expression given in NACA-TN-2605. For other bank angles water-tank experiments provide qualitative comparison. Satisfactory agreement is found for a sufficient distance downstream to include most practical missile-tail positions. The interference forces on an equal-span cruciform wing are calculated for five angles of bank (including the trivial case of zero bank) from the vortex positions found by use of the series.
Ditching investigations of dynamic models and effects of design parameters on ditching characteristics
From Summary: "Data from ditching investigations conducted at the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory with dynamic scale models of various airplanes are presented in the form of tables. The effects of design parameters on the ditching characteristics of airplanes, based on scale-model investigations and on reports of full-scale ditchings, are discussed. Various ditching aids are also discussed as a means of improving ditching behavior."
Effect of chord size on weight and cooling characteristics of air-cooled turbine blades
An analysis has been made to determine the effect of chord size on the weight and cooling characteristics of shell-supported, air-cooled gas-turbine blades. In uncooled turbines with solid blades, the general practice has been to design turbines with high aspect ratio (small blade chord) to achieve substantial turbine weight reduction. With air-cooled blades, this study shows that turbine blade weight is affected to a much smaller degree by the size of the blade chord.
An evaluation of four experimental methods for measuring mean properties of a supersonic turbulent boundary layer
From Summary: "Surveys were made through a turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate by means of a pitot probe, an x-ray densitometer, and hot-wire and cold-wire probes. Results from these surveys were analyzed to determine (a) the reliability of the basic data and hence the methods by which they were obtained, and (b) how well the actual distributions of properties in the boundary layer compare with those commonly assumed in semiempirical and theoretical analyses. All surveys were made at the same longitudinal station on the flat plate. The tests were conducted in a an 8- by 8-inch supersonic nozzle. The free-stream Mach number was 3.03 and the Reynolds number was approximately 210,000 based on boundary-layer thickness."
Experimental determination of effects of frequency and amplitude on the lateral stability derivatives for a delta, a swept, and unswept wing oscillating in yaw
"Three wing models were oscillated in yaw about their vertical axes to determine the effects of systematic variations of frequency and amplitude of oscillation on the in-phase and out-of-phase combination lateral stability derivatives resulting from this motion. The tests were made at low speeds for a 60 degree delta wing, a 45 degree swept wing, and an unswept wing; the swept and unswept wings had aspect ratios of 4. The results indicate that large changes in the magnitude of the stability derivatives due to the variation of frequency occur at high angles of attack, particularly for the delta wing" (p. 461).
An experimental investigation of sting-support effects on drag and a comparison with jet effects at transonic speeds
Various dummy stings were tested on the rear of a related series of afterbody shapes for Mach numbers from 0.80 to 1.10 and Reynolds numbers based on body length from 15.0 x 16 to the 6th power to 17.4 x 10 to the 6th power. A method is presented whereby approximate sting interference corrections can be made to models having afterbody shapes and sting supports similar to those of these tests if the Reynolds numbers are of the same order of magnitude and a turbulent boundary layer exists at the model base. Also presented is an analysis of jet duplication by use of a sting.
Exploratory investigation of boundary-layer transition on a hollow cylinder at a Mach number of 6.9
Report presenting an investigation of the Reynolds number for transition on the outside of a hollow cylinder with heat transfer from the boundary layer to the wall at Mach number 6.9. At a given Mach number, it appears that the Reynolds number based on leading-edge thickness is an important parameter in comparisons of flat-plate transition data from various installations.
Flight investigation of the effectiveness of an automatic aileron trim control device for personal airplanes
"A flight investigation to determine the effectiveness of an automatic aileron trim control device installed in a personal airplane to augment the apparent spiral stability has been conducted. The device utilizes a rate-gyro sensing element in order to switch an on-off type of control that operates the ailerons at a fixed rate through control centering springs. An analytical study using phase-plane and analog-computer methods has been carried out to determine a desirable method of operation for the automatic trim control" (p. 505).
Induced Velocities Near a Lifting Rotor With Nonuniform Disk Loading
A method is given for converting known uniformly loaded rotor induced velocities to correspond with arbitrary axisymmetric nonuniform disk load distributions. Numerical results for two specific distributions are given in chart form. Symmetry relations and relations between radial disk loading and wake velocities are developed. Experimental flow measurements are presented and compared with theory. Reasonable agreement is shown in the forward part of the flow when nonuniform loading is assumed, but far behind the rotor the flow is more like that of a wing.
Intensity, scale, and spectra of turbulence in mixing region of free subsonic jet
Report presents the results of the measurements of intensity of turbulence, the longitudinal and lateral correlation coefficients, and the spectra of turbulence in a 3.5-inch-diameter free jet measured with hot-wire anemometers at exit Mach numbers from 0.2 to 0.7 and Reynolds numbers from 192,000 to 725,000.
Investigation of separated flows in supersonic and subsonic streams with emphasis on the effect of transition
Report presents the results of experimental and theoretical research conducted on flow separation associated with steps, bases, compression corners, curved surfaces, shock-wave boundary-layer reflections, and configurations producing leading-edge separation. Results were obtained from pressure-distribution measurements, shadowgraph observations, high-speed motion pictures, and oil-film studies. The maximum scope of measurement encompassed Mach numbers between 0.4 and 3.6, and length Reynolds numbers between 4,000 and 5,000,000.
Investigation of the aerodynamic characteristics of a model wing-propeller combination and of the wing and propeller separately at angles of attack up to 90 degrees
This report presents the results of an investigation conducted in the Langley 300 mph 7- by 10-foot wind tunnel for the purpose of determining the aerodynamic characteristics of a model wing-propeller combination, and of the wing and propeller separately at angles of attack up to 90 degrees. The tests covered thrust coefficients corresponding to free-stream velocities from zero forward speed to the normal range of cruising speeds. The results indicate that increasing the thrust coefficient increases the angle of attack for maximum lift and greatly diminishes the usual reduction in lift above the angle of attack for maximum lift.
Investigation of the Laminar Aerodynamic Heat-Transfer Characteristics of a Hemisphere-Cylinder in the Langley 11-inch Hypersonic Tunnel at a Mach Number of 6.8
"A program to investigate the aerodynamic heat transfer of a nonisothermal hemisphere-cylinder has been conducted in the Langley 11-inch hypersonic tunnel at a Mach number of 6.8 and a Reynolds number from approximately 0.14 x 10(6) to 1.06 x 10(6) based on diameter and free-stream conditions. The experimental heat-transfer coefficients were slightly less over the whole body than those predicted by the theory of Stine and Wanlass (NACA technical note 3344) for an isothermal surface. For stations within 45 degrees of the stagnation point the heat-transfer coefficients could be correlated by a single relation between local Stanton number and local Reynolds number" (p. 1001).
A low-speed experimental investigation of the effect of a sandpaper type of roughness on boundary-layer transition
From Summary: "An investigation was made in the Langley low-turbulence pressure tunnel to determine the effect of size and location of a sandpaper type of roughness on the Reynolds number for transition. Transition was observed by means of a hot-wire anemometer located at various chordwise stations for each position of the roughness. These observations indicated that when the roughness is sufficiently submerged in the boundary layer to provide a substantially linear variation of boundary-layer velocity with distance from the surface up to the top of the roughness, turbulent "spots" begin to appear immediately behind the roughness when the Reynolds number based on the velocity at the top of the roughness height exceeds a value of approximately 600. At Reynolds numbers even slightly below the critical value (value for transition), the sandpaper type of roughness introduced no measurable disturbances into the laminar layer downstream of the roughness. The extent of the roughness area does not appear to have an important effect on the critical value of the roughness Reynolds number."
Measurement of aerodynamic forces for various mean angles of attack on an airfoil oscillating in pitch and on two finite-span wings oscillating in bending with emphasis on damping in the stall
"The oscillating air forces on a two-dimensional wing oscillating in pitch about the midchord have been measured at various mean angles of attack and at Mach numbers of 0.35 and 0.7. The magnitudes of normal-force and pitching-moment coefficients were much higher at high angles of attack than at low angles of attack for some conditions. Large regions of negative damping in pitch were found, and it was shown that the effect of increasing the Mach number 0.35 to 0.7 was to decrease the initial angle of attack at which negative damping occurred" (p. 521).
Measurement of Static Pressure on Aircraft
"Existing data on the errors involved in the measurement of static pressure by means of static-pressure tubes and fuselage vents are presented. The errors associated with the various design features of static-pressure tubes are discussed for the condition of zero angle of attack and for the case where the tube is inclined to flow. Errors which result from variations in the configuration of static-pressure vents are also presented" (p. 645).
Method for calculating the aerodynamic loading on an oscillating finite wing in subsonic and sonic flow
A method is presented for calculating the loading on a finite wing oscillating in subsonic or sonic flow. The method is applicable to any plan form and may be used for determining the loading on deformed wings. The procedure is approximate and requires numerical integration over the wing surface.
Methods for obtaining desired helicopter stability characteristics and procedures for stability predictions
Part I of this report presents a brief review of methods available to the helicopter designer for obtaining desired stability characteristics by modifications to the airframe design. The discussion is based on modifications made during the establishment of flying-qualities criteria and includes sample results of theoretical studies of additional methods. The conclusion is reached that it is now feasible to utilize combinations of methods whereby stability-parameter values are realized which in turn provide the desired stability characteristics. Part II reviews some of the methods of predicting rotor stability derivatives. The procedures by which these rotor derivatives are employed to estimate helicopter stability characteristics have been summarized.
Minimum wave drag for arbitrary arrangements of wings and bodies
"Studies of various arrangements of wings and bodies designed to provide favorable wave interference at supersonic speeds lead to the problem of determining the minimum possible valve of the wave resistance obtainable by any disposition of the elements of an aircraft within a definitely prescribed region. Under the assumptions that the total lift and the total volume of the aircraft are given, conditions that must be satisfied if the drag is to be a minimum are found. The report concludes with a discussion of recent developments of the theory which lead to an improved understanding of the drag associated with the production of lift" (p. 1).
On Panel Flutter and Divergence of Infinitely Long Unstiffened and Ring-Stiffened Thin-Walled Circular Cylinders
"A preliminary theoretical investigation of the panel flutter and divergence of infinitely long, unstiffened and ring-stiffened thin-walled circular cylinders is described. Linearized unsteady potential-flow theory is utilized in conjunction with Donnell's cylinder theory to obtain equilibrium equations for panel flutter. Where necessary, a simplified version of Flugge's cylinder theory is used to obtain greater accuracy. By applying Nyquist diagram techniques, analytical criteria for the location of stability boundaries are derived. A limited number of computed results are presented" (p. 475).
Propagation of a free flame in a turbulent gas stream
Effective flame speeds of free turbulent flames were measured by photographic, ionization-gap, and photomultiplier-tube methods, and were found to have a statistical distribution attributed to the nature of the turbulent field. The effective turbulent flame speeds for the free flame were less than those previously measured for flames stabilized on nozzle burners, Bunsen burners, and bluff bodies. The statistical spread of the effective turbulent flame speeds was markedly wider in the lean and rich fuel-air-ratio regions, which might be attributed to the greater sensitivity of laminar flame speed to flame temperature in those regions. Values calculated from the turbulent free-flame-speed analysis proposed by Tucker apparently form upper limits for the statistical spread of free-flame-speed data. Hot-wire anemometer measurements of the longitudinal velocity fluctuation intensity and longitudinal correlation coefficient were made and were employed in the comparison of data and in the theoretical calculation of turbulent flame speed.
The proper combination of lift loadings for least drag on a supersonic wing
From Summary: "Lagrange's method of undetermined multipliers is applied to the problem of properly combining lift loadings for the least drag at a given lift on supersonic wings. The method shows the interference drag between the optimum loading and any loading at the same lift coefficient to be constant. This is an integral form of the criterion established by Robert T. Jones for optimum loadings. The best combination of four loadings on a delta wing with subsonic leading edges is calculated as a numerical example. The loadings considered have finite pressures everywhere on the plan form. Through the sweepback range the optimum combination of the four nonsingular loadings has about the same drag coefficient as a flat plate with leading-edge thrust."
A reevaluaion of data on atmospheric turbulence and airplane gust loads for application in spectral calculations
From Summary: "The available information on the spectrum of atmospheric turbulence is first briefly reviewed. On the basis of these results, methods are developed for the conversion of available gust statistics normally given in terms of counts of gusts or acceleration peaks into a form appropriate for use in spectral calculations. The fundamental quantity for this purpose appears to be the probability distribution of the root-mean-square gust velocity. Estimates of this distribution are derived from data for a number of load histories of transport operations; also, estimates of the variation of this distribution with altitude and weather condition are derived from available data and the method of applying these results to the calculation of airplane gust-response histories in operations is also outlined."
The response of an airplane to random atmospheric disturbances
The statistical approach to the gust-load problem, which consists in considering flight through turbulent air to be a stationary random process, is extended by including the effect of lateral variation of the instantaneous gust intensity on the aerodynamic forces. The forces obtained in this manner are used in dynamic analyses of rigid and flexible airplanes free to move vertically, in pitch, and in roll. The effect of the interaction of longitudinal, normal, and lateral gusts on the wind stresses is also considered.
Second-Order Subsonic Airfoil Theory Including Edge Effects
"Several recent advances in plane subsonic flow theory are combined into a unified second-order theory for airfoil sections of arbitrary shape. The solution is reached in three steps: the incompressible result is found by integration, it is converted into the corresponding subsonic compressible result by means of the second-order compressibility rule, and it is rendered uniformly valid near stagnation points by further rules. Solutions for a number of airfoils are given and are compared with the results of other theories and of experiment" (p. 541).
The Similarity Rules for Second-Order Subsonic and Supersonic Flow
"The similarity rules for linearized compressible flow theory (Gothert's rule and its supersonic counterpart) are extended to second order. It is shown that any second-order subsonic flow can be related to "nearly incompressible" flow past the same body, which can be calculated by the Janzen-Rayleigh method" (p. 925).
A Simplified Method for Approximating the Transient Motion in Angles of Attack and Sideslip During a Constant Rolling Maneuver
"The transient motion in angles of attack and sideslip during a constant rolling maneuver has been analyzed. Simplified expressions are presented for the determination of the pertinent modes of motion as well as the modal coefficient corresponding to each mode. Calculations made with and without the derivatives for side force due to sideslip and lift-curve slope indicate that although these derivatives increase the total damping of the system they do not markedly affect the transient motion" (p. 131).
Some possibilities of using gas mixtures other than air in aerodynamic research
A study is made of the advantages that can be realized in compressible-flow research by employing a substitute heavy gas in place of air. The present report is based on the idea that by properly mixing a heavy monatomic gas with a suitable heavy polyatomic gas, it is possible to obtain a heavy gas mixture which has the correct ratio of specific heats and which is nontoxic, nonflammable, thermally stable, chemically inert, and comprised of commercially available components. Calculations were made of wind-tunnel characteristics for 63 gas pairs comprising 21 different polyatomic gases properly mixed with each of three monatomic gases (argon, krypton, and zenon).
Spark ignition of flowing gases
Research conducted at the NACA Lewis Laboratory on ignition of flowing gases by means of long-duration discharges is summarized and analyzed. Data showing the effect of a flowing combustible mixture on the physical and electrical characteristics of spark discharges and data showing the effects of variables on the spark energy required for ignition that has been developed to predict the effect of many of the gas-stream and spark variables is described and applied to a limited amount of experimental data.
A special method for finding body distortions that reduce the wave drag of wing and body combinations at supersonic speeds
For a given wing and supersonic Mach number, the problem of shaping an adjoining fuselage so that the combination will have a low wave drag is considered. Only fuselages that can be simulated by singularities (multipoles) distributed along the body axis are studied. However, the optimum variations of such singularities are completely specified in terms of the given wing geometry. An application is made to an elliptic wing having a biconvex section, a thickness-chord ratio equal to 0.05 at the root, and an aspect ratio equal to 3. A comparison of the theoretical results with a wind-tunnel experiment is also presented.
Theoretical analysis of total-pressure loss and airflow distribution for tubular turbojet combustors with constant annulus and liner cross-sectional areas
"Compressible and incompressible flow calculations were made of the combustor total-pressure-loss coefficient and liner airflow distribution for tubular turbojet combustors having constant annulus and liner cross-sectional areas along the combustor axis. Information on static and total pressure distribution and liner air-jet entrance angles along the length of the combustor was obtained as an intermediate step in the calculations. The calculations include the effects of heat release, annulus wall friction, and variation in discharge coefficients of the liner wall openings along the combustor" (p. 899).
Theoretical and experimental investigation of the effect of tunnel walls on the forces on an oscillating airfoil in two-dimensional subsonic compressible flow
This report presents a theoretical and experimental investigation of the effect of wind-tunnel walls on the air forces on an oscillating wing in two-dimensional subsonic compressible flow. A method of solving an integral equation which relates the downwash on a wing to the unknown loading is given, and some comparisons are made between the theoretical results and the experimental results. A resonance condition, which was predicted by theory in a previous report (NACA report 1150), is shown experimentally to exist. In addition, application of the analysis is made to a number of examples in order to illustrate the influence of walls due to variations in frequency of oscillation, Mach number , and ratio of tunnel height to wing semichord.
A theoretical and experimental study of planing surfaces including effects of cross section and plan form
A summary is given of the background and present status of the pure-planing theory for rectangular flat plates and v-bottom surfaces. The equations reviewed are compared with experiment. In order to extend the range of available planing data, the principal planing characteristics for models having sharp bottom surfaces having constant angles of dead rise of 20 degrees and 40 degrees. Planing data were also obtained for flat-plate surfaces with very slightly rounded chines for which decreased lift and drag coefficients are obtained.
Theoretical calculation of the power spectra of the rolling and yawing moments on a wing in random turbulence
The correlation functions and power spectra of the rolling and yawing moments on an airplane wing due to the three components of continuous random turbulence are calculated. The rolling moments to the longitudinal (horizontal) and normal (vertical) components depend on the spanwise distributions of instantaneous gust intensity, which are taken into account by using the inherent properties of symmetry of isotropic turbulence. The results consist of expressions for correlation functions or spectra of the rolling moment in terms of the point correlation functions of the two components of turbulence.
Theoretical Calculations of the Pressure, Forces, and Moments at Supersonic Speeds Due to Various Lateral Motions Acting on Thin Isolated Vertical Tails
"Velocity potentials, pressure, distributions, and stability derivatives are derived by use of supersonic linearized theory for families of thin isolated vertical tails performing steady rolling, steady yawing, and constant-lateral-acceleration motions. Vertical-tail families (half-delta and rectangular plan forms) are considered for a broad Mach number range. Also considered are the vertical tail with arbitrary sweepback and taper ratio at Mach numbers for which both the leading edge and trailing edge of the tail are supersonic and the triangular vertical tail with a subsonic leading edge and a supersonic trailing edge" (p. 385).
Theoretical investigation of flutter of two-dimensional flat panels with one surface exposed to supersonic potential flow
From Summary: "A Rayleigh type analysis involving chosen modes of the panel as degrees of freedom is used to treat the flutter of a two-dimensional flat panel supported at its leading and trailing edges and subjected to a middle-plane tensile force. The panel has a supersonic stream passing over its upper surface and still air below. The aerodynamic forces due to the supersonic stream are obtained from the theory for linearized two-dimensional unsteady flow and the forces due to the still air are obtained from acoustical theory. In order to study the effect of increasing the number of modes in the analysis, two and then four modes are employed. The modes used are the first four natural modes of the panel in a vacuum with no tensile force acting. The analysis includes these variables: Mach number, structural damping, tensile force, density of the still air, and edge fixity (clamped and pinned). For certain combinations of these variables, stability boundaries are obtained which can be used to determine the panel thickness required to prevent flutter for any panel material and altitude."
Theory of self-excited mechanical oscillations of helicopter rotors with hinged blades
Vibrations of rotary-wing aircraft may derive their energy from the rotation of the rotor rather than from the air forces. A theoretical analysis of these vibrations is described and methods for its application are explained in Chapter one. Chapter two reports the results of an investigation of the mechanical stability of a rotor having two vertically hinged blades mounted upon symmetrical supports, that is, of equal stiffness and mass in all horizontal directions. Chapter three presents the theory of ground vibrations of a two-blade helicopter rotor on anisotropic flexible supports.
Three-dimensional transonic flow theory applied to slender wings and bodies
The present paper re-examines the derivation of the integral equations for transonic flow around slender wings and bodies of revolution, giving special attention to conditions resulting from the presence of shock waves and to the reduction of the relations to the special forms necessary for the discussion of sonic flow, that is, flow at free-stream Mach number 1.
Torsional Stiffness of Thin-Walled Shells Having Reinforcing Cores and Rectangular, Triangular, or Diamond Cross Section
"A theoretical investigation has been made of the Saint-Venant torsion of certain composite bars. These bars are composed of two materials -- one material in the form of a thin-walled cylindrical shell and the other material in the form of a core which fills the interior of the shell and is bonded to it. An approximate boundary-value problem is formulated on assumptions similar to those of the theory of torsion of hollow thin-walled shells (Bredt theory)" (p. 771).
Wind-Tunnel and Flight Investigations of the Use of Leading-Edge Area Suction for the Purpose of Increasing the Maximum Lift Coefficient of a 35 Degree Swept-Wing Airplane
"An investigation was undertaken to determine the increase in maximum lift coefficient that could be obtained by applying area suction near the leading edge of a wing. This investigation was performed first with a 35 degree swept-wing model in the wind tunnel, and then with an operational 35 degree swept-wing airplane which was modified in accord with the wind-tunnel results. The wind-tunnel and flight tests indicated that the maximum lift coefficient was increased more than 50 percent by the use of area suction. Good agreement was obtained in the comparison of the wind-tunnel results with those measured in flight" (p. 1).
Wind-Tunnel Investigation of a Number of Total-Pressure Tubes at High Angles of Attack -- Subsonic, Transonic, and Supersonic Speeds
"The effect of inclination of the airstream on the measured pressures of 54 total-pressure tubes has been determined for angles of attack up to 60 degrees and over a Mach number range from 0.26 to 1.62. The investigation was conducted in five wind tunnels at the Langley Aeronautical Laboratory" (p. 495).
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